Term
| what is the difference between the functions of the skeletal and muscular system |
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Definition
| skeletal system is responsible for the physical support and locomotion while the muscle generates force |
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Term
| what is the structure of the moving force of unicellular organisms |
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Definition
| they move by cilia or flagella…..the have 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 single in the center…pseudopodia |
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Term
| what are the mechanisms of movement for unicellular cells |
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Definition
| power stroke is thrusting movement by flagella…..recovery stroke is returning of flagella/cilia to its orginial position |
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Term
| how is locomotion of flatworms |
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Definition
| an incompressable fliud called hydrostatic skeleton is resists the contraction of (longitutal muscle layer which shortens the animal) (circular make the fliud run longitudanlly) |
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Term
| how is locomotion of annelids |
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Definition
| the bristles on the lower part of each segment, called SETAE, anchor so the muscles from the HYDROSTATIC SKELETON push it |
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Term
| what is the common feature of invertebrates for locomotion |
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Definition
| exoskeleton covers all body systems which are common in arthropods (insects have chitin)…they to moltining and deposition of new exoskelton thus limiting growth |
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Term
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Definition
| for vertebrates, they protect vital organs (heart,lungs,brain, spinal chord)…major components is cartilage and bone |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue that is soft and flexible…located at external ear,nose,larynx wall, trachea wall, skeletal joins |
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Term
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Definition
| connective tissue used to support, withstand physical stress |
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Term
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Definition
| dense w/no appearing cavities. Consists of units of osteons(Haversian system)…. CaPO3 or lamella is the surrounding of osteons.H aversian canal is the center os osteons |
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Term
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Definition
| less dense contains cavities in bony spicules (trabculae), adipose fills up cavities with yellow marrow(inactivity)….red marrow is filled with blood cell formation |
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Term
| what are the two conversing cell types in bone |
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Definition
| osteoblasts synthesis and secrete bone matrix material and then mature to osctecytes……..osteoclasts destroy bones aka bone resorption |
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Term
| types of bone formation/ossification |
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Definition
| endochondrial bone formation(cartilage turns into bone,usually long bones)…..intramembronous(meschymal or undifferientated connective tissue becomes bone |
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Term
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Definition
| basic framework of body, consisting of skull, vertebral column, and rib cage |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to axial skeleton…appendeges, pectoral, pelvic girdles |
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Term
| how to bones move relative to one another |
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Definition
| movable joints hold them together…(ligaments connect bone-to-bone) (tendons connects bone-to-muslce at movable joints) |
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Term
| what is the point of attachment from muscle to stationary bone |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the point of attachment from muscle to moving bone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| indicates straightening of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the bending of a joint |
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Term
| what are the types of muscles in mammals |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle(voluntary), smooth muscle(involuntary), cardiac muscle |
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Term
| what kind of nucleues does skeletal muscle have |
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Definition
| multinucleated from fusion of embryonic cells |
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Term
| how is the skeletal muscle divided |
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Definition
| myofibrils which is divided into sacromeres |
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Term
| how is the myofibril structured |
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Definition
| surrounded by modified ER called sarcoplasmic reticulum,,cyctoplasm called sacroplasm,,lots of mitochondria,,cell membrane called sarcolemma which initiates action potential |
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Term
| how is the action potential like in the muscle cells |
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Definition
| is done by transverse tubules (T system) which is perpendicular to the myofibrils, the T system has channels for ions to come in and initiate the AP |
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Term
| how is the muscle "straited" |
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Definition
| skeletal system has striations of light and dark bands |
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Term
| during contraction what changes |
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Definition
| H zone(distance between actins) I band(distance between myosin filaments |
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Term
| what stimulates muscle contraction |
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Definition
| from somatic nervous system sent via motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the link between nerve terminla(synaptic bouton) and the sarcolemma of the msuclefiber |
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Term
| what realeases neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| depolarization of motor neurons (acetylcholine) |
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Term
| how does action potentional cause contraction of sacromeres |
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Definition
| the sacrolemma (miscular cell membrane) and the T system make the sacroplasmic reticulum release Ca ions which cause the sacromeres contract by sliding the myosin and actin moving towards each other |
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Term
| what is needed for a stimulus for muscle contration |
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Definition
| all-or-none response with a threshold value needed |
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Term
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Definition
| is when a single muscle gets a stimulus at or above threshold |
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Term
| what is the steps in a simple twitch |
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Definition
| latent(low force-AP spreads to the sacrolemma, and Ca ions are released)..contraction period(increasing force)…..relaxation period(decrease force muscle is unresponsive to a stimulus) |
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Term
| what is the steps in a summation and tetanus |
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Definition
| simple twitches occur and occur at a increasingly frequent rate so the force will increase steadly(summation)…..then a tetnus occurs(a long plataeu peak because relaxation cannot occur), and then fatigue(force and contractions goes down |
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Term
| what is the cardiac muscle made up out of |
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Definition
| skeltal and smooth muscles |
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Term
| how is the nucelus like for cardia mucle |
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Definition
| one or two central nuclei |
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Term
| how does cardia muscle look |
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Definition
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Term
| how does smooth muscle nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of the nervous system controls the smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| how to smooth muscles look |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a state of partial contraction muscle are never completely relaxed |
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Term
| what are energy reserves for muscle contractions |
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Definition
| creatine phosphate(vertebrates)….arginine phosphate(invertebrates) stores energy……..myoglobin protein with high oxygen affinity |
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Term
| how is the sacromere structured drawing |
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Definition
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