Term
| TERM FOR ANY TYPE OF DOWNSLOP MOVEMENT IS CALLED? |
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Definition
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Term
the free face and adjacent valley wall regularily shed pieces of rock that accumulate at the base of the cliff form____________.
frequent rock fall____________ on the free face and much of the talus slope |
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Definition
talus
keep soil from developing |
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Term
| what are the 3 segments of a slope |
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Definition
upper convex
straight slope
lower concvave slope |
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Term
| which slope segemnts are present on a particular slope depends upon_________ |
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Definition
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Term
where is free face development coomon
where are convex / concave slopes coomon |
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Definition
arid places w/ liittle vegetation
humid enverinments with thick soil |
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Term
the free fall of earth material is reffered to as_____
the downslope movement of coherent blocks of earth alonf a planar slip plane is named___________
rock or soli sliding along a curved plane is called_______
the downslope movement of unconsolidated materials is called_________
very slow flowage is termed_________ |
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Definition
falling
sliding
slumping
flow
creep |
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Term
| how can an earth flow occur? |
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Definition
| landslide starts out as a slump, and picks up water |
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Term
| what are 4 important variables for downslope to occur? |
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Definition
movement mechanisim
type of eartth material
amount of water present
rate of movement |
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Term
what do driving and resisting forces do for earth materials.
what is the most common resisting force?, and it is the resistance to failure by _________ or ___________ along potential slip planes |
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Definition
move earth materials downslope and resisting forces resist it.
shear strength
sliding
flowing |
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Term
| if the safety factor is greater than one the slope is considertred ____________ and if its is less than one it is considered ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 variables in regards to materials that effect downslope movements frequency |
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Definition
mineral composition
degree of cementation
weak zones
earth materials ability to transmit water |
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Term
where the planes of weakness are rock bedding planes, they are reffered to as __________
rotational slides or slumps have___________
translational slides have _______________ |
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Definition
daylighting beds
curved slip surfaces
planar slip surfaces |
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Term
| what are the 3 common earth materials that slumps occur |
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Definition
mudstone
shale
other wak rocks |
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Term
| the zones of weakness for slip planes include fractures in all rock types, surface between layers in sedimentary rock are refered to as _____________, weak clay layers, and surfaces between layers in metamorphic rock are refered to as______________. |
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Definition
bedding planes
foliation planes |
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Term
a shallow slide of unconsilidated materail over bedrock is called______________.
a plane of weakness called_______ is a mixture of weathered rock and others debris that is above the bedrock and below the soil |
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Definition
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Term
| where resistant rock overlies ___________, rapid erosion of the underlying weaker ock may cause___________, and a subsequent____________ |
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Definition
weaker rock
rapid erosion
rock fall |
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Term
| what three rock types are resistant to mass wating |
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Definition
sandstone
limestone
granite |
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Term
| why does water build up in soil, and what does water accumulation do to sloppes. |
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Definition
water cannot infiltrate underlying bedrock
water breacks down slop integraty causing slippage |
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Term
| what does topographic relief refer to. |
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Definition
| height of a hill or mountain above sea level |
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Term
| shallow soil slip are coomon when steep slopes on hillsides become___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| thick mixtures of mud, debris, and water are called? |
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Definition
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Term
| climate involves the type of_______________ and its ___________ |
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Definition
precipitation
seasonal patterns |
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Term
| the climate type influnces the amount and timing of ______ that ___________ or __________ a hillslope and thetype and abundance of hillslope vegetastion. |
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Definition
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Term
in arid / subarid climates vegetation is _____ soils is __________ and bare rock is_____________.
in subhumid / humid regions abundent__________ and _________soils cover most slopes. |
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Definition
sparse
this
exposed
vegetation
thick |
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Term
| vegetastion _ slopes, and plant roots add ___________ to slope materials, but it also adds ____________ to the slope. the addition of weight along the Ca coast was caused by the S.African________ |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 ways water affect slope stability |
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Definition
rainstorms staurate slopes with water
the deep infiltarion of water may take effect moths to years after water infiltration
erosion of the base or toe decreas stability |
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Term
| another way that water can cause landslides is by contributing to the spontanoues_______ of quick or ____________ |
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Definition
liquifaction
liqueifaction |
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Term
| soil water is often acidic because it reacts with___________ in the atmosphere and soil to produce____________ |
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Definition
carbon dioxide
weak carbonic acid |
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Term
| a snow avalanche is the rqapid downslope movement of snow, and ice, and sometimes soil, rock , and vegetation |
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Definition
| movement of snow, and ice, |
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Term
| how are avalaches that astrike people caused |
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Definition
| by the victims or the victims party |
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Term
| avalaches usually occur at____________ degree inclines, and the steepest angle at which material is stable is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 3 causes for snow covered slopes to become unstable |
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Definition
wind piles up snow on hillcrest, leeward, downwind sides of slope
rapid precipitation adds weight
temperaturs rapidely warm snow |
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Term
this avalance class stars off at a point and widen as as they move downslope
this avalance type starts off as a cohesive block moving downslope |
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Definition
loose snow avalanche
slab avalanche |
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Term
| what 2 coommmon triggers of avalanches |
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Definition
overloading of slope
development of weak zones |
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Term
| avalacnhes tend to move down what? |
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Definition
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Term
on average __________ ppeople a year are killed by landslides, and the number increaases to the 100- 150 range when ____________ are included.
how long can landslides cause delays |
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Definition
25
trenches, excavations
days to weeks |
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Term
| how can deasease be spread by landslides |
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Definition
| rivers can be blocked and fungul spores are trnasmitted |
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Term
| landslide disturbance can cause what two things for the envirnioment. |
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Definition
plant animal diversity
new habitats for fish and etc |
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Term
| landslides are almost always caused by humans T/F |
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Definition
| F , occur with w/o humans |
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Term
| if clear cutting is enacted on stable land what will occur, and what will happen if clearcutting is done to unstable land |
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Definition
does not increase landslide risk
does increase landslide risk |
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Term
| what are the 4 causes of the landslide in rio de janario |
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Definition
steep slopes of fractred rock with thin soil
area is iundated with heavy rain
cut and fill construction destabaliazed slopes
vegetation was removed |
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Term
what leads to development onto slopes.
placing fill material on slopes increases the__________ on already unstable land. |
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Definition
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Term
humans with thei technologey are able to carve landscapes faste than ___________.
what city leads the U.S in developing codes concerning grading for development |
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Definition
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Term
| what are 4 thinds building projects do to cause landslides |
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Definition
steepening
saturating a slope
increases its height
places extra load on slope |
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Term
| info concerning past lanslides may be combined with land use considerations to develop a__________ for engineering geologists or a ___________ with recomended land use. |
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Definition
slope stability map
landslide hazard map |
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Term
in drainage control the objective is to_______________ to keep it from running across or around the slope.
how is surface runoff diverted.
using what 3 types of impermeable layers are used in drainage control |
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Definition
divert water
surface drains
cement, asphalt, plastic |
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Term
| in a cut and fill operation, material form the_________ is removed and placed near the base. the overall gradiant is thus____________, and mateial is removed from the_____________, where it contributes to the driving force, and placec at the_______________, where it increases the resisting forces. |
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Definition
upper part of a slope
reduced
upper slope
toe of the slope |
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Term
| slope supports can be constructeed of concrete brick . stone filled wire baskets called__________ or a series of steel or wooden beams_______________ |
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Definition
gabions
driven into the ground |
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Term
| what 2 systems can pick up vibrations from moving rocks |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the process of landslide correction |
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Definition
| by using an effective drainage program |
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Term
landslides develop in areas of_____________
avoid homes at the mouth of a ____________
watch out for______________ in the propertie corners
look for cracks in walls or retainingg walls which are____________ or ____________
be weary for_______________ in swimming pools or __________
be weary if springs are_____________
look for_________________ on the property
much of the damage is located where? |
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Definition
complex geologey
valley or canyon
little landslides
cracked or leaning
leaks
present
linear, curved cracks
below ground |
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Term
people who are stuck by avalanches are usually saved by who___________.
obtaining what can reduce ones avalanche risk? |
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Definition
the victims party
weather forecast |
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