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Skin Ch 44, 46
Slides 1-28
90
Pathology
Graduate
03/05/2012

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the largest organ of the body?
Definition
The skin
Term
How much of the body does skin cover?
Definition
The entire body
Term
What percent of body weight is skin?
Definition
20%
Term
Skin includes what accesory structures?
Definition
hair, nails, and glands
Term
What is skin's primary function?
Definition
To protect the body
Term
Skin acts as a barrier against what?
Definition

stress of mechanical forces

loss of body fluids

ultraviolet radiaton

microorganisms

Term
What are other functions of skin?
Definition
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Assist in the production of vitamin D
  • Provide touch and pressure receptors
Term
What are the three layers of the skin?
Definition

Epidermis

Dermis

Subcutaneous

Term
What is the epidermis layer composed of?
Definition

keratinocytes

and

 melanocytes

Term
What is the dermis layer composed of?
Definition

mast cells, histocytes

collagen, elastin

hair follicles

sebaceous and sweat glands

blood and lymphatic vessels

nerves

Term
What is the subcutaneous layer composed of?
Definition
adipocytes
Term
What are clinical manisfestions when dealing with skin?
Definition
  • macule                         --telangiectasia
  • papule                          --scale
  • patch                            --lichenification
  • wheal                           --keloid
  • nodule                          --scar
  • tumor                           --excoriation
  • vesicle                          --fissure
  • bulla                             --erosion
  • cyst                              --ulcer
  • atrophy
Term
Pressure are an result of?
Definition

any unrelieved pressure on skin

 shearing forces

 friction

moisture

Term
What does unrelieved pressure cause?
Definition
underlying tissue damage
Term
What are the risk factors for pressure ulcers?
Definition
  • Older adults--ECF (extracelluar fluid)
  • Immobility (ex. spinal cord injuries or stroke)
  • immobilization (ex. traction, surgery,
  • exam tables, lack turning)
  • Prolonged bed rest
  • poor turning skills
  • incontinence
  • debilitation
  • nutritional deficiencies
Term
What is a stage 1 pressure ulcer?
Definition
Nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
Term
What is a stage 2 ulcer?
Definition
Partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis or dermis
Term
What is a stage 3 ulcer?
Definition
Full-thickness skin loss involving damage or loss of subcutaneous tissue
Term
What is a stage 4 ulcer?
Definition
Full-thickness skin loss with damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures
Term
Decribe an keloid.
Definition
  • elevated, round, firm
  • irregular claw-like margins that extend beyond the original site of injury
  • result from excessive collagen formation during dermal connective tissure repair
  • more common with dark pigment skin and burns
Term

Whick of the following is NOT a factor in keloid formation?

 

a. light skin

b. burn trauma

c. foreign material in skin

d. poorly aligned wound tension

 

Definition
a. light skin
Term
Stasis dermatitis is a type of?
Definition
dermatitis
Term
Where does  stasis dermatitis occur?
Definition
in the legs
Term
What does stasis dermatitis result from?
Definition
  • venous statis 
  • edema
  • vascular trauma
Term
What are the clinical manisfestations of stasis dermatitis?
Definition
  • erythema
  • pruritis
  • scaling
  • petechiae
  • ulcers
Term
What is the common name for dermatitis?
Definition
psoriasis
Term
What is psoriasis?
Definition
  • chronic proliferative skin disorder
  • T-cell mediated autoimmune disorder
  • increased thickness of dermal and epidermal levels
Term
What does psoriasis look like?
Definition
scaly, thick, silvery, elevated lesions
Term
Where is psoriasis usually located?
Definition
usually on scalp, elbows, or kness
Term
True of false: psoriasis varies in degress of severity
Definition
True
Term
What is folliculitis?
Definition
an bacterial infection of hair follicles
Term
What is a common cause of folliculitis?
Definition
staph aureus
Term
What are furuncles?
Definition
boils (inflammation of hair follicles)
Term
What does a furuncle develop from?
Definition
develop from folliculitis, it spreads through the follicular wall into surrounding dermis
Term
What is the common causative organisim of a furuncle?
Definition
S. Aureus
Term
What is herpes simplex virus?
Definition
a viral infection
Term
What is herpes zoster or shingles?
Definition
a viral infection
Term

Describe late manisfestations of

herpes simplex virus and herpes zoster-shinges?

Definition
  • has pain and paresthesia (burning, itching, tingling, etc) localized to affected dermatomes
 
  • vesicular eruptions along a facial, cervical, or thoracic, lumbar dermatome
Term
What is urticaria?
Definition
Hives
Term
What does hives look like?
Definition
is a raised area of skin with erythema (redness) and edema
Term
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is uticaria?
Definition
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction- IgE mediated
Term
What is scleroderma?
Definition

an autoimmune disorder that causes

sclerosis (thickening or hardening) of the skin

Term
Where can scleroderma progress to?
Definition
internal organs (it involves connective tissue of organs)
Term
What is the mortality rate of scleroderma?
Definition
50% death in 5 years
Term
How are scleroderma lesions characterized?
Definition

large amounts of collagen

inflammation

vascular changes

capillary dilation

Term
What does scleroderma look like?
Definition

skin is hard, hypopigmented,

taut, tightly connected to underlying tissue

Term
Name some manisfestions that may occure with scleroderma?
Definition
  • facial skin becomes very tight
  • mouth may not open completely
  • hands have shiny skin
  • fingers are tapered and flexed
  • fingernails and fingertips can be lost from atrophy
Term

Skin cancer accounts for what percentage

of all cancers?

Definition
5%
Term

True of False:

Basal cell carcinoma is most common in

African Americans.

Definition
False.  Basal cell carcinoma is most common in whites.
Term
How does basal cell carcinoma tumors grow?
Definition
upward with depressed center
Term
Where does basal cell carcinoma tumors occur?
Definition
In areas exposed to sun
Term

True of False:

Basal cell carcinoma cells don't invade lymph or blood.

Definition

 

True.

Term
What kind of tumor is a squamous cell carcinoma? 
Definition
tumor of the epidermis 
Term
Can a squamous cell carcinoma extend to the dermis?
Definition
yes.
Term

What kind of lesion is a squamous cell carcinoma, 

premalignant or malignant lesion?

Definition

Premalignant 

Note:

But can become malignant and invasive if not treated

Term
What is a melanoma?
Definition
the degeneration of melanocytes
Term
Melanoma is a premalignant or malignant skin tumor?
Definition
malignant
Term

True of False:

Melanoma requires staging.

Definition
True.
Term

True of false:

Melanoma has a very poor survival rate with advanced disease.

Definition
True
Term
What is a kaposi sarcoma?
Definition
a vascular malignancy
Term
What are kaposi sarcomas usually associated with?
Definition
immune deficiencies (HIV, CMV)
Term
What does a kaposi sarcoma look like?
Definition

purplish brown macule

(think Tom Hanks in Philadelphia)

Term

True or False:

Kaposi sarcomas are pruritic (itchy) and painful?

Definition
True.
Term

Which of the following masses is not benign?

a. seborrheic keratosis

b. keratoacanthoma

c. actininc keratosis

d. cutaneous melanoma

Definition
d. cutaneous melanoma
Term
What are burns?
Definition
a cutaneous injury resulting from thermal, chemical, or electrical sources
Term

What are examples 

thermal sources that cause burns?

Definition
flame, hot beverage, or boiling water
Term

What is an example of

chemical sources that can cause burns?

Definition
caustic agents
Term
What are burns associated with?
Definition
smoke inhalation or traumatic injuries
Term

True or false:

Burns can cause multisystem injuries.

Definition

Burns can cause shock, inflammation,

and immne compromise

Term
The wound depth of a burn is classified by?
Definition
Physical appearance and associated symptoms
Term
What happens with a first degree burn?
Definition
destruction of the epidermis that causes a partial thickness injury
Term

True or False:

first degree burns do not cause injury

to underlying dermis or subcutaneous tissues

Definition
True
Term
What is an example of a first degree burn?
Definition
sunburn
Term
What are manifestations of first degree burns?
Definition

local pain and erythema (redness)

No blisters initially, may appear lately

Term
What is a second degree burn?
Definition
destruction of epidermis and dermis; blisters
Term
What are the two categories of second degree burns?
Definition

superficial partial-thickness injury

and

deep partial-thickness injury

Term
What does a second degree burn look like?
Definition

painful thin-walled, fluid filled blisters

that develop with injury

Term

Describe a second degree burn in the

deep partial-thickness injury category.

Definition

involves entire dermis, appearance is waxy

takes weeks to heal

Term
What is a third degree burn?
Definition

destruction of entire epidermis, dermis, and ofter subcutaneous tissue

 

is a full thickness injury

 

 

Term

True or False:

Third degree burns may have muscle or bone involvement.

Definition
True
Term
What does a third degree burn look like?
Definition

white appearance, dry and dehydrated tissue

and loss of skin elasticity

Term

True or false:

 

Third degree burns are painless.

Definition
True.
Term
How do you calculate total body surface area of a burn?
Definition
rule of nines
Term
What are important factors when considering the severity of burns?
Definition
  • age
  • medical history
  • extent of injury
  • depth of injury
  • body area involved
Term
What happens in the cardiovascular system in a burn injury?
Definition
hypovolemic shock and decreased cardiac contractility
Term
What are other responses in a burn injury?
Definition
  • celluar
  • metabolic response
  • immunologic response
  • evaporative water loss
Term
What is frostbite?
Definition
injury to skin resulting from exposure to extreme cold
Term
What does frostbite commonly affect?
Definition
fingers, toes, ears, nose, and cheeks
Term
Frostbite is characterized by alternating cycles of vasoconstriction and vasodilation called?
Definition
burning reaction
Term
How is frostbite characterized?
Definition
by depth of injury after rewarming
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