Term
| the flat surface adjacent to the river channel that is periodically inundated by floodwater, is , in fact, produced by the process of flooding . what is the definintion of this? |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of streams and rivers being part of the hydro logic cycle is called ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| surface drainige refered to as _______, finds its way to small streams, which may merge as ____________ to form a larger stream or _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| geologists however cmmonly us the term ______ for any body of water that flows in a channel. the region drained by a single stream or river is variousley called a ____3________ or catchment. |
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Definition
stream
drainage basin, watershed, river basin |
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Term
| the ____________ river basin in the northeastern U.S is made up of hundreds of small drainage basins, commonly called _______, which catch the precipitation that drains into the ________ and rivers |
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Definition
Susquehanna
watersheds
streams |
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Term
| one important characteristic of a river is the slope of land which it flows, referred to as __________, the slope is determined by calculating the vertical drop in elevation of the channel over some ____________. |
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Definition
the gradient
horizontal distance |
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Term
| the base level of a river is essentially the _________ to which it may erode. |
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Definition
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Term
| rivers thus flow downhill to their base level, and a graph showing the downstream changes in a rivers elevation is called a ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| a river usually has a steeper-sided and deeper valley at high elevations near its origin, or ______, that closer to its base level where a _________ may be present. |
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Definition
headwaters
wide floodplain |
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Term
| rivers transport a tremendous amount of visible and invisible material. the quantity of this material is called _________, is generally subdivided into ________3___________based on how the river carries material. the bed load of most rivers consist of sand and gravel particles that________2_________ and bounce along the channel bottom in rapid moving water. bed load takes up less than ________ of the total load. |
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Definition
total load
bed load, suspended load, dissolved load
slide, roll
10% |
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Term
| what is the basic transportation of the rock cycle involving erosion a/ deposition of sediment. these are the primary erosion agent in the sculpture of our landscape. |
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Definition
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Term
| the volume of water moving through a cross section of a river per unit time is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is cross sectional area measured? |
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Definition
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Term
| where the cross sectional area of flow decreases. the velocity of the water must _______ for discharge to remain constant. |
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Definition
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Term
| stream flow expands and __________ as a river goes from mountains onto plains or from a Chanel into an ocean, lake , or pond. |
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Definition
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Term
| rivers entering an alluvial fan or delta often split into a system of ___________. that is, the main river divides into several channels that carry floodwater to different parts of the fan or ___________. |
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Definition
distributary channels
delta |
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Term
| streams and rivers develop distinctive ____________. the most common are __________, similar to a persons hair, and ______, similar to the curves of a moving snake. ___________patterns have numerous sand and gravel bars and islands that divide and reunite the main channels tend to be _________, compared to meandering channels. |
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Definition
channel patterns
braided
meandering
braided
wide and shallow |
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Term
| where are channel patterns usually found near areas of where________ are rapidly uplifting the land surface and where rivers receive water and sediment from __________. |
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Definition
tectonic plates
melting glaciers |
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Term
| many rivers have curving channels called ____________that migrate back and forth across the floodplain over a period of __________. is it known why rivers meander? |
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Definition
meanders
years to decades
No |
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Term
| the fast moving water erodes the riverbank on the outside of the bend to form steep or near vertical slopes known as a ______. in contrast slower water on the outside of the meander bend deposit sand and sometimes gravel to form a __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| flood plains are also built during ______________, a condition that develops when rising water spills over the river bank onto the floodplain. |
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Definition
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Term
| meandering channels often contain _______________. __________ are deep areas produced by scour, or erosion, at high flow, and __________ are shallow areas formed by sediment deposited at high slow. |
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Definition
pools and riffles
pools
riffles |
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Term
| changes in water depth create _____________, where organisms live. |
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Definition
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Term
| stream channels flowing through sediment, such as sand gravel, or mud ___________ in the same place for a long period of time. either ___________ causes the stream channel to shift position. |
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Definition
rarely stay fixed
erosion or deposition |
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Term
| in abrupt changes, a stream may abandon part of its existing channel and form a new one nearby. this process, known as ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| the natural process of over bank flow is termed ____________. most river flooding is related to ____________ of precipitation in drainage basin, the rate at which the precipitation soaks into the earth, and how quickly surface runoff from that precipitation ________ the river |
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Definition
flooding
the amount
reaches |
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Term
| if significant precipitation falls on a saturated drainage basin, __________ will occur. if the same amount of precipitation falls on a dry basin, the soil may be able to ___________ considerable moisture and, thus, help prevent flooding. |
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Definition
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Term
| can large masses of ice create dams on water flow? and what happens when the ice breaks? |
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Definition
Yes
flooding downstream can occur |
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Term
| ___________, defined as the discharge of the stream at the point where water overflows the channel banks. floods can also be defined by the height of __________ in the river, referred to as _________ of the river. a graph showing changes in stream discharge, water depth, or stage over time is called a ___________. |
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Definition
flood discharge
the water
the stage
hydrograph |
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Term
| the term _______ is frequently used to indicate that the elevation of water surface has reached a level likely to cause damage to personal property. |
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Definition
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Term
| a ____________ of a flood is the average time between flood events that are of equal or greater magnitude. |
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Definition
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Term
| most people who die during flash floods are in ____________. deaths occur when people attempt to drive through shallow, fast moving floodwater. the_________ force of the water sweeps automobiles off the road into deeper water, trapping and drowning people. most vehicles are carried away by _____ of water. |
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Definition
automobiles
strong lateral force
2 ft |
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Term
| downstream floods cover a wide area, and are usually produced by storms of __________ that ___________ the soil and produce___________. |
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Definition
long duration
saturate
runoff |
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Term
| what is the most universally experienced natural hazards? _________ countries suffer great loss because of lack of monitoring facilities, warning systems, transportation systems, and effective disaster relief. |
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Definition
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Term
| primary effects include injury, loss of life, swift current damage, debris, sediment to infrastructure. ___________of sediment during a flood may also involve considerable loss of soil and vegetation. |
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Definition
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Term
| secondary effects are short term pollution of rivers, hunger, and disease, and __________ who have lost their homes. |
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Definition
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Term
*land use on floodplian,
*depth/velocity of floodwater,
*rate of rise and duration of flooding,
*season of the year
*quantity/type of sediment transported and deposited by floodwater
*effectiveness of warning systems
these factors do what |
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Definition
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Term
| between residential areas and farming land which experiences more damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does flooding create fires? flood waters cause_______. |
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Definition
| electric circuits to short, and breakage of gas mains. |
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Term
| as the river overflows its banks, the velocity of flow decreases, and _______3_________ are deposited on the floodplain. |
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Definition
fine sand
clay
organic matter |
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Term
floods do what to boulders, logs, and tree branches?
floods sweep nutrients and others food supplies downstream, potentially increasing the _____ of aquatic organisms in the area. |
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Definition
flush them out
survivability |
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Term
| streams and rivers are open systems that generally maintain a rough ___________, that is an overall balance between the work that the river does transporting sediment and the ________ it receives. |
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Definition
dynamic equilibrium
load that |
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Term
| an increase or decrease in the amount of water or sediment received by a stream usually brings about changes in _____2_______ shape, effectively changing the __________ of the water. |
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Definition
gradient/ cross sectional shape
velocity |
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Term
what provides more sediment to the stream?
will streams be able to transport the sediment load from farms initially?
eventually the channel gradient is increased which will do what to the water?
a new dynamic equilibrium my be reached, provided the rate of _________ levels off the channel gradient and shape can adjust before another ___________ occurs. |
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Definition
farms
no
increase velocity
sediment accumulation
land use |
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Term
| upriver of dams the sediment will ________, and form a delta. downstream their will be_________sediment, since most of it was trapped in the reservoir. |
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Definition
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Term
| human activities increase both the ___________ of floods in small urban drainage basins of a few ______kilometers. |
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Definition
magnitude and frequency
square |
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Term
| storm sewers carry runoff to stream channels at a natural/slow rate T/F |
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Definition
| F, quicker then natural settings |
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Term
| how much greater is urban runoff compared to pre-urban condition? |
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Definition
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Term
before urbanization a considerable delay or _________ existed between when most rainfall occurred and the flood.
is there a significant lag time A.A.R.O urbanization?
short lag times is referred as _____________, as characterized by the rapid rise/ fall of water. |
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Definition
lag time
yes
flashy discharge |
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Term
| during periods of surface runoff and flooding what from urban lands enter streams as fine sediment? |
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Definition
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Term
has the human race developed infrastructure which completely protects people from floods?
what happens when these barriers fail? |
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Definition
no
flooding will be more extensive. |
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Term
| why do physical barriers lose their benefits? |
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Definition
| over development of floodplains |
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Term
| levee failures can also damage agricultural land by creating______________ that erode topsoil and deposit a layer of sand and gravel on otherwise fertile soil in the __________. |
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Definition
high energy flows
floodplain |
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Term
| floodplain regulations must go hand in hand with ____________, if the hazard is to be minimized. |
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Definition
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Term
where are most levees located in the U.S?
are they well monitored even though the GOV subsidizes its creation? |
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Definition
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Term
widening, straitening, deepening, clearing, or lining of existing streams are all methods of ________.
drainage of wetlands do what to habitats?
cutting trees exposes what to the rivers/aqua life?
cutting hardwoods effect the floodplain how?
straitening the stream bed destroys what type of ground for animals?
is aesthetic value from conversion of wetlands lost?
where are benefits sometimes prominent? |
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Definition
channelization.
eliminates them
sun exposure
cause erosion/sedimentation
feeding/breeding grounds
yes
urban areas |
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Term
| large stones called_________ or wire baskets filled with rocks called __________ are used against lateral bank erosion. |
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Definition
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Term
| at kissimmee river Florida channelizing caused an increase in the ___________ because the wetlands on the floodplain no longer stored runoff. restoration efforts for just 1/3 of the river cost___________. |
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Definition
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Term
people are always knowledgeable of flooding throughout the world T/F.
_________ show areas susceptible to flooding along streams, lakes, coastlines, areas with a flash flood potential downstream from dams, and areas where _______________ is likely to cause problems. |
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Definition
F, its variable
flood maps
urbanization. |
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Term
what should people in floodplains do during a flood?
half of flood related deaths are linked to? |
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Definition
climb to higher ground
automobiles |
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Term
| FEMA requires the mapping of ___________, defined as those areas that would be inundated by the risk. |
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Definition
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Term
flood proofing easures
* raising foundations of buildings
*constructing walls/earthen mounds
*using waterproof construction
*installing improved drains with pumps |
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Definition
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Term
| the OBJ of floodplain regulation is to obtain the most beneficial use of __________ while ___________ flood damage and cost of flood protection. |
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Definition
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Term
what is an ideal way to deal with flooding?
a preliminary step toward floodplain regulation is? these are useful for regulating development. |
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Definition
design with nature
flood hazard mapping |
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Term
| the GOV does what to get people out of flood zones? |
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Definition
| gives people appraisal value/incetive $ for relocating |
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