Term
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Definition
when most Americans lived in towns and cities
when 80% of the labor force was engaged in nonfarm occupations |
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Term
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Definition
| when the United States entered the post-industrial era |
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Term
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Definition
| when white collar workers constituted over half the labor force |
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Term
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Definition
occupations based on primary production
work involving the extraction of raw materials |
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Term
| Growth of female-headed families |
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Definition
| "Push" influences on women woers |
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Term
| The occupational distribution of blacks was no closer to that of whites in 1990 than it was in 1940 |
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Definition
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Term
| By the 1980's the educational gap between blacks and whites had narrowed substantially |
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Definition
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Term
| The recent upward mobility of educated blacks has resulted in a large gulf between poor blacks and middle and upper-class blacks |
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Definition
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Term
| THE 1980 blacks were concentrated in the same occupational groups that they were concentrated in during the 1940's |
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Definition
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Term
| Blacks are overrepresented in service occupations |
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Definition
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Term
| Blacks are underrepresented in professional occupations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-The period that coincides with the dominance of industrial economy
-the period of 1946-1975
-The period when income equality was the greatest |
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Term
| Age of Growing inequality |
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Definition
-The period that coincides with the dominance of the postindustrial economy
-During this period men's earnings stagnated
-The period since the early 1970's
-When the proportion of full time workers with low incomes began to rise
-When the net worth of the top 1 percent of wealth holders was greater than that of the bottom 90%
-The period when income inequality increased
-When "downsizing" became a common practice by major corporations |
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Term
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Definition
-Reduction of number of people hired
-Wage freezes |
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Term
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Definition
| -Purchase of components or finished products from low-wage companies at home and abroad |
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Term
| Ways of reducing labor cost |
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Definition
-Increased use of part-time, temporary and leased employees
-Reduction in compensation(benefits) |
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Term
| Source(S) of income inequality |
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Definition
-corporate downsizing
-reduction of number of people hired
-purchase of components or finished products from low-wage companies at home and abroad
-wage freezes
-technological change
-adjustment of the capitalist system to world trends |
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Term
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Definition
-Markets in which rewards are heavily concentrated in the hands of a few top performers
-novelist j.k. rowlands, goler tiger woods, and jay-z work in these markets |
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Term
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Definition
-Broader income classes
-Families with incomes over $100,000 |
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Term
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Definition
-interest, dividends, capital gains, rent, royalty, estate and trust
-based on ranges of household income
-families in the $75,000-$100,000 income bracket |
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Term
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Definition
| -A person's monetary gain over a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| -Self-employment income from business, profession |
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Term
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Definition
| -Based on ranges of household income |
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Term
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Definition
-Broader income classes
-families with incomes under $35,000 |
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Term
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Definition
-Broader income classes
-Families with incomes between $35,000-$100,000 |
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Term
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Definition
-Very successful professionals whose incomes are from fees and salaries rather than income-producing assets
-families at the top of the upper middle class |
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Term
| Small business income source |
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Definition
| -Interest, dividends, capital gains, rent, royalty, estate and trust |
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Term
| Public assistance and social security |
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Definition
| -these benefits are counted as income |
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Term
| Government transfer payments and income tax have the effect of raising the standard of living of the poorest families,but they do not substantially alter the over distribution of income |
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Definition
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Term
| Winner-take-all markets are limited to the fields of entertainment and professional sports |
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Definition
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Term
| During the age of shared prosperity a high school graduate would have been able to find a blue-collar job in manufacturing and earn enough to support a family |
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Definition
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Term
| The increase of winner-take-all markets is evidence of the Age of Growing Inequality |
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Definition
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Term
| Only the poorest households receive government transfers |
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Definition
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Term
| The greatest income gap between types of families is that between majority families and minority families |
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Definition
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Term
| Wage polarization in the post industrial economy is cased by rising earnings at the top of the distribution of wages and stagnating or falling earnings at the bottom |
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Definition
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Term
| a problem with the concept of winner-take-all is that it assumes that a few top earnersr suck up a large share of the available awards, leaving less for the less talented |
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Definition
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Term
| the stagnation of men's wages has had the effect of closing the income gap between men and women |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
this group was characterized by self-employed ownership of property
independent professionals were in this class
farmers, shopkeepers, entrepreneurs were in this class |
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Term
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Definition
salaried white collar people are the majority of this group
the rise of this class was tied to the growth of corporate and government bureaucracies
this class once had an exclusive claim on the high school diploma
skilled blue-collar workers are found in this class |
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Term
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Definition
low-level white collar jobs are in this class
semiskilled blue collar workers are in this class |
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Term
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Definition
low-level white collar jobs are in this class
semiskilled blue collar workers are in this class
when farm occupations constituted over half the labor force
when most Americans lived in rural areas |
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Term
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Definition
| when the U. S. became the world's leading industrial nation |
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Term
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Definition
| when operatives became the single largest occupational category |
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Term
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Definition
when service industries accounted for more employment than agriculture and manufacturing
combined |
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Term
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Definition
manufacturing-based economy
where blue-collar goods-producing workers are found
economy in which most workers are involved in the production of goods |
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Term
| Manufacturing Occupations |
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Definition
occupations based on secondary production
work on production lines of various kinds |
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Term
| Occupational Polarization |
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Definition
a post-industrial pattern marked by good jobs for well-educated manages and professionals, but limited
opportunities for other workers |
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Term
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Definition
. manufacturing-based economy
farmers and small business owners were replaced by salaried white-collar employees as the majority of the middle
class |
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Term
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Definition
| the economy in which most workers are not involved in the production of goods |
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Term
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Definition
where tertiary occupations are found
where white-collar production workers are found
the sector of the labor market that has recently grown at an accelerated rate |
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Term
| occupations dominated by women |
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Definition
Clerical occupations
Sex-segregated occupations
Pink-collar occupations
Low-prestige, low-income
professions |
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Term
| Occupations dominated by men |
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Definition
| Doctors, High-prestige, high-income professions, managerial positions, skilled blue-collar jobs |
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Term
| Low-Paying, highly supervised jobs occupied primarily by women |
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Definition
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Term
| Librarians and elementary school teachers |
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Definition
Pink-collar occupations
sex-segregated occupations |
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Term
| The demand for clerical and service workers |
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Definition
| "pull" influences on women workers |
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Term
| Changing attitudes toward the employment of wives |
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Definition
| "push" influences on women workers |
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Term
| The need of women to supplement family incomes |
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Definition
| "Pull" influences on women workers |
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