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Nursing Skills LP1
Measure Blood Pressure
84
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
03/30/2014

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Cards

Term
Temperature- common sites
Definition
oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic, and temporal
Term
Oral temperature (adv and d/a)
Definition
-accessible and convenient
-wait 30 minutes after eat or drink cold or hot food
-can break if bitten
-injure mouth after oral surgery
Term
Rectal temperature
Definition
-reliable and accurate
-inconvenient and unpleasant for clients
-contraindicated rectal surgery, diarrhea, rectum disease, immunosuppressed, clotting disorder, or significant hemorrhoids
Term
Axillary temperature
Definition
-safe and noninvasive
-may need to be in place for long time to get accurate measurement
-preferred site for newborns
Term
Tympanic temperature
Definition
-accessible and fast
-can be uncomfortable
-may damage membrane if placed too far
-right and left ear can vary
-cerumen presence can affect reading
Term
Temporal temperature
Definition
-safe and noninvasive, very fast
-electronic equipment may be very expensive
-perspirationn on forehead may affect reading
Term
Temperature: convert F to C
Definition
C= (F-32)x 5/9
Term
Temperature: Convert C to F
Definition
F= (C x 9/5) + 32
Term
normal adult temperature
Definition
36°-37.5° C
96.8°-99.5° F
Term
body temperature above usual range (3)
Definition
pyrexia
hyperthermia
fever
Term
hyperpyrexia
Definition
very high fever 41°C (105.8°F)
Term
Factors affecting body temperature
Definition
age
diurnal variations (circadian rhythms)
exercise
hormones
stress
environment
Term
Factors affecting body temperature: Age
Definition
infant and elderly affected by extremes in environment
older people-risk of hypothermia, inadequate diet, loss of subcutaneous fat, lack of activity, reduced thermogregulatory efficiency
Term
Factors affecting body temperature: Diurnal variations (circadian rhythms)
Definition
change throughout day may vary as much as 1°C (1.8°F)
highest usually 1600-1800
lowest 0400-0600
Term
Factors affecting body temperature: Exercise
Definition
hard work or exercise can increase to as high as 38.3-40°C (101-104°F) measured rectally
Term
Factors affecting body temperature: Hormones
Definition
progesterone secretion at ovulation can raise body temp. by about 0.3 -0.6°C (0.5-1.0°F) above basal
Term
Factors affecting body temperature: Stress
Definition
stimulation of SNS increase epinepherine and noepinepherine which increases metabolic rate and heat production
Term
Factors affecting body temperature: Environment
Definition
extremes in environmental temperatures can affect person's temperature regulatory system
-warm room with no air convection
-outside in cold without proper clothing
-altered mental state and cannot dress self
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse
Definition
Age
Sex
Exercise
Fever
Medications
Hypovolemia/dehydration
Stress
Position
Pathology
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Age
Definition
as age ↑, pulse rate gradually ↓
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Sex
Definition
after puberty, male's pules rate is slightly lower than the females
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Exercise
Definition
pulse rate normally increases with activity
-rate of increase less with professional athlete because of greater cardiac size, strength and efficiency
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Fever
Definition
pulse rate ↑ in response to lowered blood pressure that results from peripheral vasodilation associated with elevated body temp and because of increased metabolic rate
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Medications
Definition
some meds ↓ the pulse rate and others ↑
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Hypovolemia/dehydration
Definition
loss of blood from vascular system ↑ pulse rate
in adults the loss of circulating volume results in and adjustment of the heart rate to increase blood pressure as the body compensates for lost blood volume
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Stress
Definition
in response to stress, SNS stimulation ↑ overall activity of the heart. Increases rate as well as force of heartbeat
-fear, anxiety and severe pain stimulate the SNS
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Position
Definition
when sitting or standing, blood usually pools in dependent vessels of the venous system. Pooling results in ↓ in venous blood return to heart and reduction in blood pressure and increase in heart rate
Term
Factors affecting the Pulse: Pathology
Definition
diseases such as some heart conditions or those affecting oxygenation can alter resting pulse rate
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
Newborn
Definition
130 (80-180)
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
1 Year
Definition
120 (80-140)
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
5-8 Years
Definition
100 (75-120)
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
10 Years
Definition
70 (50-90)
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
Teen
Definition
75 (50-90)
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
Adult
Definition
80 (60-100)
Term
Variations in Pulse by Age
Pulse Average (and ranges)
Older Adult
Definition
70 (60-100)
Term
Pulse Sites (9)
Definition
Temporal
Carotid
Apical
Brachial
Radial
Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Pedal (dorsalis pedis)
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Radial
Definition
readily accessible
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Temporal
Definition
used when radial pulse is not accessible
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Carotid
Definition
-during cardiac arrest/shock in adults
-to determine circulation to the brain
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Apical
Definition
-jused for infants and children up to 3 yrs
-determine discrepancies with radial pulse
-in conjunction with some meds
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Brachial
Definition
-measure blood pressure
-during cardiac arrest for infants
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Femoral
Definition
-in cases of cardiac arrest/shock
-determine circulation to leg
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Popliteal
Definition
determine circulation to the lower leg
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Posterior tibial
Definition
determine circulation to the foot
Term
Reasons for using specific pulse site
Dorsalis pedis
Definition
determine circulation to the foot
Term
Assessing the pulse
Definition
-any medication that could affect the heart rate
-whether client has been physically active (wait 10-15 minutes)
-baseline data about the normal heart rate of client
Term
tachycardia
Definition
fast heart rate >100
Term
bradycardia
Definition
slow heart rate <60
Term
pulse rhythm
Definition
pattern of the beats and the intervals between the beats
Term
pulse with an irregular rhythm (2)
Definition
dysrhythmia
arrhythmia
-may be random, irregular beats or a predictable pattern of irregular beats (regularly irregular)
-ECG necessary to define the dysrhythmia further
Term
refers to the force of blood with each beat (3)
Definition
pulse volume
pulse strength
amplitude
-range from absent to bounding (0 to +4) +2 normal
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
Newborn
Definition
35 (30-60)
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
1 Year
Definition
30 (20-40)
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
5-8 Years
Definition
20 (15-25)
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
10 Years
Definition
19 (15-25)
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
Teen
Definition
18 (15-20)
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
Adult
Definition
16 (12-20)
Term
Respirations variations by Age
Average and ranges
Older Adult
Definition
16 (15-20)
Term
Assessing Respirations
Definition
-should be assessed when client is relaxed (exercise and anxiety will affect rate and depth)
-may also need to assess after exercise to identify tolerance to activity
-clien'ts normal breathing patterns
-influence of health problems
-medications or therapies
-relationship with cardiovascular function
Term
RRED
Definition
rate
rhythm
effort
depth
Term
systolic pressure
Definition
pressure of the blood as a result of contraction of the ventricles
Term
diastolic pressure
Definition
pressure when the ventricle are at rest
-the lower pressure present at all times within the arteries.
Term
pulse pressure
Definition
difference between the diastolic and systolic pressures
-normal 40 mmHg but can be as high as 100mmHg during exercise
-consistent high occurs in ateriosclerosis
-low pulse pressure (less than 25mmHg) in severe heart failure
Term
Classifications of Blood Pressure
Normal
Definition
systolic <120 and
diastolic <80
Term
Classifications of Blood Pressure
Prehypertension
Definition
systolic 120-139 or
diastolic 80-89
Term
Classifications of Blood Pressure
Hypertension, stage 1
Definition
systolic 140-159 or
diastolic 90-99
Term
Classifications of Blood Pressure
Hypertension, stage 2
Definition
systolic >160 or
diastolic >100
Term
Determinants of Blood Pressure (4)
Definition
Pumping action of the heart
Peripheral vascular resistance
Blood volume
Blood viscosity
Term
Factors affecting Blood Pressure
Definition
Age-pressure rises with age until peaks at puberty, then tends to decline. In older adults decreased elasticity of arteries elevates systolic pressure, diastolic may also be high if arterial walls don't retract

Exercise -wait 20-30 minutes to assess

Stress-stimulation of SNS ↑ cardiac output and vasoconstriction of arterioles, thus ↑ BP: however sever pain can ↓BP by inhibiting vasomotor center and producing vasodilation

Race-African Americans over 35 tend to have higher BP

Sex- after puberty females usually lower BP than males until menopause, then women generally have higher BP than before

Medications

Obesity

Diurnal variations- usually lowest early in morning when metabolic rate is lowest, rises throughout day, and peaks in late afternoon or early evening

Medical conditions-any condition affecting cardiac output, blood volume, blood viscosity, artery compliance

Temperature- fever can ↑BP because of increased metabolic rate
-external heat causes vasodilation and ↓ BP
-cold causes vasoconstriction and ↑BP
Term
Blood pressure not taken on a particular limb when:
Definition
-limb is injured or diseased
-cast or bulky bandage
-surgical removal of breast or axillary (or inguinal) lymph nodes on that side
-IV infusion
-presence of arteriovenous fistula
Term
Korotkoff's sounds
Definition
-phase 1- first faint, clear tapping or thumping sounds are heard (systolic BP)

-phase 2- sounds have a muffled, whooshing or swishing quality

-phase 3- blood flows freely through increasingly open artery and sounds become crisper, and more intense and again assume a thumping quality but softer than phase 1

-phase 4- sounds become muffled and have a soft, blowing quality

-phase 5- last sound is heard, (diastolic BP)
Term
Determine if width of BP cuff is appropriate
Definition
width should be 40% of circumference, or 20% wider than the diameter of the midpoint, of the limb on which used.
-lay the cuff lengthwise at the midpoint of the upper arm, and hold the outermost side of the bladder edge laterally on the arm. with the other hand wrap the width of the cuff around the arm, and ensure that the width is 40% of the arm circumference
-the length of the bladder should cover at least 2/3 fo the limb's circumference
Term
bladder cuff too narrow
Definition
error high
Term
bladder cuff too wide
Definition
error low
Term
arm unsupported during BP assessment
Definition
error high
Term
insufficient rest before BP assessment
Definition
error high
Term
repeating BP assessment too quickly
Definition
error high
Term
cuff wrapped too loosely or unevenly during BP assessment
Definition
error high
Term
deflating cuff too quickly during BP assessment
Definition
error low systolic, high diastolic
Term
deflating cuff too slowly during BP assessment
Definition
error high diastolic
Term
arm above level of heart during BP assessment
Definition
error low
Term
BP assessment after meal, smoking or has pain
Definition
error low
Term
BP assessment failure to identify auscultatory gap
Definition
error low systolic and diastolic
Term
hypertension
Definition
blood pressure that is persistently above normal 120/80
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