002) Designed primarily for oily / acneac skin, this pinch and roll movement that keeps the sebum moving forward and out of the follicle:

A) Dr. Jacquenett

B) Dr. Murad Movement

C) Dr. 90210 Movement

D) Dr. Jacquet Movement

DR. JACQUET MOVEMENT 

This massage technique was developed by French dermatologist Dr. Jacquet (1860–1914). That is where its name comes from. This technique is basically the intensive influence onto tissues, which stabilizes the blood circulation process. The main difference of Jacquet massage technique is the character of its kneading movements. These are very intense and rhythmical light pinching, which is alternated with vibrations and stroking. With these movements, there is a deep influence exerted both on the skin's superficial layer, and on derma and subcutaneous fat, normalizing oil secretion. The massage is performed with a thumb and an index finger. The skin is grasped with the pulp of the fingers through all its depth, and then short and fast movements press it in all directions, passing all the surface in this manner. As the massage is performed very intensely, it is possibly painful.

024) An acute, inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itchy skin; it is caused by exposer to excessive heat and usually clears in short time without treatment:

A) Milaria Rubra

B) Heat Rash

C) Prickly Heat

D) A,B,C are Correct

Milaria Rubra,Heat Rash,Prickly Heat

Miliaria rubra (mil-ee-AIR-ee-ah _ ROOB-rah), also known as prickly heat, is an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied by burning, itching skin. It is caused by exposure to excessive heat and usually clears in a short time without treatment.

025) Which is not classified as a disorder of the Sudoriferous gland: 

A) Milaria Rubra

B) Bromhydrosis

C) Milia

D) Hyperhydrosis

MILIA

Milia (MIL-ee-uh) are benign, keratin-filled cysts that appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening. They resemble small sesame seeds and are almost always perfectly round. They are commonly associated with newborn babies but can appear on the skin of people of all ages. They are usually found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead and they appear as small, whitish masses. Depending on the state, Milia can be treated in the salon or spa.

026) Process involving the Sudoriferous Glands where water (perspiration) is lost through the skin taking salt and other chemicals with it; along with blood, this process is involved in heat regulation: 

A) Secretion

B) Absorption

C) Excretion

D) Protection

EXCRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands. 

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus _ GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _ KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

 Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus _ GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

027) The process involving the Sebaceous Glands where oil is produced to lubricate the skin, thus keeping it soft & pliable can increase the flow of sebum:

A) Secretion

B) Absorption

C) Excretion

D) Protection

SECRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus _ GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance  that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus _ GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _ KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain the excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

028) Solidified oil impactions that have not been exposed to oxygen: 

A) Blackheads

B) Milia

C) Comedomes

D) Carbuncle

MILIA

Milia (MIL-ee-uh) are benign, keratin-filled cysts that appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening. They resemble small sesame seeds and are almost always perfectly round. They are commonly associated with newborn babies but can appear on the skin of people of all ages. They are usually found around the eyes, cheeks, and forehead and they appear as small, whitish masses. Depending on the state, Milia can be treated in the salon or spa.

029) Solidified oil impactions that have been exposed to oxygen: 

A) Blackheads

B) Milia

C) Comedones

D) A and C

Blackheads

An open comedo, also known as a blackhead, is a hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum. Comedones appear most frequently on the face, especially in the T-zone, the center of the face. When the sebum of the comedo is exposed to the environment, it oxidizes and turns black. When the follicle is closed and not exposed to the environment, the sebum remains a white or cream color and is a closed comedo, also known as whitehead, and appears as a small bump just under the skin surface

087) A scale to measure the skin type's ability to tolerate sun exposer: 

A) Wood's Scale

B) Logarithmic Scale

C) Fitzpatrick Scale

D) Richter Scale

FITZPATRICK SCALE

The Fitzpatrick Skin Type is a skin classification system first developed in 1975 by Thomas Fitzpatrick, MD, of Harvard Medical School. His skin classification system and its adaptations are familiar to dermatologists. In order to determine your Fitzpatrick Skin Type, our quiz measures two components (genetic disposition and reaction to sun exposure). Types range from the very fair (Type I) to the very dark (Type VI

089) A black light that enables the practitioner using it to observe problems not visible to the naked eye, including dry patches, oily areas, pigmentation problems, and bacteria-among others:

A) Black Light

B) Wood's Lamp

C) HalogenLamp

D) Fitzpatrick Lamp

WOOD'S LAMP

The Woods Lamp exposes conditions that are not visible to the naked eye!

113) Congenital hypo-pigmentation, or absence of melanin pigment in the body; including the hair, skin, and eyes:

A) Vitiligo

B) Leukoderma

C) Lentigines

D) Albinism

ALBINISM

Albinism (AL-bi-niz-em) is congenital hypopigmentation, or absence of melanin pigment in the body, including the skin, hair, and eyes. Hair is silky white. The skin is pinkish white and will not tan. The eyes are pink, and the skin is sensitive to light and ages early.

114) A hereditary condition that causes hypo-pigmented spots and blotches on the skin that may be related to thyroid conditions: 

A) Vitiligo

B) Leukoderma

C) Lentigines

D) Albinism

[image]

120) What is the least common skin type: 

A) Normal

B) Dry

C) Oily

D) Combination

121) What is the MOST common skin type:

A) Normal

B) Dry

C) Oily

D) Combination

125) In a process known as____________, the Sebaceous Glands produce Sebum/oil to lubricate the skin; thus keeping it soft and pliable: 

A) Secretion

B) Excretion

C) protection

D) Absortion

SECRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. these are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

126) In the process known as _____________, the Sudoriferous Glands produce H2O; the water loss through perspiration takes salt and other chemicals with it and helps regulate body temperature:

 A) Absorption

B) Secretion

C) Excretion

D) Protection

EXCRETION

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree _  KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

132) Body scrubs are contra-indicated for facial used because: 

A) They are too costly

B) Their abrasive base is to smooth

C) They are rough & abrasive

D) They are rough,abrasive, and the particles are too large

144) The process used to soften & emulsify greasy deposits (oil) and comedones in the hair follicle: 

A) Dr. Jacquet Movement

B) Desquamation

C) Desincrustation

D) Iontophotesis

[image]

Desincrustation

(des-inkrus-TAy-shun) is a form of anaphoresis and is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles. Desincrustation is frequently used to treat acne, Milia (small, white crust-like pimples), and comedones (blackheads and whiteheads).

149) Name given a skin sore or abrasion produced by scraping or scratching: 

A) Fissure

B) Excoriation

C) Cictrix

D) Ulcer

EXCORIATION

excoriation /ex·co·ri·a·tion/ (eks-ko″re-a´shun) any superficial loss of substance, as that produced on the skin by scratching.

150) This is the technical term for boil; it is an acute, localized, staphylococci bacterial infection, of the hair follicle, it is limited to specific area, causes constant pain, and produces pustule: 

A) Wheal

B) Favos Vulgaris

C) Carbuncle

D) Furuncle

[image]

FURUNCLE

 A furuncle (FYOO-rung-kul) is the technical term for a boil, an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain. It is limited to a specific area and produces a pustule perforated by a hair.

• A carbuncle (KAHR-bung-kul) is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci. It is similar to a furuncle but is larger. A boil, also known as a furuncle is a skin abscess, a painful bump that forms under the skin - it is full of puss. A carbuncle is collection of boils that develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles they can swell up and turn into boils. Such abscesses respond to hot packs and lancing, rather than antibiotics, experts say. Antibiotics may be used if the infection spreads into a deeper layer of skin. A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.[1] Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles.[2] Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus

151) Similar to a ___________but larger, a________________is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by the staphylococci bacteria: 

A) Vesicle,Wheal

B) Furuncle, Favosa Vulgaris

C) Furuncle, Caruncle

D) Caruncle, Furuncle

FURUNCLE,CARUNCLE

A furuncle (FYOO-rung-kul) is the technical term for a boil, an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain. It is limited to a specific area and produces a pustule perforated by a hair.

• A carbuncle (KAHR-bung-kul) is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci. It is similar to a furuncle but is larger. A boil, also known as a furuncle is a skin abscess, a painful bump that forms under the skin - it is full of puss. A carbuncle is collection of boils that develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles they can swell up and turn into boils. Such abscesses respond to hot packs and lancing, rather than antibiotics, experts say. Antibiotics may be used if the infection spreads into a deeper layer of skin. A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.[1] Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles.[2] Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus

152) A protein that makes human skin thick and healthy: 

A) Fiboblast

B) Elastin

C) Collagen

D) Spiny Cells

COLLAGEN

Collagen (KAHL-uh-jen) is a fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength. This fiber makes up a large percentage of the dermis and provides structural support by holding together all the structures found in this layer. When collagen fibers are healthy, they allow the skin to stretch and contract as needed. If collagen fibers become weakened due to age, lack of moisture, environmental damage such as UV light or frequent changes in weight, the skin will begin to lose its tone and suppleness. Wrinkles and sagging are often the result of collagen fibers losing their strength

174) The most common skin cancer is referred to as:

A) Basal Cell Carcinoma

B) Squamous Cell Carcinoma

C) Malignant Melanoma

D) Erthema Carcinoma

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing form of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two major groups: Nonmelanoma and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer.

175) The least dangerous skin cancer is referred to as:

A) Basal Cell Carcinoma

B) Squamous Cell Carinoma

C) Malignant Melanoma

D) Erthema Carcinoma

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

Basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing form of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two major groups: Nonmelanoma and melanoma. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer.

176) The most dangerous and least common skin cancer is referred to as:

A) Basal Cell Carinoma

B) Squamous Cell Carinoma

C) Malignant Melanoma

D) Erthema Carinoma

MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer. Malignant means that the cells are positive for cancer. Therefore, malignant melanoma means your cells are positive for cancer.

178) Type of bacteria that may appear alone (singular) or in pairs: 

A) Bacilla

B) Diplococci

C) Cocci

D) Sprilla

[image]

COCCI

 Cocci (KOK-sy) are round-shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups

Coccus (plural cocci or coccuses) can be used to describe any bacterium that has a spherical shape. It is one of the three distinct types of bacteria shapes, the other two being bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirillum (spiral-shaped) cells. Coccus is an English loanword of aNeolatin noun, which in turn stems from the Greek masculine noun kokkos (κόκκος) meaning "berry"

179) The process used to soften and emulsify greasy (oil) and comedones (blackheads) in the hair follicle/s:

A) Extractions

B) Disquamation

C) Gommage

D) Disincrustation

[image]

Desincrustation

(des-inkrus-TAy-shun) is a form of anaphoresis and is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles. Desincrustation is frequently used to treat acne, milia (small, white cRust-like pimples), and comedones (blackheads and whiteheads

186) Test used to determine client's possible allergic reation to hair color:

A) P.D. Test

B) Match Test

C) Strand Test

D) Porosity Test

P.D TEST

When working with haircolor, you must determine whether your clients have and allergies or sensitivities to the mixture. To identify an allergy in a client, the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires that a patch test be given twenty-four to forty-eight hours prior to each application of an aniline haircolor. A patch test, also known as predisposition test, is a test for identifying a possible allergy in a client. The color used for the match test must be the same as the color that will be used for the haircolor service

210) Acute, localized, bacterial infection, of a hair follicle, causing pain:

A) Carbuncle

B) Vesicle

C) Furbuncle

D) Ulcer

[image]

FURUNCLE 

A furuncle (FYOO-rung-kul) is the technical term for a boil, an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain. It is limited to a specific area and produces a pustule perforated by a hair

• A carbuncle (KAHR-bung-kul) is an inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci. It is similar to a furuncle but is larger. A boil, also known as a furuncle is a skin abscess, a painful bump that forms under the skin - it is full of puss. A carbuncle is collection of boils that develop under the skin. When bacteria infect hair follicles they can swell up and turn into boils. Such abscesses respond to hot packs and lancing, rather than antibiotics, experts say. Antibiotics may be used if the infection spreads into a deeper layer of skin. A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.[1] Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles.[2] Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus

235) Refers to the tissue surrounding the nail on three sides:

A) Perionychium

B) Pericardium

C) Perioal

D) Peristalysis

[image]

PERIONCHIUM

the epidermis forming the border around a fingernail or toenail

243) Process involving the Sudoriferous Gland and involved in regulating body temperature:

A) Halitosis

B) Anhidrosis

C) Secretion

D) Excretion

EXCRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain drugs. The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin.

244) Process involving the Sebaceous Glands and involved in moisturizing and lubricating the skin:

A) Halitosis

B) Anhidrosis

C) Secretion

D) Excretion

SECRETION

The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. these are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

261) Which rays of sun are responsible for burning of the skin:

A) UVB

B) UVC

C) UVA

d) V.C.'S

UVB

UVB rays, also known as burning rays, cause sunburns, tanning of the skin, and the majority of skin cancers. These are shorter rays that stop penetration at the base of the epidermis.

262) Which rays of sun are responsible for aging / wrinkling  of the skin:

A) UVB

B) UVC

C) UVA

d) V.C.'S

UVA

UVA rays, also known as aging rays, are deep-penetrating rays that can even go through a glass window. These rays weaken the collagen and elastin fibers, causing wrinkling and sagging of the tissues.

263) Which rays cause damage to the skin (wrinkling, burning, & cancer): 

A) Tesla

B) High Frequency Rays

C) Ultra-violet Rays

D) Violet Rays

ULTRA VIOLET RAYS

The sun and its ultraviolet (UV) light have the greatest impact of all extrinsic factors on how skin ages. Approximately 80 to 85 percent of the symptoms of aging skin are caused by the rays of the sun. As we age, the collagen and elastin fibers of the skin naturally weaken. This weakening happens at a much faster rate when the skin is frequently exposed to UV light without proper protection.

284) Leukoderma refers to:

A) Dark spots / Milasma

B) White spots on the skin

C) White blood cells

D) White spots on the nail

WHITE SPOTS ON THE SKIN

Leukoderma (loo-koh-DUR-muh) is a skin disorder characterized by light abnormal patches (hypopigmentation); it is caused by a burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells. Examples are vitiligo and albinism.

319) The sebaceous gland produce:

A) Sebum

B) Sweat

C) Oil

D) A and C

Sebum and Oil

SECRETION...The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands (sih-BAY-shus GLANZ), also known as oil glands, are connected to the hair follicles. They consist of little sacs with ducts that open into the follicles. These glands secrete sebum (SEE-bum), a fatty or oily substance that lubricates the skin and preserves the softness of the hair. With the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, these glands are found in all parts of the body, particularly in the face and scalp, where they are larger.

320) Sudoriferous Glands produce_____________and one of their functions is____________:

A) Sebum / heat regulation

B) Sweat / lubrication for the skin

C) Perspiration / heat regulation

D) Both B and C

PERSPIRATION / HEAT REGULATION

The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin. The skin contains two types of duct glands that extract materials from the blood to form new substances. These are sudoriferous glands and sebaceous glands.

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands Sudoriferous glands (sood-uh-RIF-uhrus GLANZ), also known as sweat glands, excrete perspiration and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals. They consist of a secretory coil (seh-KREET-toh-ree KOYL), the coiled base of the sudoriferous gland, and a tube-like sweat duct that ends at the surface of the skin to form the sweat pore. Practically all parts of the body are supplied with sudoriferous glands, which are more numerous on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, the forehead, and the underarm (armpit). The sudoriferous glands regulate body temperature and help eliminate waste products from the body. The evaporation of sweat cools the skin’s surface. The activity of sudoriferous glands is greatly increased by heat, exercise, emotions, and certain The excretion of sweat is controlled by the nervous system. Normally, 1 to 2 pints of salt-containing liquids are eliminated daily through sweat pores in the skin

380) The layer of the skin containing the most blood is the:

A) Epidermis

C) Dermis

C) Subcutaneous

D) Adipose

[image]

Dermis

The dermis (DUR-mis), also known as derma (DUR-muh), corium (KOH-ree-um), cutis (KYOO-tis), or true skin, is the underlying or inner layer of the skin. The dermis extends to form the subcutaneous tissue. The highly sensitive dermis layer of connective tissue is about 25 times thicker than the epidermis. Within its structure, there are numerous blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, and hair follicles, as well as arrector pili muscles. Arrector pili muscles (ah-REK-tohr PY-leh _MUS-uls) are the small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair that cause goose flesh—or goose bumps, as many people call them—and papillae. The dermis is comprised of two layers: the papillary (superficial layer) and the reticular (deeper layer).

• The papillary layer (PAP-uh-lair-ee LAY-ur) is the outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis. Here you will find the dermal papillae (DUR-mul _ puh-PIL-eye) (singular: dermal papilla; DUR-mul _ puh-PIL-uh), which are small, cone-shaped elevations at the base of the hair follicles. Some papillae contain looped capillaries, and others contain small epidermal structures called tactile corpuscles (TAK-tile _ KOR-pusuls), with nerve endings that are sensitive to touch and pressure. This layer also contains melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. The top of the papillary layer where it joins the epidermis is called the epidermal–dermal junction (ep-ih-DUR-mul - DUR-mul _ JUNK-shun).

• The reticular layer (ruh-TIK-yuh-lur _ LAY-ur) is the deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with all of its oxygen and nutrients. It contains the following structures within its network:

 • Fat cells  

 • Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

• Blood vessels

• Hair follicles

• Lymph vessels

• Arrector pili muscles

• Sebaceous (oil) glands

• Nerve endings

Subcutaneous tissue (sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us _ TISH-oo), also known as adipose tissue (AD-uh-pohs TISH-oo) or subcutis tissue (sub- KYOO-tis _ TISH-oo), is the fatty tissue found below the dermis. It gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fats for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the skin. Subcutaneous tissue varies in thickness according to the age, gender, and general health of the individual