Term
|
Definition
| what goes right in life, what makes life worth living |
|
|
Term
| happiness and life satisfaction |
|
Definition
1) engagement: interaction with the world, focusing on what you are doing at each moment
2) meaning: knowing that you have the ability to influence every person
3) pleasure: different kinds, eating, sleeping, sex, music
and balanced brain chemistry |
|
|
Term
| emotions and their three components |
|
Definition
a state of feelings that we can identify
three interdependent components
1) physical: the physiological arousal with the emotion
2) cognitive: how we interpret it
3) behavioral: outward expression |
|
|
Term
| James-Lange Theory of emotion |
|
Definition
an event leads to a physio arousal which leads to a cognitive appraisal (labeling the emotion) which is based on a specific physio state
Different patterns of arousal produce different emotions and the physiological arousal precedes the perceiving of the emotion |
|
|
Term
| Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion |
|
Definition
An event occurs which leads to both a physio arousal and a cognitive appraisal (labeling of the emotion) at the same time
these bodily changes aren't unique enough for us to distinguish emotions, so this order/chain occurs:
senses receive emotion provoking stimuli
stimuli relayed to cerebral cortex (provides conscious mental experience)
sympathetic nervous system (physiological state of arousal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
event leads to physio arousal which then leads to cognitive appraisal (labeling the emotion) it is based on the environment, the people and the situation
two parts to feeling an emotion
1st physiological arousal
2nd cognitive interpretation/ explanation, thinking about the emotion and labeling it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1st is the cognitive appraisal everything else follows feeling the emotion and the physio arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain structure associated with fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unlearned, universal emotions reflected by the same facial expressions, mad glad sad fear surprise disgust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| families of emotion, different facial expressions based on intensity of emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cultural rule that dictates what expression of emotions is appropriate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looking at the facial expressions of others as a guide to how to feel, can be cross species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ineffective because few behaviors are consistent with lying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detects changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate and skin conductance response (degree of arousal) it is assumed that lying causes changes in these 1/3-1/4 incorrect |
|
|
Term
| facial-feedback hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the muscular movement involved in a facial expression produces the corresponding emotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contentment, satisfaction, security, safety can choose what they are passionate about
people have modest expectations without the stress of the American Dream which causes disappointment
happiness is unrelated to money unless very poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the subfield that attempts to explain how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others influences the thoughts, feelings and behaviors of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who pose as participants in a psychology experiment but are actually assisting the researcher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who has agreed to participate in an experiment but is not aware that deception is being used to conceal its real purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process we use to obtain critically important social information about others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for an overall impression of another to be influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by the information that comes later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an assignment of a cause to explain one's own or another's behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation, an external attribution |
|
|
Term
| dispositional attribution |
|
Definition
| attributing a behavior to some internal cause such as a personal trait, motive or attitude, an internal attribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute one's own behavior primarily to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute others' behavior to dispositional factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute one's successes to dispositional causes and one's failures to situational causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical or geographical closeness a major influence on attraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to feel more positively towards a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to assume that a person has generally positive or negative traits as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in order to be consistent with social norms of a group or the expectations of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a certain group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for members of a close group to be more concerned with preserving group solidarity and uniformity than with objectively evaluating all alternatives in decision making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acting in accordance with the wishes suggestions or direct requests of other people |
|
|
Term
| foot-in-the-door technique |
|
Definition
| a strategy designed to gain a favorable response to a small request at first with the intent of making the person more likely to agree later to a larger request |
|
|
Term
| door-in-the face technique |
|
Definition
| a strategy in which someone makes a large unreasonable request with the expectation that the person will refuse but will be more likely to respond favorable to a smaller request later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a strategy in which someone makes a very attractive intial offer to get a person to commit to an action then makes it less favorable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any positive or negative effect on performance that can be attributed to the presence of others either as an audience or as co-actors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the impact of passive spectators on performance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the impact on performance of the presence of other people engaged in the same task |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to put forth less effort when working with others than when working alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a given group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively stable evaluation of a person, object, situation, or issue along a continuum ranging from positive to negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the unpleasant state that can occur when people become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behaviors--the belief doesn't match the evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and or behaviors of another person it has four elements source of communication, the audience, message, medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that benefits others, such as helping cooperation and sympathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior that is aimed at helping another not for personal gain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social factor that affects prosocial behavior as the number of bystanders increases the probability that the victim will receive help decreases |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| the feeling among bystanders that the responsibility for helping is hared by the group making each person less compelled to act |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intentional inflection of physical or psychological harm on others, can be caused by heredity, low arousal level, high testosterone level, neurological disorders, alcohol abuse |
|
|
Term
| frustration-aggression hypothesis |
|
Definition
| frustration produces aggression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| displacing aggression onto members of minority groups or other targets not responsible for the frustrating situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area surrounding each person used to regulate the level of intimacy with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjective judgement of too many people in a confined space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any kind of sexual contact in which one or more participants are either unable to give consent or are forced into participation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a "for" or "against" emotional attitude about a group of people
attitudes towards others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
behavior or action that go with the prejudice
behavior directed towards others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degree of relationship between two or more variables |
|
|
Term
| low correlation with happiness |
|
Definition
| age, socioeconomic status, gender, having children, ethnicity, intelligence, physical attractiveness |
|
|
Term
| moderate correlation with happiness |
|
Definition
| number of friends, being married, religiousness, physical health, extraversion, conscientiousness, internal locus of control |
|
|
Term
| high correlation with happiness |
|
Definition
| gratitude, optimism, being employed, frequency of sex, time spent experiencing positive affect (emotions) strong self-esteem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an idea that is socially made but is thought of by people as being the truth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group in any country that has the highest concentration of money and power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| who are not privileged group, called target because they may be targeted by the privileged group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking your own group is the best and most natural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prejudice based on ethnicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling threatened that you may be seen as conforming to a negative stereotype about your group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| realization that your own group is diverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that the people in the out-group are all the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sometimes people in the privileged group feel superior conscious or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking of your own group as inferior typically applies to people in the target group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an advantage you have not earned yourself ex. being born into wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| racism in the institutions of society ex: legal system, political system, education system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inference about the cause of behavior |
|
|
Term
| what types of attributional biases are there |
|
Definition
| fundamental attribution error, actor observer bias, self-serving bias |
|
|
Term
| what factors influence our attraction to other people |
|
Definition
| proximity, mere exposure effect, reciprocal liking, physical attractiveness--matching, halo effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dictator sort of way, this way or that way, dualistic thinking, right way or wrong food or bad, inflexible set up for prejudices and low self esteem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases our arousal level if it is simple or something we are good at we will perform better if not we will do worse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people doing the same thing graded as a group like social loafing will work less because no will know what you did individually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when alone more likely to act to help someone in need |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first impression forms a filter |
|
|
Term
| types of social facilitation |
|
Definition
| audience effect, coaction effects, bystander effect, primacy effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| survey, question, read, recite, review |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes is a science because it uses the scientific method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the orderly systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a research problem, design a study to investigate it, collect and analyze data, draw conclusions and communicate their findings--the most objective method for acquiring knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general principle or set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related, enables scientists to fit data in a meaningful framework |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of repeating a study with different participants and a different investigator to verify research findings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describe, explain, predict and influence behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basic research conducted to seek new knowledge and advance scientific understanding
applied research research conducted to specifically solve practical problems and improve quality of life |
|
|
Term
| Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner and Hermann Von Helmholtz |
|
Definition
| three german scientists first to study behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "father" of psychology established psych lab in Germany 1879, studied perception of stimuli with method introspection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looking inward and examining your own conscious experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first school of thought tried to analyze elements and structures of conscious mental experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early 20th century how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
wrote prinsiples of psych, first american psychologist, taught that mental processes are fluid and have continuity not fixed structures like structuralism
"stream of consciousness" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Watson redefines psych as the science of behavior, views observable measurable behavior as the appropriate subject for psych and emphasizes the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior, mind, consciousness and feeling not psych |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from behaviorism, any behavior can be understood by analyzing the conditions before and the consequences after the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sigmund Freud, developed this theory of personality and his therapy for treatment of psychological disorders focuses on the unconscious, know for repression, unconsiousness
his students Jung, Adler and Horney developed personality theories called neo-Freudians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focuses on the uniqueness of humans and their compacity for choice and growht and psychological health, this theory has a more positve view on human nature
--Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers client centered and group thrapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| view people not as passive and pulled by environment but as active participants seeking experiences and using mental processes to transform their own cognitive development, studies memory, problem solving, decision making, pereption and language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Germany 1912, Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler
phi phenomenon: individuals percieve objects and patterns as whole units the percieved whole is more that the some of its parts |
|
|
Term
| information processing theory |
|
Definition
| an approach to the study of mental structures and processes using the computer as a model for human thinking, processes information in steps, brain interprets information and doesn't just respond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
looke for
1) leads to a testable hypothesis
2) leads to development of solutions
3) heuristic value=stimulates debate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
think critically about the process of objectifying claims propositions and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence presented
3 components: independent thinking, suspension of judgement, willingness to modify or abandon prior judgements |
|
|
Term
| Descriptive Research methods |
|
Definition
| research methods that yield a description of behaviors, naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case study, survey, correlation method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior observed and recorded in its natural setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a lab, researchers can exert more control and use more precise equipment to measure responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one person or a group studied in depth over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses interviews or questionnaires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a same that mirrors the populations of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a descriptive method used to establish the degree or relationship between two things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a number indicating the strength of the correation between two things 1 to -1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the only research method that can identify cause and effect relationships between tow or more vairables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a prediction about the cause-effect relationship between two or more variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition or factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a factor that is manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a factor presumed to vary aa a result of the manipulated independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group exposed to an independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nor given the treatment, used for comparison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors other than the independent variable that are not equal across groups |
|
|
Term
| limitations of the experimental method |
|
Definition
| it can be unatural so findings may not be generalizable to the real world, many areas of interest unethical or impossible to research |
|
|
Term
| examples of participant related biases |
|
Definition
| lack of acurate representation of the population, gender, socioeconomic status, age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies how humans have adapted the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course of evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks for the links between behaviors and bilogical processes that explain individual differences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines the work of psychologists, biologits, biochemist, medical reserachers and others in the study of structure and function of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| view that social and cultural factors as powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing |
|
|
Term
| psychological perspectives |
|
Definition
| general points used for explaining peoples behavior and thinking ex: behavioral, psychoanalytical, humanistic, cognitive, evolitionary, biological, sociocultural |
|
|
