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Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Chapters 6 and 7
98
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2010

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Cards

Term
# of bones in adult
Definition
206
Term
5 functions of the skeleton
Definition
supprt, protect, blood cell production, mineral and fat storage, movement
Term
CANCALLOUS BONE
Definition
=spongy bone with trabeculae
Term
2 types of ossification
Definition

1 - intramembranous - osteoblasts secrete from b/t sheets of CT until beceom osteocytes

2- endochondral - most bones this way.  Hyaline replaced by bone.  The cartilage oat center of diaphysis is broken doen, osteoblasts lay spongy bone at primary ossification center during fetal dvlpt.  More then lay compact bone and osteoclasts break up spongy bone in center creating medullary cavity.

Term
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
Definition
Secondary Ossification Center after birth, as long as this band of cartilage is present the bones keep growing.
Term
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
Definition
post epiphyseal growth, bones can increase in width and strength.
Term
3 most important bone growth hormones
Definition

Parathyroid

Calcitonin

Growth Hormone

Term
SIMPLE FRACTURE
Definition
ends don't pierce skin
Term
COMPOUND FRACTURE
Definition
Ends pierce skin compouding the injury
Term
SPIRAL FRACTURE
Definition
ragged from twisting of bone
Term
Biological repair of bone fracture
Definition

Hematoma - clot b/t broken ends

Fibrocartilaginous Callous - in space

Bony Callous - osteoblasts form trabeculae

Remodeling - Osteoblasts build up at periphery, osteoclasts reabsorb spongy in center remaking medullary cavity.

Term
Bones of the cranium
Definition

1 frontal

2 parietal

1 occipital

2 temporal

Sphenoid

Ethmoid

Term
SELLA TURICA
Definition
depression in sphenoid bone that holds the pituitary
Term
#/name spinal vertebrae
Definition

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral (fused)

3-5 coccygal (fused)

Term
ATLAS and AXIS
Definition

First two vertebrae.

ATLAS - supports/balances head allowing "yes" movement

AXIS - allows "no" movement.

Term
# of rib pairs
Definition
12
Term
True Ribs
Definition

upper 7 ribs, they attach directly to costal cartilage

= VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS

Term
VERTEBROSTERNAL RIBS
Definition
=true ribs, attach directly to sternal cartilage
Term
False ribs
Definition

=vertebrochondral ribs and floating ribs

 

 

Term
VERTEBROCHONDRAL RIBS
Definition

ribs 8, 9, 10

attach to cartilage of superior rib (all attach indirectly through #7)

Term
FLOATING RIBS
Definition

=vertebral ribs

11,12

no connection to sternum

Term
3 bones of the sternum
Definition

are fused in utero

MANUBRIUM - upper, joins 1st, 2nd ribs

BODY - joins 2nd - 7th ribs

XIPHOID PROCESS - no rib articulation, hyaline in child and ossified as adult; attachment site of diaphragm.

Term
ACROMION PROCESS
Definition
point of shoulder
Term
GLENOID CAVITY
Definition
where humerus meets scapula
Term
FLEXOR RETINACULUM
Definition
ligaments binding 8 carpals forming the carpal tunnel anteriorly
Term
3 parts of coxal or hip bones
Definition

ILIUM - contains the greater sciatic arch

ISCHIUM - bottem posterior

PUBIS - bottom anterior

 

Term
ACETABULUM
Definition
Where femur joins coxa
Term
ORBURATOR FORAMEN
Definition
In hip bone, where the ischium and pubis join, where nerves and vessels pass.  Large hole each side.
Term
Shin bone is the
Definition
TIBIA
Term
# of TARSALS, which can move freely, which is the largest
Definition
7, the TARSUS, the CALCANEUS
Term
Which two ankle bones support weight
Definition
Calcaneus (heel) and tarsus (articulates with leg bones)
Term
3 types of joints
Definition

FIBROUS (synarthrosis) -- like cranial sutures, don't move

CARTILAGINOUS (amphiarthrosis) -- slightly moveable like ribs, vertebrae, pubic bones

SYNOVIAL -- most joints are freelyu moveable with joint cavity and fluid filled bursae(diarthrosis)

Term
most common type of joint
Definition

SYNOVIAL

 

Term
6 kinds of synovial joints
Definition

Saddle - e.g. carpals/matacarpals

Ball&Socket

Pivot

Hinge - elbow, knee

Gliding - tarsals and carpals

Condyloid

Term
CONDYLOID JOINT
Definition
Term
INVERSION/EVERSION
Definition

Inversion= sole points medially; tibialis anterior

Eversion = sole points laterally; gastrocnemius and fibularis group

Term
GOUT
Definition
Build-up of uric acid in blood, leaving crystals in joints
Term

Essay:

OSTEOARTHRITIS (in detail)

Definition

Primary osteoarthritis is mostly related to aging. With aging, the water content of the cartilage increases, and the protein makeup of cartilage degenerates. Eventually, cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses. In advanced cases, there is a total loss of cartilage cushion between the bones of the joints. Repetitive use of the worn joints over the years can irritate and inflame the cartilage, causing joint pain and swelling. Loss of the cartilage cushion causes friction between the bones, leading to pain and limitation of joint mobility. Inflammation of the cartilage can also stimulate new bone outgrowths (spurs, also referred to as osteophytes) to form around the joints. Osteoarthritis occasionally can develop in multiple members of the same family, implying a hereditary (genetic) basis for this condition.

Secondary arthritis is caused by another condition.

Term
Aging and the bones
Definition
bone and cartilage tend to deteriorate, calcification blocks nutrient absorption and waste removal
Term
PERIMYSIUM
Definition
Surrounds groups of muslce fibers/fascilcles
Term
FASCICLES
Definition
groups of muscle fibers (myofibrils) that are covered by perimysium
Term
EPIMYSIUM
Definition
covers whole muschle and merges with tendon and fascia
Term
FASCIA
Definition
fibrous CT suparating muscles from eachother (DEEP FASCIA) and the skin (SUPERFICIAL FACIA); also compartamentalized muscle groups.
Term
TRANSVERSE SYSTEM
Definition
of muscle cells = the sarcolemma forms T (for transverse) tubules that dip into the cell contacting extended parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which sotres Ca2+
Term
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Definition
is what contains the myofibrils and stores calcium.  The myofibrils are the contractile part of muscle cell.  Each SR has 100s to 1000s of filaments
Term
GLYCOGEN
Definition
Stored in liver and sarcoplasm (muscle).  Long glucose chains
Term
2 types of myofilaments
Definition

Thick - myosin only

Thin - actin, tropomyosion, and troponin

 

(these are located in sarcomeres)

Term
POWER STROKE
Definition
sharp bending of the myosin head which is bonded to actin; activated by release of calcium from the SR, shortening muscle fibers
Term
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Definition
thin filaments (actin) are attached to DENSE BODIES in sarcoplasm, which shorten in all directions - slow, long-lasting without fatigue.
Term
3 ways exercise creates ATP
Definition

Creatinine Phosphate breakdown

Cellular respiration

Fermentation

Term
Creatinine Phosphate
Definition
a high energy compound that builds up in a resting muscle.  Can be broken down anaerobically for a very short time to produce ATP.  About 8 seconds or so.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Aerobic creation of ATP.  In other words, requires O2 provided by myoglobin.  Done in mitochondria and provides ATP for most muscle.  Uses glycogen and fatty acids stored in muscle to produce ATP.  Biproducts are CO2 and H20.  Also creates heat.
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Muscular method of ATP creation anaerobically.  FOr short bursts of exercise.  Glucose is broken down into lactacte, accumulating and lowering the pH of sarcolemma, diabaling proteins and causing muscle fatigue after 2-3 minutes.
Term
Oxygen Debt
Definition
Apparent when a person is breathing very heavily.  Muscles have been acting anaerobically, building up lactic acid, etc.
Term
All-or-none law
Definition
of individual muscle fibers and individual motor units.  A while muscle has degrees of contraction.
Term
Causes of mucular fatigue
Definition

ATP depletion (needed to break actin/myosin bond for relaxation)

Increases lactic acid, altering pH

Motor nerves running out of ACh

Term
3 kinds of muscle fibers
Definition

Slow twitch - Type I

Intermediate Twitch - Type IIa

Fast Twitch - Type IIb

Term

Essay:

Convulsions in detail

Definition
A convulsion is a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.[1] Because a convulsion is often a symptom of an epileptic seizure, the term convulsion is sometimes used as a synonym for seizure. However, not all epileptic seizures lead to convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. Convulsions are also consistent with an electric shock
Term
SPASM
Definition
sudden, involuntary, usually painful
Term
CRAMPS
Definition
storng painful spasms, ofen from activity
Term
TICS
Definition
small spasms
Term
STRAIN vs SPRAIN
Definition
Strain is pulling or tearing or tendon/ligament, while a sprain is the twisting of a joint causing mucle and other tissue damage.
Term
TETANUS
Definition
bacterial infection releasing toxins that shuts down areas of brain that inhibit muscle contractions.  Muscles lock up, jaw often first.  Can kill from inability to swallow, breath, etc.
Term
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Definition
group of disorders cuasing progressive degeneration/weakening; dead muscle is replaced by CT and fat.  Most common is DUCHENNE'S - genetic from mom - lack of protein named DYSTROPHON where without it calcium leaks into the cell activating an enzyme that dissolves muscle
Term
# of skeletal muscles in adult
Definition
about 600
Term
ZYGOMATICUS
Definition
muscle from that raises mouth to smile
Term
FRONTALIS
Definition
muscle that raises eyebrows and wrinkles the brow
Term
ORBICULARIS OCULI
Definition
muscle that closes eyes and is respobsible for crow's feet
Term
BUCCINATOR
Definition
muscle of blowing, sucking and helps with swallowing
Term
OBICULARIS ORIS
Definition
around the mouth, helps with sneering, smiling
Term
TRAPEZIUS
Definition
pulls shoulders back (adduction); head extension
Term
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Definition
are between the ribs, originate in the superior rib, inset in the inferior rib, and elevate the ribs for inhalation
Term
INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Definition
originate inferiorly and contract only during forced expiration
Term
How many pairs of abdominal muscles are there?
Definition
4
Term
INTERNAL/EXTERNAL OBLIQUES
Definition
run perpendicular to eachother, external on top, flanks.  Trunk rotation and lateral flexion.  Also tenses abdominal wall.
Term
TRANSVERSE ABDOMINUS
Definition
underneath the obliques, are synergistic to the obliques, and tense the abdominal wall.
Term
RECTUS ABDOMINUS
Definition
the 6 pack, helps flex and rotate lumbar
Term
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
Definition
lateral chest just below the armpit; bring scapula down and forward, like when pushing.
Term
PECTORALIS MAJOR
Definition
adducts and flexes arm
Term
ROTATOR CUFF
Definition

group of muscles that form a cuff around the proximal humerus - are 4 - are deep

Provide stabalization to the shoulder joint.  Also provides rotations and some abductions

Term
FOREARM SUPINATOR
Definition
biceps brachii
Term
Movers of the wrist and fingers
Definition

FLEXOR/EXTENSOR CARPI MUSCLES

FLEXOR/EXTENSOR DIGITORUM MUSCLES

 

Term
ILIOPSOAS
Definition
are the prime thigh flexors, also flex the trunk as in a bow.  Antagonist with gluteus max.  Important for walking.
Term
Largest muscle
Definition
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Term
Thigh extender
Definition
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Term
SARTORIUS
Definition
flieces and rotates the leg medially, and extends thigh
Term
Foot inversion
Definition
which way?  Done by the TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
Term
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
Definition
dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
Term
FLEXOR/EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
Definition
moves the toes
Term
How many spinal vertebrae are there?
Definition
33 in child, then sacrum and coccyx fuse, making 26
Term

Essay:

Bursitis is detail

Definition

Bursitis is the inflammation of one or more bursaesynovial fluid in the body. The bursae rest at the points where internal functionaries, such as muscles and tendons, slide across bone. Healthy bursae create a smooth, almost frictionless functional gliding surface making normal movement painless. When bursitis occurs, however, movement relying upon the inflamed bursa becomes difficult and painful. Moreover, movement of tendons and muscles over the inflamed bursa aggravates its inflammation, perpetuating the problem. (small sacs) of

 

Causes

Bursitis is commonly caused by repetitive movement and excessive pressure. Elbows and knees are the most commonly affected. Inflammation of the bursae might also be caused by other inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Although infrequent, scoliosis[1] might cause bursitis of the shoulders; however, shoulder bursitis is more commonly caused by overuse of the shoulder joint and related muscles.

Traumatic injury is another cause of bursitis. The inflammation irritates because the bursa no longer fits in the original small area between the bone and the functionary muscle or tendon. When the bone increases pressure upon the bursa, bursitis results. Sometimes the reason is unknown.It can also be associated with some chronic systemic diseases.


Symptoms

Bursitis symptoms vary from local joint pain and stiffness, to burning pain that surrounds the joint around the inflamed bursa. In this condition, the pain usually is worse during and after activity, and then the bursa and the surrounding joint become stiff the next day in the morning.

Term
# of teeth in adult
Definition
32
Term
What is the hip socket?
Definition
ACETABULUM
Term
SOLEUS
Definition
lower rear medial leg, from knee to heel, close synergist of gastrocnemius muscle, i.e. plantar flexion.  Mostly slow muscle fibers.
Term
HAMSTRING GROUP
Definition
flexes leg, rotates leg medially and extends thigh
Term

Essay:

Atrophy

Definition
Wasting away of muscle tissue from disuse b/c of immobility, or lack of innervation from nervous system.
Term
Cellular Muscle Structure
Definition
SARCOLEMA - plasma membrane of muscle fibers that forms T tubules
MYOGLOBIN - red pigment that stores oxygen for contraction
T-TUBULE - Extension of sarcolema that conveys nerve signals causing calcium to be released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into sarcoplasm
SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM - smooth ER of muscle fibers that contain calcium
MYOFIBRIL - bundle of myofiliments that contract
MYOFILIMENTS - thick and thim whose structure allow for contractions and striations.
Term
Major Muscles
Definition
DELTOID abducts arm; PECTORALIS adducts arm; ILIOPSOAS flex thigh; GASTROCNEMIUS plantar flexion and foot eversion; TIBIALIS ANTERIOR dorsiflexion and foot inversion
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