Term
| In an adult, an average _-degree angle difference exists between the OML and the IOML. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an adult, an average _-degree angle difference exists between the OML and the glabellomeatal line. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the typically shaped head, the petrous pyramids project anteriorly and medially at an angle of __ degrees from the MSP of the skull. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name for a normally shaped skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of skull is short from front to back, broad from side to side, and shallow from vertex to base. The internal structures are higher with reference to the IOML. |
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Definition
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Term
| The petrous pyramids in this type of skull form an average angle of 54 degrees with the MSP. |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of skull is long from front to back, narrow from side to side, and deep from vertex to base. The internal structures are lower with reference to the IOML. |
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Definition
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Term
| The petrous pyramids in this type of skull form an average angle of 40 degrees with the MSP. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the CR position and angulation for lateral skull projection: |
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Definition
| perpendicular CR entering 2 inches (5 cm) superior to the EAM |
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Term
| What structures are clearly shown in a lateral skull projection? |
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Definition
| the sella turcica in profile, the anterior and posterior clinoid processes, and the dorsum sellae. |
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Term
| When positioning the skull for the PA projection, how is the CR centered and angled when the frontal bone is of primary interest? |
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Definition
| the CR should be perpendicular, exiting the nasion |
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Term
| When positioning the skull for the PA axial projection (Caldwell Method), how is the CR centered and angled? |
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Definition
| the CR should be angled 15 degrees caudad, exiting the nasion |
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Term
| When positioning the skull for the PA axial projection, how is the CR centered and angled when specifically demonstrating the superior orbital fissures? |
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Definition
| direct the CR through the mid-orbits at an angle of 20-25 degrees caudad |
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Term
| When positioning the skull for the PA axial projection, how is the CR centered and angled when specifically demonstrating the rotundum foramina? |
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Definition
| direct the CR to the nasion at an angle of 25-30 degrees caudad |
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Term
| For the PA axial (Caldwell Method), is the OML or the IOML perpendicular to the IR? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a PA projection skull with no CR angulation, how will the petrous pyramids look in relation to the orbits? |
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Definition
| the petrous pyramids will fill the orbits |
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Term
| In a PA axial projection skull (Caldwell Method), how will the petrous pyramids look in relation to the orbits? |
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Definition
| the petrous pyramids will lie in the lower third of the orbits |
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Term
| Why is the AP/AP axial projection less desired than the PA/PA axial (Caldwell Method)? |
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Definition
| The image is more magnified in the AP/AP axial |
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Term
| How is the CR for an AP axial (Reverse Caldwell) skull? |
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Definition
| 15 degrees cephalad, entering through the nasion |
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Term
| How is the CR for an AP skull? |
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Definition
| Perpendicular, entering through the nasion |
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Term
| For an AP axial skull (Towne Method), what is your CR angle if the OML is perpendicular to the IR? |
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Definition
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Term
| For an AP axial skull (Towne Method), what is your CR angle if the IOML is perpendicular to the IR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the CR entrance and exit points for an AP axial skull (Towne Method)? |
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Definition
Entrance: a point approximately 3 inches superior to the eyebrows (2.5 inches superior to the glabella)
Exit: through the foramen magnum |
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Term
| What structures should be visible in an AP axial (Towne Method) skull projection? |
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Definition
| petrous pyramids, posterior portion of the foramen magnum, dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes projected within the foramen magnum, the occipital bone, and the posterior portion of the parietal bones |
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Term
| How is the CR for the PA axial (Haas Method) skull projection? |
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Definition
| 25 degrees cephalad to the OML, entering a point 1.5 inches below the external occipital protuberance (inion) and exiting approximately 1.5 inches superior to the nasion |
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Term
| What cranial structures are visible in a PA axial (Haas Method) skull projection? |
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Definition
| occipital region, petrous pyramids, and dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum. (alternate projection if Towne cannot be accomplished) |
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Term
| For the SMV (Schuller Method) projection, the IOML should be ________ in relation to the IR. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the path of the CR for the SMV (Schuller Method) projection: |
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Definition
| directed through the sella turcica perpendicular to the IOML. The CR enters the MSP of the throat between the angles of the mandible and passes through a point 3-quarters of an inch anterior to the level of the EAM. |
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Term
| What cranial structures are visible in the SMV (Schuller Method) projection? |
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Definition
| petrosae, mastoid processes, foramina ovale and spinosum, carotid canals, sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses, mandible, bony nasal septum, dens of the axis, occipital bone, and maxillary sinuses superimposed over the mandible |
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