Term
| A tornado is a __________________________ violently rotating column of air associated with extreme __________ winds, and can cause tremendous property damage and loss of life. |
|
Definition
violently
horizontal winds |
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|
Term
| how did people react to the tri - state tornado. |
|
Definition
| people assumed it was a thunderstorm, and their were in fact some thunderstorms. |
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|
Term
can we see/feel energy?
we can experience part of energy through_________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| in the metric system force is measured in ____________. and is defined as the force that can that can accelerate2.2 lbs at_______ ft per second in motion |
|
Definition
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|
Term
when is work done
work is calculaed by multiplying ____________.
a joule is the force applied to _________/\ |
|
Definition
as energy is expended
Force x Distance
one meter |
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|
Term
| Power is the rate at which________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| when dealing with atmospheric processes, we are often concerned with __________ |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the energy source which heats the planet, evaporates water, produces differential heating, and causes air masses to move across our landscape. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| stored energy is called____ while energy in motion is called_________. |
|
Definition
potential energy
kinetic energy |
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|
Term
| heat energy is the energy of random motion of _______ . Heat itself may then be defined as kinetic energy of the above within a ___________. |
|
Definition
atoms/molecules
substance. |
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|
Term
sensible heat is the type that can be __________
latent heat is the type that is either__________ |
|
Definition
monitored with thermometer
released / absorbed. |
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|
Term
| the change of wtaer to a gas is known as___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the three major types of heat transfer is__________ |
|
Definition
| conduction, convection, and radiation. |
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|
Term
how does conduction transfer heat through a substance___________
this process relies on____________, causing heat to flow through an area of greater temp to area of less temp. |
|
Definition
atomic/molecular interactions
temp differences |
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|
Term
is air a good conductor of heat Y/N
convection is the ____________ of a fluid, such as water or air.
in convection cold and hot water does what?
radiation refers to the energy that is emitted through any process the possesses _________, and the transfer of energy waves by radiation are called _______ |
|
Definition
No
mass movement
cold sinks and heat rises.
electromagnetic waves |
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|
Term
| the general equilibrium between inbound and outbound energy is called ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the suns energy drives what three processes |
|
Definition
| hydrologic cycle, ocean waves/currents, and global atmosphere circulatio. |
|
|
Term
| what type of energy travels from the sun, and this travels how fast through a vacuum. |
|
Definition
electromagnetic energy
speed of light |
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|
Term
| E.M radiation is described as a ____________ and the distance b/w two successive waves is called the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the collection of all possible wavelengths is called__________
visible light makes up how much of the above___________
the two waves with the shortest wavelength are _______ |
|
Definition
E.M spectrume
very small fraction
X- ray / gamma ray |
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|
Term
what three things happens to energy from the sun when it reaches earth________
in redirection two things happen to energy. |
|
Definition
redirected, transmitted, and absorbed
reflected, scattered |
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|
Term
| transmission involves nergy passing through_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the second way solar energy returns to outer space called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what 2 things are important when determining temperature of air and land?
the color of land surface determines its __________ to visible light.
the reflectivity is refereed to as __________ |
|
Definition
energy reflected/absorbed
reflectivity
albedo |
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|
Term
| many atmospheric gases are ___________. they absorb some wavelength energy and are __________ to others. |
|
Definition
selective absorbers
transparent |
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|
Term
absorbed energy that are not emitted as heat is emitted as ________
hotter obj radiate more rapidly and at ___________ |
|
Definition
E.M radiation
shorter wavelengths. |
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|
Term
| earths land surface, oceans clouds are so cool that they emit__________ IR radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the earths atmosphere is made of what 3 things |
|
Definition
gas milecules
suspended solid / liquid particles, and falling percipitation |
|
|
Term
the 2 main components of the atmosphere are _______
the 3 smaller amount are __________ |
|
Definition
nitrogen / oxygen
argon, water vapor, carbon dioxide. |
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|
Term
| humidity is the amount of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actual changes in water vapor content of atmosphere takes place where_________ or where air masses mix eithier________ |
|
Definition
water evaporates]]
vertically/ horizontal |
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|
Term
| THE WATER VAPOR CONTENT AND TEMPERATURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE VARIES FROM THE EARTHS ___________ AND ITS UPPER_________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the gas molecules are dconcentratedbelow a height of _________miles |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| earths lowest atmosphere is the___________ and it extends how many miles from the surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tropopause is the___________ |
|
Definition
| upper boundary of troposphere |
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|
Term
| what segment of the atmosphere does most of the weather occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clouds develolop when very small droplets of__________ or ____________ condense in our atmosphere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cumulus cllouds look like what
andhow do cumulonimbus clouds appear as. |
|
Definition
floating pieces of cotton
thunderstorm clouds |
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|
Term
| where does most water vapor condense? and how much water is left in the atmosphere when this occurs. |
|
Definition
troposphere
little amounts |
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|
Term
| barometric pressure, atmospheric pressure is the weight of the column of air above_____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| atmospheric pressure can be thought of as _____________onm a surface |
|
Definition
| the force excerted by gas moleculess |
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|
Term
| atmospheric pressure is greatest at the tops of mountains T/F |
|
Definition
| false, its greateset at sea level |
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|
Term
changes in air temperature/ air movement are responsible for most of the _______________in atmospheric pressure. temp change influences pressure because cold is is ________ than warm air and excerts a higher __________ on the underlying pressure.
cold air is denser because__________they have |
|
Definition
| lower kinetic energy and are closely packed together. |
|
|
Term
what warms air masses that have high humidity?
the low pressure zones are created by ____________ and these occurs at equatorial lattitudes that convect upwards in the atmosphere. |
|
Definition
solar heating and evaporation of seawater
low density of heated air |
|
|
Term
the pileing up of air is known as__________
while the loss of air pressure is called___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes zones of low/high pressure? |
|
Definition
| combined effects of temperature and air movement |
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|
Term
| air flows from areas of ___________ to areas of_________. |
|
Definition
high pressure
low pressure |
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|
Term
| differences in the absorbtion of ____________produces variations in the temperature of earths surface, and as well as the air_____________. |
|
Definition
solar radiation
above the surface |
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|
Term
| what is a major driving force for wind and weather |
|
Definition
| changes in atmospheric pressure. |
|
|
Term
air movements can also be caused by___________ in the atmosphere.
the small volume of air is called a________ |
|
Definition
vertical differences
parcel |
|
|
Term
| the ability for a parcel of air to remain inplace is known as__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when is an air mass considered unstable
atmosphere comonly becomes unstable when lighter____________ air is overlain by denser____________air |
|
Definition
when parcels are rising untill they reachair of similiar density or temperature.
warm/moist air
cold or dry air |
|
|
Term
| boundary between a cooler and warm air mass is called a ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a cold air front is forms when____________
a warm forms when_____________ |
|
Definition
cold air moves into a mass of warm air
the opposite of cold front occurs |
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|
Term
| warmer air is always lifted by _____________ masses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| warm fronts tend to be___________ as they overide the receeding cold air masses, and updrafts/cloud formations are more_____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a front which does not move for hours/days is called a__________. another front called ____________ develops when rapdily moving cooler air overtakes another coooler air mass and warm air is wedged above the frontal boundary. |
|
Definition
stationary front
occludeded |
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|
Term
| which area has the world record for thunder storms________, because it has one 7 out of 10 days. in the U.S these occur in the___________regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when and during what seasons are thunderstorms most common |
|
Definition
afternoon/evening hours
spring / summer |
|
|
Term
| the three condtions needed for t-storms to occur are_______________. |
|
Definition
humid air must be available
steep temperature gradient must exist
an updraft must force air up to colder air of atmosphere. |
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|
Term
| thunderstorm formation starts as ________air is forced___________ and cools, and water vapor formscondesnses to form a ____________cloud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the upward growth in size of a cumulus cloud begins with the __________stage of T-storm development. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| the cumulus stage requires a continous release of_________ from water vapor condensation to __________ the surrounding air, and cause the air to ____________ further. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two mechanisims needed for T-storms are |
|
Definition
growth of the cloud into colder air causing water droplets to freeze
warm air of lower part of cloudcollide with smaller droplets |
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|
Term
| at what stage does rain, lightningm, thunder, and hail occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the upward supply of moist air is blocked by downdrafts at lower levels of the cloud is known as____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is a T-storm considered severe |
|
Definition
| when wind speed exceeds 58 MPH or hail stones larger than 0.75 inches fall |
|
|
Term
| what 4 conditons makea severe thunderstorm occur |
|
Definition
| wind shear changes, high water vapor content, updraft of air, presence of dry air mass over moist air mass. |
|
|
Term
| vertical wind shear mass is produced by an ______________ in the velocity or change in the__________direction of wind. |
|
Definition
upward increase
horizontal |
|
|
Term
circular cluster of stom cells called______________
linear belts of t-storms are called____________
large cells with single updrafts are called__________ |
|
Definition
mesoscale convective systems
squall lines
super cells |
|
|
Term
| complex T-storms can continue to grow for ____________ hrs or more. the downdrafts of these storms can come together to form_____________, curved lines of t -storms that may travel long distances. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| squall lines commonly develop parrellel to cold fronts at a distance of ______________ to __________ miles ahead of a front |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| downdrafts originating on the back side of storms surge forward as________ of cold air in advance of precipitation, these can also develop along dry lines which are ____________ |
|
Definition
gust front
air masses in different moisure content rather then air temperature. |
|
|
Term
| what is the most damaging type thunderstorm____________, and these are the breeding ground for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the largets windstorms are called____________ which produce severe wind gusts.
these winds travel at __________MPH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hailstones start off as a small pellet, and gets a coat of_______in the_________of the storm and this processes is________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hailstorms cause heavy causlauties T/F |
|
Definition
| false, cause more monetary damage |
|
|
Term
how many people die per year from tornadoes in the U.S?
to be called a tornadoe a spinning column of wind must have a ____________extending from the cloud to the surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where do tornadoew form?
in the organizxational stage vertical wind shear causes causes___________ |
|
Definition
wherever their are large differences in atm pressure over long distances
rotation to develop within the T-Storm. |
|
|
Term
the upward column of rotating air which is undetected by radar is called____________.
major updrafts in the rear or southwesteern part part of the storm, lower a portion of the cumulonimbus cloud to form___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the mature stage is a_______________ whcih extends from the thunder storm clud to the ground as moist air is drwan upward
in stronger tornadoes, smaller whirls called___________ may form within a large tornadoe |
|
Definition
visible condensation funnel
suction vortices |
|
|
Term
when the warm air is reduced the tornadoe enters the____________.
in the final decaying or _________ the upqard spiraling air comes into contact with downdraftsand the tornadoe begins to move erratically. and new tornadoeas can form nearby |
|
Definition
shrinking stage
shrinking stage |
|
|
Term
| how far and how long do tornadoes last for |
|
Definition
4 to 5 miles
a few minutes |
|
|
Term
| the enhanced fujita scale is based on__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where are toranodes the most common in the world.
the tornado alley belt covers which areas |
|
Definition
the U.S
N/S of central U.S |
|
|
Term
extremely low visiblity for an extended period of time are refered top as_____________, and are thresholds the same for blizzrds between the U.S and canada.
in blizzrds what happens to snow to creat low vivbility |
|
Definition
white outs
no
they are driven by high winds |
|
|
Term
| high winds picking up previousley fallen snow creates a___________. fast moving storms forming east of the canadian rockies called__________, are generally drier with____________ and very cold temperatures. |
|
Definition
ground blizzard
alberta clippers
less snow |
|
|
Term
| why are blizzrds more dangerous then other windstorms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ice stroms cause freezing rains, and the 3 ways these from are. |
|
Definition
moisture in warm air mass south of front
warm air uplifted over an air mass
obj on land surface at or close to freezing |
|
|
Term
| fogs form when air cooling untill_____________ or by evaporation adding water vapor to_____________air. |
|
Definition
condensation occurs
already cool |
|
|
Term
| fogs can also evaporate when cold air flows over three things |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what natuarl hazard effects the more people than any other |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on mountains high winds can travel at speeds excedding________mph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
dust storms can carry how much dust?
can these travel long distances through the atmosphere. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the only places sandstorms can occcur, and the sand grains rarely travel more than___________m |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
people who are not used to heatwaves in the cooler cities are in more danger ?
these are commonly associated to elongated areas of high pressure called___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the heat indx measures the____________ which is greatly influnecd by_______ |
|
Definition
bodys percweption of air temp
humidity |
|
|
Term
| leaving the topsiol on farmland exposed to wind erosion during the winter may increase the size oF__________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a climatic condition in which a metroploitan area may become____________ surounding country side is called _________ |
|
Definition
22 degress farenhiefht
urban heat island |
|
|
Term
| global warming is likely to increase the heat index and number of______________and the intnsity of ___________ events in most areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
intense flash flooding can be produced by __________ which produces alot of rain.
what kinds of winds make slow prevailing winds__________.
what else can light prevailing winds cause__________.
thunderstorms have a 25% chance of doing what to forets? |
|
Definition
slow moving thunderstorms
prevailing winds
stagnation of frontal boundary, cause a storm to remain fixed in a location
wildfires |
|
|
Term
| doppler radar antennas send out _______________ that has a wavelength a little longer than __________ . |
|
Definition
electromagnetic radiation
microwaves |
|
|
Term
| nowcasting usees info from weather radar, satalites, and ____________ to predict the _______________ and development of storms once they form. |
|
Definition
automated weather stations
path |
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|
