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-The development of suburbia, areas of housing outside inner cities
-In the US, the massive development and inhabiting of towns surrounding a city |
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First economist to look at population
-nature has a natural way to cut population levels: "crime, disease, war and vice," being the necessary checks on population |
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A process of urban renewal in which older, deteriorated housing is refurbished by affluent people moving into the area
Often improves the property values, also raises rents and housing prices displacing long-term residents |
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| The process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by encouraging the renewal of old building and the construction |
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| Exponential vs arithmetic growth |
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| Doubles over time (1,2,4,8,16..) vs Operates by the principle of simple addition (1,2,3,4,5...) |
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-Refers to the world's financial centers of capitalism
-These cities are home to major financial firms, contain major stock markets, and are generators of investment
-National and international "norm changers" |
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An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken
-NYC, San Francisco, Washington D.C |
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| A term favored by Manuel Castells to describe large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy |
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| Phenomenon in which many rural areas have disproportionately high numbers of older adults, because young persons seek opportunities elsewhere and leave the older persons behind. |
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-1/8 Americans ages 40-60 both raising a child and caring for a parent
-7 to 10 million other adults caring for their aging parents from a long distance
-In 25 years there will be 60 million Americans between the ages of 6 and 84, all of them needing some kind of care |
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| Basic demographic concepts (Total Fertility Rate, Mortality, Infant mortality, Fecundity, Lifespan) |
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Measures the average number of children per woman during her reproductive years
The number of deaths in a population
The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per 1,000 live births
a measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce
The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species. |
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| Malthusian “checks on population” |
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| A doctrine about population dynamics developed by Thomas Malthus, according to which population increase comes up against "natural limits," represented by famine and war |
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-Pasture that is held in "common" for herders; understood that each is allowed a certain number of cattle
-One realizes that more profit can be made if more cattle are added
-Other herders see this, and do the same, adding more and more cattle
-Soon the land is over-grazed and degraded |
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| an approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment. |
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| 6th mass extinction—what’s unique about it? |
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-Happening at a more rapid rate than any previous one
-Only one caused by one species |
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| Dangers that spring from the natural world and are unrelated to the actions of humans |
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| Dangers that are created by the impact of human knowledge and technology of the natural world |
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| Alteration in basic structures of a social group or society. Social change is an ever present phenomenon in social life but has become especially intense in the modern era. The origins of modern sociology can be traced through attempts to understand the dramatic changes shattering the traditional world and promoting new forms of social order |
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| The development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide |
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| a global age; the end of the nation state |
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| historically unprecedented levels of global interconnectedness; transforms government power and world politics |
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| weaker geogovernance than in earlier periods; depends on government support |
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| A notion advocated by those who believe that processes of social change are taking is beyond the industrialized order. Is based on production of information rather than goods |
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| A concept related to postindustrial society, refers to social order distinguished by the growth of service occupations at the expense of industrial jobs that produce material goods |
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| A common term for information society referring to a society based on the production and consumption of knowledge and information |
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| Provides loans to poor countries |
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| International Monetary Fund |
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| Provides loans and assistance for infrastructure projects |
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| The world is divided into cultures that will inevitably conflict |
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| International Government Organizations |
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| Established by treaties between governments for purposes of conducting business between the nations making up their membership |
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| International Non-government Organizations |
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| Reestablished by agreements between individuals or private organizations making up their membership |
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