Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Site Development Foundations - Vocabulary
Common Terms and Definitions that you should know for the Certification Exam
259
Computer Science
12th Grade
12/03/2009

Additional Computer Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

ActiveX

Definition

An open set of technologies for integrating components on the Internet and within Microsoft applications.

Term

Ajax

Definition

A programming methodology that uses a number of existing technologies together and enables Web applications to make incremental updates to the user interface without the need to reload the browser page.

Term

applets

Definition

Small programs written in Java, which are downloaded as needed and executed within a Web page or browser.

Term

application programming interface (API)

Definition

A set of universal commands, calls and functions that allows developers to communicate with an application or operating system.

Term

Application Service Provider (ASP)

Definition

A company that provides applications and services (over the Internet) to individual or enterprise subscribers that would otherwise need to provide those applications and services on their own servers.

Term

asymmetric encryption

Definition

An encryption method in which two keys (a private key and a public key) are used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Also known as public-key encryption.

Term

attachment

Definition

A file that is sent with an e-mail message.

Term

AU

Definition

Audio file format used by UNIX servers, the majority of Web servers. Most Web browsers can read AU.

Term

Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF)

Definition

High-quality audio format developed by Apple Computer

Term

Audio Video Interleave (AVI)

Definition

Standard Windows file format for video files

Term

authentication

Definition

The process of verifying the identity of a user who logs on to a system, or the integrity of transmitted data.

Term

back end

Definition

A series of systems that fulfill requests made by a client. Back-end systems can include mainframes and servers containing information databases.

Term

bandwidth

Definition

The amount of information, sometimes called traffic, that can be carried on a network at one time. The total capacity of a line. Also, the rate of data transfer over a network connection; measured in bits per second.

Term

block-level element

Definition

A markup element that affects at least an entire paragraph.

Term
blog
Definition

Short for "Web log." A collection of personal thoughts posted on a public Web site. Blogging is the act of adding entries to a blog.

Term

brand

Definition

A concept or collection of symbols associated with a product, service or person.

Term

browser e-mail

Definition

E-mail programs such as Outlook Express and Opera Mail that come bundled with a Web browser and with which they may be integrated.

Term

business logic

Definition

The coding (usually in SQL) necessary to create  relationships in the data stored in a database.

Term

business-to-business (B2B)

Definition

An e-commerce model in which a Web-based business sells products and/or services to other businesses.

Term

business-to-consumer (B2C)

Definition

An e-commerce model in which a Web-based business sells products and/or services to consumers or end users.

Term

byte

Definition

A measurement of memory needed to store one 8-bit character.

Term

cable modem

Definition

A device that allows computers to communicate over a network by modulating and demodulating the cable signal into a stream of data.

Term

call center

Definition

A centralized office used for the purpose of processing a large volume of requests by phone.

Term

CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart)

Definition

A test that uses a word-verification graphic designed to differentiate humans from automated senders during online transactions.

Term

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

Definition

A technology that allows greater style definition and formatting control of HTML elements. Formatting can be placed within the HTML or called remotely from an external style sheet.

Term

change management

Definition

The process, tools and techniques that help people implement changes to achieve a desired outcome.

Term

character set

Definition

The group of symbols used to render text on a page.

Term

client

Definition

An individual computer connected to a network. Also, a system or application (such as a Web browser or user agent) that requests a service from another computer (the server) and is used to access files or documents.

Term

client-side script

Definition

Code embedded into an HTML page and downloaded by a user; resides on the client and helps process Web form input. Common clientside scripting languages include JavaScript and VBScript

Term

cloud computing

Definition

A computing paradigm in which users are able to access software and services over the Internet instead of from their desktops.

Term

Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

Definition

A program that processes data submitted by the user. Allows a Web server to pass control to a software application, based on user request. The application receives and organizes data, then returns it in a consistent format.

Term

consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

Definition

An e-commerce model in which individual consumers sell their preowned products or personal services to other consumers.

Term

cookie

Definition

A text file that contains information sent between a server and a client to help maintain state and track user activities. Cookies can reside in memory or on a hard drive.

Term

customs

Definition

National departments responsible for controlling items entering and leaving the country.

Term

data

Definition

Information being stored, usually in a database.

Term

database

Definition

A collection of data that can be sorted and searched using search algorithms.

Term

dead link

Definition

A hyperlink that, when clicked, sends a Web site visitor to a page or resource that does not exist on the server.

Term

decryption

Definition

The process of converting encrypted data back to its original form.

Term

digital certificate

Definition

A password-protected, encrypted data file containing message encryption, user identification and message text. Used to authenticate a program or a sender's public key, or to initiate SSL sessions. Must be signed by a certificate authority (CA) to be valid.

Term

digital signature

Definition

An electronic stamp added to a message that uniquely identifies its source and verifies its contents at the time of the signature.

Term

dithering

Definition

The ability for a computer to approximate a color by combining the RGB values.

Term

document type declaration ()

Definition

A declaration of document or code type embedded within an HTML, XHTML, XML or SGML document; identifies the version and nature of code used. Denoted by the tag at the beginning of the document.

Term

Document Type Definition (DTD)

Definition

A set of rules contained in a simple text file that defines the structure, syntax and vocabulary as it relates to tags and attributes for a corresponding document.

Term

domain name

Definition

An IP address represented in words

Term

dynamic

Definition

Always changing

Term

Dynamic HTML (DHTML)

Definition

A combination of HTML, script, styles and the Document Object Model (DOM) that provides Web page interactivity.

Term

electronic commerce (e-commerce)

Definition

The integration of communications, data management and security capabilities to allow organizations and consumers to exchange information related to the sale of good and services.

Term

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

Definition

The interorganization exchange of documents in a standardized electronic format directly between participating computers.

Term

encryption

Definition

A security technique designed to prevent access to information by converting it into a scrambled (unreadable) form of text.

Term

event handler

Definition

A line of code that allows a language to respond to a specific event or user input.

Term

event-driven

Definition

Reacting to particular user actions or the browser's completion of a specific task.

Term

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)

Definition

The current standard authoring language used to develop Web pages and other electronically displayed documents. XHTML requires stricter code syntax than HTML

Term

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Definition

A markup language that describes document content instead of adding structure or formatting to document content. A simplified version of SGML.

Term

Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)

Definition

A style language that provides formatting instructions for XML documents.

Term

field

Definition

One row of a relational database table. A record represents an entity.

Term

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Definition

An Internet protocol used to transfer files between computers; allows file transfer without corruption or alteration.

Term

fixed-width font

Definition

A font in which every character, including the space character, has equal width. In proportional-width fonts, letters such as I and J have less width than M or B.

Term

frame

Definition

A scrollable region of a Web page in which other pages can be displayed; a single element of a frameset. Each frame has its own URL.

Term

frameset document

Definition

A Web page that defines a set of adjacent frames in which other Web pages are displayed.

Term

front end

Definition

A client that acts as an interface to a collection of servers (for example, mainframes or PCbased servers). A Web browser is a typical front-end client.

Term

fully qualified domain name (FQDN)

Definition

The complete domain name of an Internet computer, such as www.CIW-certified.com.

Term

GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)

Definition

An open-source version of PGP, used for encrypting and decrypting e-mail messages, that does not use patented algorithms.

Term

graphical user interface (GUI)

Definition

A program that provides visual navigation with menus and screen icons, and performs automated functions when users click command buttons.

Term

Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)

Definition

A graphical image file format commonly used in HTML documents.

Term

hexadecimal

Definition

A base-16 number system that allows large numbers to be displayed by fewer characters than if the number were displayed in the regular base-10 system. In hexadecimal, the number 10 is represented as the letter A, 15 is represented as F, and 16 is represented as 10.

Term

home page

Definition

The first Web page that displays when you access a domain.

Term

hyperlinks

Definition

Embedded instructions within a text file that link it to another point in the file or to a separate file.

Term

hypertext link

Definition

Highlighted or underlined text in a Web page that, when clicked, links the user to another location or Web page.

Term

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Definition

The traditional authoring language used to develop Web pages for many applications.

Term

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Definition

The protocol for transporting HTML documents across the Internet.

Term

image map

Definition

A Web page image with clickable regions that are defined as "hot spot" hyperlinks to other pages or page sections.

Term

inline images

Definition

Images rendered in a Web page

Term

instant messaging (IM)

Definition

A computer-based method of communication in which users can type and view messages sent to one or more recipients, and view the responses immediately.

Term

interactive

Definition

The characteristic of some hardware and software, such as computers, games and multimedia systems, that allows them to respond differently based on a user's actions.

Term

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Definition

An organization that maintains a gateway to the Internet and rents access to customers on a per-use or subscription basis.

Term

interoperability

Definition

The ability of one computer system to communicate with another; often refers to different operating systems working together.

Term

Java

Definition

An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that is fully crossplatform functional.

Term

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)

Definition

A graphical image file format commonly used for photographs.

Term

Just In Time

Definition

Describes a management system that controls inventory so that raw materials arrive from upstream providers only when needed, or are stored for downstream consumption only in sellable amounts. Usually, a collection of data-tracking software. Control of inventory is essential for proper supply chain management

Term

markup language

Definition

A series of commands used to format, organize and describe information on a Web page.

Term

Perl

Definition

A traditional CGI technology that is platform-independent (i.e., you can install it on any server-based operating system). Once you install the Perl interpreter on the system, you can use Perl-based CGI applications.

Term

PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

Definition

A newer CGI technology that will run on multiple platforms. Once you install the PHP interpreter on the system, you can create applications.

Term

Active Server Pages (ASP)

Definition

An older, proprietary CGI technology available only on Microsoft-specific systems or systems with a special interpreter installed (e.g., the ChiliSoft ASP interpreter). The ASP interpreter is installed on all Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) systems. Developers can create ASP scripts using VBScript or JavaScript.

Term

.NET

Definition

Microsoft’s standard development platform. A proprietary set of technologies and languages available mostly on Windows systems and installed on all IIS systems. .NET allows you to use various languages, including C# (a replacement for Java), JavaScript, VBScript or Visual Basic.

Term

JavaServer Pages (JSP)

Definition

A universal CGI technology that uses the Java interpreter, allowing developers to create CGI using the Java language.

Term

ColdFusion

Definition
Term

Python

Definition

An open-source CGI technology that emphasizes code readability by employing minimalistic code syntax and semantics. Python is an objectoriented programming language that can be easily integrated with other languages.

Term

Django

Definition

An open-source Web framework written to help developers use the Python language.

Term

Smalltalk

Definition

A programming language that pioneered objectoriented programming. Not popularly used in Web development

Term

Ruby

Definition

An object-oriented programming language based on Perl and Smalltalk. It has powerful capabilities, but is easier to use than many other

Term

Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

Definition

A standard protocol that wireless devices use to access the Internet.

Term

Wireless Markup Language (WML)

Definition

A markup language that presents the text portions of Web pages to wireless devices.

Term

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

Definition

A protocol that enables operating systems to map file name extensions to corresponding applications. Also used by applications to automatically process files downloaded from the Internet.

Term

user agent

Definition

Any application, such as a Web browser, mobile phone, PDA or help engine, that renders HTML for display to users

Term

Child Online Protection Act (COPA)

Definition

Passed in 1998 to help reduce the possibility that minors will be exposed to harmful material.

Term

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Definition

Enacted in 1990 to protect the civil rights of disabled people.

Term

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)

Definition

Created by the W3C to provide a universal set of standards promoting accessibility.

Term

Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act

Definition

Requires that all electronic and information technology developed, procured, maintained or used by federal agencies be comparably accessible to users with isabilities.

Term

mailing list server

Definition

An e-mail server that regularly sends e-mail messages to a specified list of users.

Term

spam

Definition

Unsolicited and unwanted e-mail messages; the online equivalent of junk mail.

Term

Push Technology

Definition

Any technology that automatically provides information to a customer list. In legitimate cases, the customer initially makes a request to be placed on the list. Customers receive information until they ask to be removed. Example: mailing list server. Illegitimate examples: spam.

Term

Pull Technology

Definition

Any technology that provides information to a customer only upon request. A more standard way to disseminate information from a server. For example, whenever you download a file from a Web site or collect your e-mail, you are using pull technology.

Term

Visitor Tracking

Definition

Any technology that provides the following information: -The number of visitors that connected to the site or specific pages -The length of time visitors remained at the site or specific pages -The frequency with which a specific visitor returns to the site For example, Web sites use

Term

Vertical Portal

Definition

a portal dedicated to one specific interest or field (e.g., women's health, network security, sports or politics), also called a "vortal." Each linked site on a vertical portal maintains a topical focus.

Term

Horizontal Portal

Definition

a portal that provides links to various Web sites with no particular focus. Examples include Yahoo! (www.yahoo.com), Google (www.google.com)

Term

Wiki

Definition

a Web site that allows all visitors to collaborate in its construction. You can use a wiki to create an information repository or portal

Term

Portable Network Graphics (PNG)

Definition

The newest standard Web page image format. Supports compression, and various quality levels and file sizes (the higher the image quality, the larger the file size). PNGs can also be animated.

Term

Rich Text Format (RTF)

Definition

Documents that contain simple formatting (e.g., underlining, bold, and font faces and sizes).

Term

PostScript

Definition

A language designed to describe page formatting for text and graphics. Developed by Adobe, but has become an open standard.

Term

Portable Document Format (PDF)

Definition

Adobe Acrobat proprietary format, based on PostScript technology. Can retain sophisticated formatting and graphics.

Term

Zip

Definition

Files compressed using the zip/unzip family of file applications.

Term

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) / GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)

Definition

Files encrypted by PGP/GPG.

Term

Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) – audio

Definition

MPEG streaming audio.

Term

MPEG – video

Definition

MPEG streaming video

Term

Ogg-Vorbis

Definition

Ogg-Vorbis audio file format.

Term

Flat file

Definition

Information is stored in a single table, often in a simple text file. The Windows registry is an example of a flat-file database.

Term

Non-relational

Definition

Information is stored statically. Information can be searched, but cannot be reorganized or placed into another database.

Term

Relational

Definition

Information can be sorted, altered and placed into other databases for retrieval.

Term

Object-oriented

Definition

A newer form with the capabilities of a relational database, plus greater storage and search efficiency.

Term

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Definition

A language used to create and maintain professional, highperformance corporate databases.

Term

Join

Definition

The combination of two database tables to create a new table

Term

table (database type)

Definition

A database topic that contains rows (records) and columns (fields or attributes). A table can be created from information initially or from tables through a join operation.

Term

record

Definition

One row of a relational database table. A record represents an entity.

Term

entity

Definition

A person, place or thing represented in a database table row. All entities have attributes. Also known as a record.

Term

Attribute (i.e., field or element)

Definition

A specific category of information that relates to an entity. Attributes (i.e., fields) vary depending upon the nature of the entity. Attributes for a person in a database might include the person's name, phone number and e-mail address. Also known as a field or element.

Term

Query

Definition

The process of searching a database, or the search command sent to a database. Also the process of combining databases.

Term

T1

Definition

A digital carrier that transmits data at a speed of 1.544 Mbps.

Term

HTTP 404 - File Not Found Error

Definition

File Not Found error indicates that you have requested a file that does not exist on the specified Web server

Term

Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

Definition

A metalanguage used to create other languages, including HTML and XHTML

Term

metalanguage

Definition

A language used for defining other languages.

Term

tags

Definition

Pieces of code, enclosed in angle brackets, that tell the HTML interpreter how to process or display text.

Term

HTML Interpreters

Definition

Programs that process HTML pages and render them to the user as text pages formatted in accordance with the embedded instructions.

Term

HTML 4.01 Transitional

Definition

Allows developers to insert formatting using either CSS or traditional layout instructions (e.g., HTML font, color and phrase elements). This version will render in browsers that do not support HTML 4.01 features such as CSS. This version also allows tags that the W3C considers to be less useful, known as "deprecated tags."

Term

HTML 4.01 Strict

Definition

Requires the exclusive use of CSS when defining layout instructions. Deprecated tags are not allowed and will generate errors.

Term

HTML 4.01 Frameset

Definition

Required for pages that use HTML frames, which place Web pages inside each other to create separate panes in the browser window. Some feel that frames provide additional functionality or enhance a site's look and feel.

Term

site map

Definition

A brief, hierarchical representation of a Web site that enables visitors to quickly identify areas of the site and navigate to them.

Term

trouble ticket

Definition

A record of a problem related to a service provided by an ISP or ASP. Used to record receipt of a complaint and track resolution of the problem.

Term

troll

Definition

A Web user who publishes negative comments or submits feedback simply to annoy or anger.

Term

trade secrets

Definition

Intellectual property that must remain private for a company to retain viability. Examples include proprietary code, business plans and sales contacts.

Term

copyright

Definition

The legal ownership of expression by an author. According to most developed countries, copyrighted intellectual property becomes the property of the author for a certain number of years. Copyright protection ensures that the person or group who owns the copyright has the right to publish or otherwise distribute material, and control how it is redistributed. In most countries, a copyright can be sold by its owner.

Term

trademark

Definition

A unique word, phrase or symbol that is claimed or officially registered by an organization with the government. Trademarks can include logos, phrases, company names and so forth. If a logo, word or phrase is trademarked, then only the organization that registered it can use it.

Term

licensing

Definition

The legally authorized use of another person's or entity's copyrighted intellectual property. The terms of the license are generally dictated by the copyright holder. Licenses require contracts and usually an exchange of money, services or both.

Term

infringement

Definition

Any violation of a copyright or trademark. Copyright and trademark infringement are punishable crimes.

Term

plagiarism

Definition

A specific instance of infringement in which an individual or entity claims to have created content (e.g., images, writing or other exact expressions) that was in fact created by other developers. Proven plagiarism can result in severe reprimands, loss of employment, corporate lawsuits and financial penalties.

Term

Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA)

Definition

An NDA is a legally binding contract signed by both parties stating that they will not reveal any trade secrets or intellectual property owned by the other.

Term

legal consultation

Definition

When signing NDAs and other documents is necessary, you should first retain legal counsel. Otherwise, you may make commitments that you cannot fulfill. Any contract breach can make your company liable for a lawsuit.

Term

container tags

Definition

Tags that come in pairs. Container tags use opening and closing tags. For example, when you want italic text, you will contain the text between opening and closing tags.

Term

empty tags

Definition

Tags that stand alone. Empty tags are those that do not directly format a specified block of text, and therefore one tag can execute the instruction. For example, if you want to create a line break, you insert the
tag at the point you want the break to occur.

Term

element

Definition

Provides the main instruction of the tag. An element is required in every tag. Elements include title, font, table and many others.

Term

attribute

Definition

Specifies a quality or describes a certain aspect of the element. For example, div has several attributes, including align. Many elements require specified attributes, but some do not. An attribute is required in a tag only if the element requires it.

Term

value

Definition

gives value to the element and its attribute. For example, div align="center" has a value that instructs the text to be centered. Like attributes, values are optional in a tag unless required by a specified attribute to the element. Values are used only with attributes; elements do not take values directly. All values must be surrounded by quotation marks in XHTML. If you use HTML 4.01 and earlier, quotes are not necessary, but placing values in quotation marks is considered good coding practice.

Term

html tag

Definition

All code up until the html tag is not HTML, but is rather SGML.

Term

head tag

Definition

The head section allows you to insert meta tags (which describe the nature of the document), links to style sheets, and the title tag.

Term

meta tags

Definition

The meta tag can specify various information about the document, known as metadata, or data about data. This metadata includes a document description and keywords that help search engines index the page. It can also specify the character set used in XHTML documents (which is often set by the Web server for HTML documents, rather than by the document itself). The meta tag is placed between the opening and closing head tags.

Term

link tag that references a style sheet

Definition
Term

title tag

Definition

This tag inserts the document title. The title tag is placed between the opening and closing head tags.

Term

body tag

Definition

This tag begins the body of the document

Term

Unicode

Definition

A universal character set designed to support all written languages, as well as scholarly disciplines (e.g., mathematics).

Term

selector

Definition

In a style sheet, any element to which designated styles are applied.

Term

rule

Definition

In a style sheet, a format instruction that consists of a specified selector and the properties and values applied to it. Also a line or lines; the word is related to "ruler," a tool of measurement that can be used to draw straight lines.

Term

serif

Definition

A font style that uses characters with small decorative additions at the outermost points of the characters, called strokes. Includes the Times and Times New Roman fonts.

Term

sans-serif

Definition

A font style that does not use decorative strokes at the tips of characters. Includes the Arial font family.

Term

text-level element

Definition

A markup element that affects single characters or words.

Term

tag nesting

Definition

Placing a pair of tags within another pair of tags

Term

transparency

Definition

the ability to make any part of the image invisible so the page background shows through. The image thus appears to blend into the background

Term

inline images

Definition

Images rendered in a Web page.

Term

Partial URL (also called relative URL)

Definition

A URL that assumes the current document's path. All references are made from the document's current directory.

Term

link rot

Definition

The phenomenon in which hyperlinks on a Web site gradually become invalid as referenced Web page content, links and page locations change.

Term

server-side script

Definition

Code that resides on a server to help process Web form input. Server-side CGI scripts are commonly written in Perl.

Term

method attribute

Definition

attribute specifies the method by which the browser will send form data to a Web server.

Term

action attribute

Definition

specifies the name and location of the CGI script used to process the form.

Term

input tag

Definition

use input to create text boxes, check boxes, radio buttons, and the Submit and Reset buttons.

Term

vector graphic

Definition

graphics that use mathematical coordinates with lines, curves and shapes to create images and specify colors.

Term

bitmap graphic

Definition

graphics that use small dots (usually thousands) to create images and specify colors. Each dot is mapped to bits stored in a computer's memory

Term

GIF 89a and PNG

Definition

The only Web-ready image file formats that support transparency

Term

image interlacing

Definition

a technique that allows an image to progressively display in a browser as it downloads. The image will appear in stages over the period of downloading time. This action makes your pages more accessible to users with slower Internet connections.

Term

What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) (pronounced whizee-wig

Definition

A userfriendly editing format in which the file being edited is displayed as it will appear in the browser.

Term

variable

Definition

A place in memory used to store information for later use. Variables are used in simple applications and are essential in complex ones. Variables are usually created by using the equal sign (=).

Term

array

Definition

A collection of variables stored in a series. used to hold multiple values; a variable can hold only one value.

Term

function

Definition

A line of code that allows you to refer to an entire series of steps or commands. Functions are used to organize code into discrete sections.

Term

compiler

Definition

An application used to process code in standard text files into executable applications.

Term

include

Definition

A set of files called a library that you can refer to in your code. Programmers often include libraries in their code to avoid having to re-create code that has already been written.

Term

print command in programming

Definition

A command that prints application output to a destination, often a computer screen.

Term

echo command in programming

Definition

A command that repeats the input you type back to a terminal or an application window. Echo can also be used in an application to repeat input so that it can be processed or forwarded.

Term

statement in programming

Definition

Logical constructs that allow you to control the way that information flows in the application.

Term

emulator

Definition

A type of software that imitates a computer then allows non-native software to run in a foreign environment. Sometimes also a hardware device.

Term

object-based

Definition

Similar to object-oriented programming languages, but does not allow for inheritance from one class to another.

Term

Web application framework

Definition

A set of software tools or code that is commonly used in the creation and management of online applications.

Term

TinyURL

Definition

A free Web service that generates short aliases for long URLs.

Term

Web 2.0

Definition

A concept referring to the changing trends in the use of WWW technology and Web design that have led to the development of information-sharing and collaboration capabilities.

Term

XMLHttpRequest

Definition

An application programming interface (API) that is used to transfer XML and other text data between a Web server and browser.

Term

Web feed

Definition

A data format for delivering Web content that is updated frequently.

Term

podcast

Definition

The use of audio or video digital-media files that are distributed through Web feeds to subscribed users.

Term

typosquatting

Definition

The unethical practice of registering domain names very similar to those of high-volume sites in hopes of receiving traffic from users seeking the high-volume site who mistakenly enter an incorrect URL in their browsers.

Term

order tracking

Definition
Term

upstream

Definition

Describes suppliers to your company that provide materials for your products.

Term

downstream

Definition

Describes customers of your company who purchase your products.

Term

capacity requirements plan

Definition

Calculation of the amount of physical space and the amount of time you need to create your product.

Term

material requirements plan

Definition

Steps taken to anticipate demand, and the ability of your suppliers to help you meet this demand. Involves determining the individuals, capital and other resources necessary to create the product.

Term

material flow

Definition

Estimate of the amount of raw material required for a product, and the amount of waste generated from the production process.

Term

bill of materials

Definition

List of required resources, and amount of time required to develop the resources into the product.

Term

best practices

Definition

A set of standards followed by an industry. Usually specifies procedures or techniques that yield proven success for common business processes or tasks.

Term

order management

Definition

The ability to organize requests for downstream and upstream products. Involves documenting existing inventory, and storing all orders in an accessible, stable and secure database.

Term

life cycle

Definition

The amount of time a particular product will remain valid before it is necessary to upgrade it.

Term

manufacturing resource plan

Definition

Outline of all resources needed to create a product. Includes the capacity requirements plan, the material requirements plan and material flow estimates.

Term

Enterprice Resource Planning (ERP)

Definition

Involves the use of software to create an automated plan for your entire company's operations. The goal to enhance communication among all company departments and divisions.

Term

target market

Definition

The specific sector in a market (i.e., the audience) that a product or service addresses. The target may be broad or it may be a niche market.

Term

demographics

Definition

The study of groups of people. Includes categorizing populations by interests, ethnicities, cultures and subcultures. Involves studying trends and needs associated with a particular group (for example, computer users between the ages of 18 and 49).

Term

niche

Definition

A smaller, specialized portion of the market. An example of a niche market in IT might be companies that provide clustering (multiple systems acting as a single host) for computer systems. Such companies service a much smaller market than computer users or Web database servers.

Term

mindshare

Definition

The effect of marketing efforts influencing a particular target market or demographic. Mind share includes commercial phrases, catch words and sound bites that provoke recognition of the product, service or company by the public.

Term

target date

Definition

The projected point in time that a product or service will be released.

Term

aggregator

Definition

A business (usually Web-based) that markets and sells goods and services that it does not own or store. The aggregator allows other vendors to compete using its site, and then takes a percentage of the business. In essence, the site acts as a portal for an entire industry niche.

Term

search engine optimization

Definition

the use of specific techniques to increase a page's or site's rank on a search engine (such as Google, Yahoo! or MSN).

Term

pay per click (PPC)

Definition

An Internet marketing technique in which you pay for high search engine results by advertising on keywords that describe your product or service. You pay your site hosts only when your ads are clicked by the user.

Term

Web analytics

Definition

The practice of collecting data and studying user behavior in an attempt to increase market share and sales.

Term

conversion

Definition

The result when a customer engages significantly with a site. The most typical conversion is the purchase of a good or service. Additional examples of conversion include the capture of user information, demographic information or specific user preferences.

Term

off-page optimization

Definition

The practice of editing Web pages so that they are ranked highly by search engines. Proper page structure and the appropriate use of keywords in the meta tags and in the body of each Web page (such as in the titles) is essential.

Term

on-page optimization

Definition

The practice of influencing factors external to Web page content so that the pages are ranked highly by search engines. The main technique to accomplish this is link building. Generally, the more that other sites link to your site, the greater the impact your site will have in a search. Also includes obtaining domain names that have existed for some time; generally, the older the domain name, the higher it is ranked in search engine results

Term

keywords

Definition

Words that search engines have identified as important enough to index on their sites; used to determine page ranking. Keywords should be repeated as appropriate and should be used consistently in Web and print copy.

Term

keyword density

Definition

The frequency of keyword usage on a page.

Term

click-through rate

Definition

Measures how successful a particular campaign has been, in terms of Web hits. To obtain the click-through rate, divide the number of users who clicked on the advertisement (i.e., hits, or impressions) by the number of times the advertisement was shown.

Term

results page

Definition

The page returned by a search engine. Contains ranked entries, as determined by the search engine's algorithms and PPC policies. Also known as a search engine results page.

Term

crawlers

Definition

Automated applications that regularly scan Web pages and search for
content. Also called spiders or bots. Many SEO experts read pages using a
text-only browser called Lynx, because bots see a Web page as a text-only
document.

Term

cloaking

Definition

The practice of showing one site to crawlers and another to individuals. Used by spammers, and considered an illicit practice. Many search engines will penalize sites for this activity.

Term

page ranking

Definition

Describes the rank of a page on a search engine results page. The term was introduced by Google.

Term

reciprocal link

Definition

The practice in which one site links back to another. Often lowers ranking because it is considered a quick, artificial way to increase ranking.

Term

blackballing

Definition

The practice in which a search engine eliminates a page or domain from consideration in search engine rankings.

Term

blackhat SEO

Definition

The use of techniques that are considered to be flawed or unethical by those who manage and program search engines. Includes cloaking, invisible text (wording that only crawlers can see), doorway pages (pages that are highly optimized but which redirect a user to another site) and keyword stuffing (using too many keywords on a page).

Term

splash page

Definition

The opening page of a site; often the page that is the most highly optimized.

Term

web analytics

Definition

The practice of collecting data and studying user behavior in an attempt to increase market share and sales.

Term

on-site analytics

Definition

studying visitor behavior once that visitor has accessed your site

Term

off-site analytics

Definition

determining your potential audience, and how well your site has addressed and penetrated that market

Term

Open Buying on the Internet (OBI)

Definition

An opentechnology standard used by organizations to exchange data in a common format; an alternative to EDI.

Term

non-repudiation

Definition

The security principle of providing proof that a transaction occurred between identified parties.

Term

Repudiation

Definition

occurs when one party in a transaction denies that the transaction took place.

Term

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)

Definition

generic term that describes the ability to transfer funds using computers, rather than using paper.

Term

Automated Clearing House (ACH)

Definition

A nationwide batch-oriented EFT system governed in the United States by the National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA) operating rules.

Term

payment gateway

Definition

a system, either hardware-based or software-based, that mediates between a merchant (i.e., an e-commerce-enabled Web site) and an acquirer (e.g., the merchant's bank).

Term

Secure Electronic Transactions (SET)

Definition

An Internet protocol that uses digital certificates to secure financial transactions.

Term

Open Trading Protocol (OTP)

Definition

a SET alternative being promoted by a group of corporations including AT&T, CyberCash, DigiCash, Hewlett-Packard, Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems, Wells Fargo Bank and the Royal Bank of Canada. It uses digital certificates to enable encryption similar to SET, but all transactions are formatted in XML, rather than in a proprietary format.

Term

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

Definition

A protocol that provides authentication and encryption, used by most servers for secure exchanges over the Internet. Superseded by Transport Layer Security (TLS).

Term

Transport Layer Security (TLS)

Definition

A protocol based on SSL 3.0 that provides authentication and encryption, used by most servers for secure exchanges over the Internet.

Term

certificate authority (CA)>

Definition

a trusted third party that verifies the identity of the person or company that has submitted a certification request (CR). A CA is an organization that issues digital certificates and helps to ensure the identity of a person, host or process. A CA is more than just a computer that issues digital certificates; a CA is an entire organization.

Term

Registration authority (RA)

Definition

a part of the CA. The RA is used if the CA is overburdened with many requests. However, the RA only verifies credentials; the CA is the only PKI element that issues the certificates.

Term

Certificate server

Definition

contained within the CA, the computer that generates certificates. It is also known as an authentication service. The certificate server is often called a CA, although this is a misnomer.

Term

Certification chain

Definition

describes the nature of trust in PKI. A CA establishes trust by establishing itself as a trustworthy authority concerning identity. It also establishes itself as the top of a hierarchy (called a tree). The CA vouches for each entity beneath it, creating a trust pattern. If a certificate's link to the CA is placed in doubt, then this certificate is no longer valid.

Term

Entity

Definition

any host that uses, or wants to obtain and use, a certificate.

Term

RSA

Definition

A popular, proprietary public key encryption algorithm.

Term

Euro

Definition

A currency specific to the European Union.

Term

Dollar

Definition

A term used in several countries for different currencies. For example, the United States, Australia and New Zealand all use the dollar. Each of these currencies has a different value.

Term

Yen

Definition

A currency specific to Japan.

Term

Ruble

Definition

A currency specific to Russia.

Term

Pound

Definition

A term used in several countries for different currencies. Most often associated with the United Kingdom (UK), but also used in Egypt. Egyptian pounds and UK pounds have different values.

Term

Yuan

Definition

A currency specific to China. The full name of the currency is Yuan Renminbi.

Term

tariff

Definition

a specialized form of tax levied on an item that passes across a country's border.

Term

reseller

Definition

A company that adds some value to an existing product or ser vice, then sells it to the public or to another company.

Term

Value Added Tax (VAT)

Definition

A tax on a product or service. If a product is further processed or modified by a vendor or reseller, it increases in value. Each time this happens, the product may be subject to VAT. The consumer pays

Term

trade agreement

Definition

In global commerce, an agreement between individual nations that allows them to operate as a unified trading block.

Term

border adjusted tax

Definition

A tax or tariff is either reduced or eliminated.

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