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founder of behaviorism
~focus on observable conditions
~no thought (thought is subvocal speech) |
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~not as extreme as Watson
~considered feelings, acknowledges genetic factors, and considers other topics |
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~no free will
~genes and environment shape our behavior
~"personality"=behavior |
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| specific behavior elicited by a specific kind of stimulus (reflexive response; think Pavlov's dogs and little Albert) |
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neutral stimulus -> nothing
unconditioned stimulus -> unconditioned response |
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| neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus -> Unconditioned response |
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| conditioned stimulus -> conditioned response |
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| ex. of respondent conditioning |
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food -> salivation
bell + food -> salivation
bell -> salivation |
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| always increases behavior |
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~primary
~conditioned
~generalized |
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| associated with more than one primary reinforcer |
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| the connection between a response and reinforcer is accidental |
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| giving a known negative reinforcer |
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| taking away a positive reinforcer |
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| must decrease the frequency of an undesired behavior |
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| potential problems with punishment |
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~person may avoid situations similar to one in which they were punished
~undesired behavior may be suppressed only around punisher
~may be conflict between tendency to act and tendency to hold back
~person may become unresponsive and withdrawn |
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| when does extinction occur? |
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Definition
| when responses are not reinforced |
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| genetic endowment + individual history of reinforcement |
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| when does discrimination occur? |
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| when reinforcement is only given in the presence of a specific stimulus |
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| subject matter broken down into small steps |
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| present program and reinforcers |
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| getting someone to behave in a certain way so her or she can be reinforced |
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| prompting someone to perform a behavior |
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| removing prompts when behavior is strong enough |
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| a possible event; something that is dependent upon something else in order to occur |
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| schedule of reinforcement |
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| particular pattern by which reinforcement occurs |
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| interval and ratio schedules |
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reoccurs occurs after a certain amount of time
ex: paycheck every two weeks |
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| reinforcement occurs after changing amounts of time |
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| requires a varied numbers of responses for each reinforcement |
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| requires a fixed number of responses for each reinforcement |
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| two or more independent schedules alternating randomly |
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| two or more independent schedules alternating simultaneously |
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| response to one stimulus results in another stimulus, then another, and so on until a primary reinforcer is obtained |
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