Term
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Definition
| A legal structure overlain on Earth that encompasses a designated area of interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| (line of longitude) Imaginary lines over the earth running north & south. |
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Term
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Definition
| (circle of latitude) Imaginary lines over the earth running west & east. |
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Term
| Legal rights of individual properties = |
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Definition
a "layer cake"
- mineral rights
- overhead (air) rights
- development rights (can be bought/sold) |
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Term
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Definition
- drainage runs perpendicular to contour lines
- it is a 2D representation of a 3D form
- existing lines = dashed
- post lines (after change) = solid
- u-shape points to lower elevations = ridge
- u-shape points to higher elevations = valley |
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Term
Grading and Drainage
G = ?
D = ?
L = ?
Formula's = ? |
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Definition
G = gradient/slope
D = difference in elevations
L = length between contours
Formulas =
G = D/L
D = GxL
L = D/G |
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Term
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Definition
| is a percentage (0 of 100) and is the slope of an elevation change |
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Term
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Definition
1) Ground adjacent to buildings should slope away from structure
2) Avoid flat grades (pavement minimum = .5%)(soil minimum = 1%)
3) Grading should go past property lines |
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Term
| Minimum flow line slope for grass lined swale |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that determine the quantity of storm water run off... |
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Definition
- building leverage
- topography
- size of area
- type of soil (rate of percolation)
- vegetation cover |
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Term
| soil percolation characteristics = |
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Definition
fine soil (clay) = slow/less percolation
course soils (gravel) = fast/more percolation |
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Term
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Definition
avoid highly engineered drainage structures
- can cause problems down stream |
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Term
| Site inventory and Inventory = |
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Definition
Analysis: Determines values based on ....
Existing Inventory: (valueless: based on data/facts)
- (physical condition) hydrology, soil, vegetation,
- (regulatory condition) zoning
- (legal condition) ownership/deed restriction
- (historical condition) historic resources |
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Term
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Definition
- 100 year floodplain: flood insurance maps
- USDA soil conservation service |
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Term
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Definition
| opportunity & constraints |
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Term
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Definition
| organized based on street hierarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| Performance standard measurement based on traffic delays. (grade A = best / grade F = worst) |
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Term
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Definition
- crowned (most common)
- Pitched (turns/banks)
- Swale or inverted crown (alley ways) |
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Term
| Horizontal roadway elements: |
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Definition
PC = point of curve
PT = point of tangent
T = tangent line
R = radius of curve
^ = (delta) change |
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Term
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Definition
- required 20' open travel lanes for emergency access
- cul-du-sac requiers a minimum curb radius of 45' |
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Term
| Garden Cities description and examples.. |
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Definition
- an effort to counter the harsh conditions of industrial cities
- Letchworth (1903)
- Welwyn (1920) |
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Term
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Definition
- population center surrounded by agricultural zone
- transportation readily available (railway)
- limited size (6000 acres total: 1000 acres for 30,000 ppl ; 5,000 acres for 2,000 ppl)
- land held in trust
- wards (6 equally populated parts of town: 5,000 ppl)(centered around school)
- spacious
- industrial employment
- dispersal of towns (once a population of 32,000 was reached, a new town would be created) |
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Term
| Important cities of US Planning |
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Definition
- Riverside, Illinois (1869)
- Radburn, New Jersey (1927) |
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Term
| Riverside, Illinois (1869) |
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Definition
- suburban village of 1600 acres
- had a railway (made it viable when being developed)
- curvilinear roads
- wanted to connect a street to Chicago |
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Term
| Radburn, New Jersey (1927) |
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Definition
- "super block" idea
- greenbelts form the backbone of the city (not streets) |
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Term
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Definition
- created and designed central park
- city beautification |
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Term
| roots of current urban sprawl... |
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Definition
- 1928 supreme court ruling to separate land uses for public safety and health (single family homes become ideal)
- Levittown, New York
- post WWII
- designed for veterans returning home
- gave everyone a little green space
- Levittown, PA
- mass production and affordability led this
- not about design or quality of space
- later parks were an issue here |
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Term
| new town patterns and examples |
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Definition
- integrated a mix of user
- response to suburban sprawl
- Reston, Virginia
- Columbia, Maryland |
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Term
| Residential site planning strategies: |
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Definition
- floor area ratios (only allowed a specific amount)
- density calculations (res. density=dwelling units/acre) |
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Term
| congress on new urbanism = |
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Definition
- organized body for the movement of new urbanism
- founded in 1993 |
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Term
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Definition
- single family lot
- double frontage lots |
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Term
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Definition
- font/rear access to streets
- poor living
- ugly street scape
- maintenance/access issues |
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Term
| example of "Dwelling units per acre" |
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Definition
-(DU)
- ex: single family development
- has 100 acres
- net density is 2.5 du/acre
so... 100 x 2.5 = 250 DU |
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Term
| Stormwater management & utility systems: |
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Definition
- pressurized systems: water, gas
- gravity flow systems: sewage
- impervious systems
- drainage patterns |
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Term
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Definition
- pressurized systems are looped to allow delivery in case of failure
- dry utilities (cable)
- gravity flow |
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Term
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Definition
- (FAR)
- Used to determine maximum amount of development
- includes all floors, not just foundation
- ex: .3 = 30% (amount of space developed on a site) |
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Term
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Definition
- livable streets arranged in compact, walkable blocks
- pedestrian sheds within a 5 min walk and a max size of 125 acres or 1/4 mile radius
- range of housing choices
- schools/stores within walking distance
- human scaled public realm
- comfortable
- safe
- mix of uses/activities |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who eats something grown or produced locally |
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Term
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Definition
daily access to affordable, healthy, safe food
(20% of annual energy budget devoted to agriculture) |
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Term
| reasons for the end of small scale farms... |
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Definition
- home, work, markets all seperated
- zoning mandated seperation of land uses
- suburban sprawl
- farms that weren't lost, led to combinations and larger farms |
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Term
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Definition
- were vegetable, fruit and herb gardens planted at private residences and public parks
- reduce the pressure on the public food supply brought on by the war effort |
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Term
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Definition
| - community gathering places (shopping/grocery/dinning centers) |
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Term
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Definition
6 mile x 6 mile areas of land
- they are identified by their relationship to meridians and parallels
- there are 36 sections within a township |
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Term
| Sections (within a township) = |
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Definition
- there are 36 sections in one town ship
- 1 mile x 1 mile
- counter-clockwise numbering
- 1 sq mile = 640 acres |
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Term
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Definition
| to measure or assign by measure |
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Term
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Definition
| - boundary lines or property limits |
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Term
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Definition
- Is a commonly used method of boundary surveying
- are part of a "deed"... which is the written document to transfer a land title |
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Term
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Definition
| They convey the legal rights a property owner has for development, and use of the property. |
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Term
| Types of property rights include: |
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Definition
- Surface Rights (what can be bought and sold)
- Water Rights
- Soil/Mineral Rights
- Air Rights (over-head) |
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Term
| Public Entitlement Process is... |
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Definition
| the review and development of any development project. |
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Term
| Agencies involved in the Public Entitlement Process: |
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Definition
- Planning Department
- Engineering Department
- Elected Bodies |
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Term
| Areas that are reviewed in the Public Entitlement Process: |
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Definition
- Natural resources
- Cultural aspects
- Political Climate
- Infrastructure
- Transportation |
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Term
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Definition
- The distance between topo lines indicates the steepness of slope
- The closer the contour lines are to eachother, the steeper the slope
- The patterns of the topo lines identifies different landforms
- Existing contours are always dashed
- Proposed contour changes are always solid |
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Term
| Topography: Ridge signature... |
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Definition
- U-shape points to lower elevations
- topography points downhill on ridges |
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Term
| Topography: Valley Signatures... |
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Definition
- U-shape points to higher elevation
- topography points uphill in valleys |
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Term
| Definition of a topography line = |
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Definition
| a representation of any given elevation above a base determined altitude. |
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Term
| Definition of a Topography Map = |
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Definition
| - is a 2D representation of a 3D form. |
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Term
| Landform as a design tool ... |
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Definition
used to heighten, screen, and obstruct certain features
- level landform = unified landscape
- hilly landform = divided landscape |
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Term
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Definition
| walls/fences placed in valleys and depressions to hide them from view... enhances architecture |
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Term
| Basic Grading Components = |
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Definition
"G" - stands for gradient ( % or _ of 100 )
"D" - stands for the difference in elevation
"L" - stands for the length between contours |
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Term
| Basic Grading Formulas... |
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Definition
To Find the Gradient
- G=D/L
To Find the Difference in elevation
- D=GxL
To Find the length between contours
- L=D/G |
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Term
| Basic Grading Formulas... |
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Definition
To Find the Gradient
- G=D/L
To Find the Difference in elevation
- D=GxL
To Find the length between contours
- L=D/G |
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Term
| Grading: how to limit development costs... |
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Definition
1) primary objective is to balance cut & fill (minimal terraforming)
2) move as little dirt as possible and keep it within the site |
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Term
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Definition
a level plot to build on
- must slope enough for adequate drainage. |
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Term
| Grade of slope specifications: |
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Definition
1) pavement requiers a minimum of .5% slope
2) soil requiers a minimum of 1% slope |
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Term
| Does grading extend beyond the projects property line? |
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Definition
| No. Grading must NOT extend beyond the property line of the project. |
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Term
Factors that determine Drainage Needs:
(6 of them) |
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Definition
1) Land use- Drainage system will vary based on site use and density
2) Topography- the steeper the area, the faster water will run off the site
3) Size of site Area- will determine detention requirements
4) Type of Soil- determines the rate of percolation
- fine soil-(clay) bad percolation
- large particle soil- (gravel/sand) good percolation
5) Vegetative cover- Thick veg. and a matty ground cover will slow down rate of run-off
6) Amount of water (intensity of rainfall) |
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Term
| Types of Drainage (strategies) : |
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Definition
- surface run-off
- underground drainage
- detention areas (evaporation)
- transpiration through plants |
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Term
| Appropriate drainage characteristics: |
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Definition
- work around natural features and adjust drainage plan as needed
- avoid highly engineered/unnatural structures when possible
- create natural looking drainage channels when possible
- well determined method ( ?: open, closed, combo) |
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Term
Traditional Drainage Patterns:
(3 of them) |
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Definition
1) Sloping plane /-\
2)sloping plane with valley \/-\/
3) catch basins \_/-\_/ |
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Term
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Definition
1) Cutting
2) Filling
3) Combo |
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Term
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Definition
- removes the natural landform
- shown on topo map by manipulating contour lines |
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Term
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Definition
- additional dirt is added to the existing topography
- represented on a topo map by extending contour lines down hill |
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Term
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Definition
- most commonly used method in grading
- minimizes transport of dirt
- most cost effective approach |
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Term
| Definition of a Grading Plan- |
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Definition
| - used to describe necessary construction tasks related to grading for implementing a site design. Also used for measuring. |
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Term
| A final grading plan shows 5 main elements: |
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Definition
1) site boundary
2) existing topo
3) existing features
4) proposed elements |
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Term
| Grading: The 5 Main Ground Rules: |
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Definition
1) ground adjacent to buildings should slope away from the structure
2) Avoid flat grades that wont drain properly
3) Grading must NOT extend beyond property line
4) Grading slopes and banks should not exceed natural angle of response (erosion)
5) avoid grading in the drip line of tree's |
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Term
Specific gradients to designed forms:
(5) |
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Definition
1) 2% minimum slope for Swales
2) 5% maximum slope for cross parking lots
3) 1% minimum slope for pavement
4) A typical development= a maximum of 3:1
5) 8% slope maximum for roadways |
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Term
| Grading: Building specification terms: |
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Definition
- Pad elevation (build on)
- FFE - Finished Floor Elevation (usually .5' above pad) |
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Term
| Definition of Site Inventory - |
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Definition
| The systematic understanding of the components and documentation of data that impacts site planning. (facts) (happens before the analysis) |
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Term
Primary components of a Site Inventory:
(3) |
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Definition
1) Physical components
2) Biological components
3) Cultural consideration |
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Term
| Typical site inventory activities that are identified are.... |
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Definition
- soil type
- mapping vegetation
- locating the flood plane
- topo mapping |
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Term
| Secondary components of a Site Inventory: |
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Definition
- physiography
- climate
- wetlands
- hydrology
- geology
- sub-surface water |
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Term
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Definition
- water table
- depth of top-soil
- soil type (shrink/swell potential)(drainage)
- wetlands (distinctive soils/plants/animals)(flooding) |
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Term
| Site Analysis: Definition |
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Definition
| Process of giving value to facts (good vs. bad) and identifies opportunities and constraints. |
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Term
| Site Analysis: specific criteria studied... |
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Definition
- identifying the 100 year floodplains (flood insurance rate map)
- reviewing rockslide areas
- identifying wildlife corridors |
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Term
| Suitability analysis: Definition |
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Definition
| A two step process for determining the best location for a proposed use. |
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Term
| Suitability Analysis: two steps to process... |
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Definition
1) inventory (facts of site)
2) analysis (value of the facts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Expresses the relationships between the clients needs/issues and the physical site attributes |
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Term
Suitability Analysis: Conditions studied..
(4) |
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Definition
1) Physical- geology, soils, hydrology
2) Regulatory- zoning
3) Legal- ownership or deed restrictions
4) cultural- historic resources |
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Term
| Slope analysis: Definition |
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Definition
| analysis of slope conditions to determine slope develop-ability. |
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Term
| Slope Analysis: Categories |
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Definition
0-8% - roadway suitability
8-15% - flat building pad suitability
15%-30% - stepped foundation building suitability
30%+ - unsuitable for development (3:1 maximum restriction) |
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Term
| Roadway Design Standards: definition |
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Definition
| Establishes public roadway minimum design criteria for horizontal and vertical alignments. |
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Term
| Roadway Design Standards: components |
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Definition
-geometry
- point of tangency
- point of curvature
- delta
- change of curve |
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Term
| Roadway Design Standards : reason for components and street types.. |
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Definition
- Determined by the street hierarchy and design speed associated
- Streets included:
- arterial streets
- collector streets
- local streets |
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Term
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Definition
Level of Service- performance standard measurements for streets
- based on traffic delay
- used to determine street design street sections |
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Term
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Definition
highpoint in the middle
- typical street or road |
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Term
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Definition
low point in middle
- typical for alleys |
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Term
| Considerations for Roadway design- |
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Definition
-safety
- road geometry
-designed road speed |
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Term
| cul-de-sacs specification |
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Definition
| - require a minimum curb radius of 45 feet (fire truck) |
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Term
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Definition
the movement of people, services, and goods.
(includes rail, pedestrian, and automotive systems) |
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Term
| Circulation: Street classification systems |
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Definition
includes:
- principle arterial
- minor arterial
- collector streets
- local streets |
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Term
Principle Arterial :
(function)(examples) |
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Definition
-provides direct service to major centers of activity and supports higher traffic volumes
- examples: freeway, expressway, 4-6 lane roadways |
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Term
Collector:
(function)(examples) |
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Definition
-collects traffic from local streets and provides corridors for traffic circulation
-examples: typically 2 lanes each way (Mississippi) |
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Term
Minor arterial:
(function)(examples) |
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Definition
- provides direct service to commercial centers
- examples: 2-4 lanes (monocao) |
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Term
Local street:
(function)(example) |
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Definition
- provides direct access to residential and commercial property, lower traffic volumes. (grid layout)
- 2 lane roadway, shared with bicyclists |
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Term
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Definition
| Public transportation includes multiple-occupancy vehicles designed to transport customers on local and regional routes |
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Term
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Definition
- Bus
- Commuter Rail
- Fixed route
- Heavy Rail
- Regional Rail
- Suburban Rail |
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Term
Transit: mode vs. density
1 = highest
5 = lowest |
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Definition
1) rapid transit (20+)
2) regional frequent service (15-20)
3) intermediate service circulator (10-15)
4 )special transit (7-10)
5) call and ride (1- 7) |
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Term
| Basic consideration for pedestrian design and transportation... |
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Definition
| Accessibility- should be accessible to al users whatever level of their ability.. children, elderly, ada |
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Term
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Definition
| path should be obvious and shouldn't have pedestrians go out of their way (no dead-end sidewalks) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plantings and street trees are desierable |
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Term
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Definition
| Sidewalk corridors should provide places for people to interact |
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Term
| Transit: Quality of Space |
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Definition
| Sidewalks should contribute to the character of the neighborhood |
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Term
| Transit: Miscellaneous elements (good) |
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Definition
| street furniture, paving, lighting, signage |
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Term
| Roadway components (anatomy) |
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Definition
- right of way
- parking lane
- travel lane
- shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
-1928
-created "automobile drive courts"
- incorporated: grade separated street crossings
"super blocks"
-neighborhood units focused around school |
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Term
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Definition
| - author who wanted to provide a better living environment for workers |
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Term
|
Definition
- designed Levittown, NY
- provided housing for the veteran
- rely on mass production |
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Term
| Municipal zoning ordinances |
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Definition
| in 1928, the supreme court upheld these ordinances for the purpose of seperating land uses in the interest of public HEALTH, SAFETY, WELFARE. |
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Term
| Successful projects of "garden city" |
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Definition
Irvine, CA
Valencia, CA
Mission Viejo, CA
Reston, VA
Columbia, Maryland |
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Term
|
Definition
dwelling units per acre
- express single family detached residential densities |
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Term
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Definition
lots with public streets on front and back
-undesirable |
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Term
|
Definition
- the most common way to express the elements of a site plan
- includes a chart identifying:
- land use w/ acreage
- total number of units o site
- number of parking stalls
- a percentage of land for every use, as a portion of the entire site |
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Term
| Utility systems : pressurized |
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Definition
-water
-gas
-these systems are looped to allow for 24/7 supply even in emergencies. |
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Term
| Utility system: gravity flow |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Floor Area Ratio =total building square feet to site area
- is a restriction in non-residential site planning |
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Term
| New Urbanism: definition and benefits |
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Definition
is a type of design that focuses on creating walkable neighborhoods with mix use.
benefits:
- reduced carbon footprint
- minimized development footprint
- more land as open space
- more space for food production
- higher densities that support the use of transit systems |
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Term
| New urbanism: pedestrian sheds |
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Definition
a 5 min walk or 1/4 mile radius to any place of resourse.
- allows for a wide variety of uses that meet residents day to day needs |
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Term
| New Urbanism: up front investment |
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Definition
| -up front investment in infrastructure and landscape creates livability and mature street scenes |
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Term
|
Definition
-6 zones moving from rural to urban
transect based zoning codes take up issues of development typology and addresses the necessity for community form. |
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Term
New Urbanism: transect zones
(6) |
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Definition
1) natural zone
2) rural zone
3) suburban zone
4) general urban zone
5) urban center zone
6) urban core zone |
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Term
| Urban Agriculture: benefits |
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Definition
- sustainability
- social interaction
- job creation
- food safety
- food security
- healthy living |
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Term
|
Definition
| daily access to an adequate supply of nutritious, affordable, and safe food. (locally) |
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