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sinelli final 08
anthro
50
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2008

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Australopithecus Africanus
Definition
  • Homind
  • 2-2.5 mya
  • first in all Africa
  • found in Taung site (S. Africa)
  • child's skull
  • Biped
  • small brain- 440 cc
  • big teeth
  • lived with proanthropus & early homo
  • Robert Broom discovered full one
  • "mrs. ples" @ sterkfrontein
  • osteodontokeratic culture
Term

Paranthropus Robustus

Definition
  • hominid
  • 2.5-1 mya, S. Africa
  • big teeth,, but less robust
  • 1/3 paranthropus
Term

Paranthropus Boisei

Definition
  • Hominid
  • 2.5-1 mya, S. Africa
  • big teeth
  • large lower jaw
  • large chewing muscles
  • U shaped tooth row
  • sagital crest
  • low forehead
  • longer arms and shorter legs than humans
  • rough veggie diet, poss. meat
  • 510-530 cc
  • females smaller
  • all jaw & teeth robust
Term

Paranthropus Aethiopicus

Definition
  • Hominid
  • 2.5 mya, E. Africa
  • N. Kenya, Lake Turkana
  • 1985- Richard Leaky & Alan Walker
  • "Black Skull" (from chem. staining)
  • 410 cc- smallest ever
  • compound crest
  • huge check teeth
  • dished face
  • sagital crest
  • extreme facial prognathism
  • flaring zygomatic arches
  • linked to robust ancestors and gracile ancestors
  • earliest robust hominid
Term

Homo Habilis

"handy man"

Definition
  • 1.8 mya
  • E. Africa
  • 1960s, Louis Leaky: remains found at Olduvai Gorge
  • 631 cc- 20% increase from australopiths
  • early Olduvai tool makers
  • "Twiggy" - Olduvai Hominid (OH 24)
  • longer arms and shorter legs than humans
  • curved fingers and toes (for climbing)
  • virtually identical to earlier australiopiths
Term
Australopithecus Garhi
Definition
  • Asfaw, Tim White, & Colleagues
  • 2.5 mya
  • Ethiopia's middle awash region
  • garhi = "surprise"
  • link b/w australopithecus and homo(?)
  • prognathic face
  • large teeth
  • long legs and forearms
  • less than 5' tall
Term

Robust v. Gracile

Definition

Robust = paranthropus

Gracile = herbivores

Term

Australiopiths -> Homo

 

Definition
  • larger brains & bodies
  • smaller teeth due to dietary changes
  • greater reliance on hunting and culture
Term
Encephalization
Definition
brain gets bigger
Term

Features

 

 

Definition

o       Sagittal crest: ridge of bone (temporal muscles) that runs from the front of the head to the back of the head where the jaw muscles anchor

o       Flaring zygomatic arches: bone behind your eye that run the jaw (masseter muscles attach to zygomatic arches)
Term

Which are the hominids that live today?

Definition

US

Term
Homo Rudolfensis
Definition
  • 1972- Richard Leaky and Bernard Ngeneo
  • Koobi Fora, Kenya- E. side of Lake Turkana
  • 2 mya
  • KNM-ER 1470 - only specimen
  • 775 cc
  • thought to be h. habilis originally
Term
Rudolfensis v. Habilis
Definition
  • both originated approx. 2 mya
  • rudolfensis brain much larger
  • facial and teeth measurements differ
  • rudolfensis attributed to genus Homo originally
  • may be first member of homo on path to humans or homo-like australopiths w/ no direct bearing on evolution of humans
Term
Homo Ergaster
Definition
  • originally h. erectus
  • 850-900 cc
  • 2 sites in Africa: koobi Fora & W. Turkana
  • 1.8 - 1.5 mya
  • Acheulian stone tools- post Oldowan
Term
KNM-ER 3733
Definition
  • 1.75 mya
  • Koobi Fora, Kenya
  • Adult female based on cranial sutures, molar eruption, and dental wear
  • some of pop. moved to asia
Term
KNM-ER 3883
Definition
  • 1.5 mya
  • Koobi Fora, Kenya
  • Lack of sulcus (groove) behind massive brow ridges
  • male based on degree of robusticity
  • derived from the pop. of 3733 that stayed in africa
Term
KNM-WT 15000
Definition
  • Turkana boy
  • 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu and Rob. Leakey
  • W. side of Lake Turkana
  • almost complete skeleton of 12 yr old male
  • 6 ft in height as adult, tall and thin- an adaptation for hot enviro.
Term
Homo Erectus
Definition
  • first species to leave africa into europe and asia (primarily asia)
  • 1.8 m - 200,000 y.a
  • adapted to both tropical and temperate climates: very thick femur & over 1,000 cc
Term
Eugene Dubois
Definition
  • small village of Trinil in Java
  • 1841 discovered skullcap and femur
  • Pithecanthropus erectus
  • "upright ape man" but ape was later removed from name
Term
Zhoukoudian - Dragon Bone Hill
Definition
  • 1899 fossil tooth located among dragon bones
  • medicine and aphrodisiacs were the use of the bones
  • first skull turned up in 1929
  • Davidson Black- first study
  • Skeletal remains representing upward of 40 male and female adults and children
  • site occupied over 200,000 years
  • charred bits of wood and bone controlled use of fire 
Term
Zhoukoudian
Definition
  • Dr. Franz Weidenreich- fled Gernmany after nazis took control and moved to UK
  • made casts and drawings of materials
  • fossils lost at time of jap. invasion of china in WW2
Term
Dmanisi
Definition
  • site in Republic of Georgia
  • evidence of early h. erectus 1.75 mya
  • findings: one fairly complete skull, one large mandible, 2 partial skulls
  • Finds sugggest rapid spread by 1.7 mya of early homo out of Africa and into Eurasia
  • these are the most ancient undisputed human fossils outside of africa!

 

Term
Homo Erectus Culture
Definition
  • evidence for simple shelters
  • earliest occupation of cave sites
  • widespread evidence for controlled use of fire poss. as early as 700 kya
  • stone and other tools

 

Term
acheulian tool kit
Definition
  • bitface: worked on both sides
  • cut, scrape, pound, and dig
  • target of design on tool- standardization
  • found with remains of large animals
  • used for hunting and butchering
Term
archaic h. sapiens
Definition
  • conservative: archaic h. sapiens (not right)
  • nonconservative: h. heidelbergensis, h. neanderthalensis, h. antecessor
Term

Homo Heidelbergensis

Definition
  • 800,000 - 100,000 years ago
  • height and weight essentially modern
  • 1,283 cc
  • Africa, Asia, and Europe- highly variable morphologic traits
  • Mauer Jaw: 1907, Mauer sand pits Gernmany
  • ^ massive mandible- both primitive and robust and derivied teeth (small molers)
  • oldest european fossil for a long time
  • ca. 500,000 years old
  • incipient chin, massive brow ridges

compared to h. erectus:

  • smaller and separated brows
  • higher cranial vault
  • less prognathic face
  • smaller teeth
  • thinner vault bones
Term
Levallois Technique
Definition
  • h. heidelbergensis
  • 250,000-35,000 ya
  • prepared core technique:
  • core trimmed around edges to produce disk shape
  • then large flake struck from one face
  • flakes then shaped into number of specialized tools
Term
What happened to h. heidelbergensis
Definition
  • in Africa: evolved into archaic h. sapiens and eventually us
  • in Europe: evolved into h. neanderthalensis
Term
Homo Neanderthalensis
Definition
  • 130,000 - 35,000 years b.p.
  • many sites overlap with anatomically modern humans (amh)
  • primarily Europe but also Middle East and W Asia
  • 1856, Neander Valley, Germany
  • barbarian lived in are before celtic and germanic tribes
  • modern man with rickets
Term
h. neanderthalensis discoveries
Definition
  • france: la chapelle-aux-saints, 1908, flexed burial, 1,620 cc
  • marcellin boule: tall and bent from arthritis, depicted as brutish, closer to apes
  • shanidar, iraq: 60,000 bp, 7 adults and 2 children, 4 burials
  • ^ male 5 yrs old, blow to left side of head, probably blind, withered arm, trauma to leg and foot....neanderthal compassion?
Term
neanderthal biology
Definition
  • height 4.9-5.6 ft
  • weight 110-143 lbs
  • postcrania: very robust, barrel chested, powerfully muscled
  • cranial/postcrania adapted for a cold environment
  • 1520 cc (cold adaptation?)
  • wide nasal aperature and prognathic - is a cold adaptation for sure
  • larger nasal passages in order to warm and cool the air surrounding causing the skull to be prognathic
Term
neanderthal speech
Definition
  • w. asia
  • 60,000 bp
  • kebara cave, israel
  • modern hyoid
  • suggests modern larynx
Term
neanderthal subsistance
Definition
  • hunters: spears, had to get close to prey, had Trinkaus ( patterns of injury similar to rodeo riders)
  • gathering: berries, nuts, and plants
Term
neanderthal DNA
Definition
did not contribute to modern humans DNA, differences outside the variations is more than 3 times
Term
Mousterian Industry
Definition
  • neanderthals elaborated on Levallois technique
  • invented the mousterian industry
  • wider range of shapes and uses
  • more flakes per core
Term

chatelperronian tools

Definition
  • borrowed technology from AMH and modified
  • blade based tools with specific functions
  • disappeared 34 kya
Term
Legar Valho (portugal)
Definition
  • 24,500 bp
  • 4 year old child
  • a morphological mosaic with features of both neanderthals and modern humans
  • published in 1999 PNAS remains controversial
Term
homo floresiensis (flores man)
Definition
  • eight short human beings
  • small brain volume
  • Liang Bua cave on the Indonesian island of Flores
  • 95-12 kya
  • female skeleton (flo): in her 30s, 18,000 yrs old, 1 meter tall, 380 cc
  • h. floresiensis a variation of h. erectus and may have lived side by side
  • stones carved and sharpened- show these ppl were successful hunters, capable of catching animals very large
  • minature stone acheulian tools? 
Term
Island Dwarfism
Definition
  • living things divided by geographic isolation from the land population undergoing gradual physical shrinkage due to a local insufficiency of food resources
  • smaller bodied individuals do better on islands bc food is scarce, and those who are smaller with lower calorie intake have a better chance at survival
  • smaller individuals thus outbreed larger ones, contributing more of their genes to successive generations
  • over time population will shrink
Term
Ebu Gogo
Definition
  • a myth from the island of flores that something resembling a leperchaun or elf lived on the island
  • remsembles..h. floresiensis?!
  • people say the ebu gogo were alive when the dutch came along to colonize
Term
AMH cranial features
Definition
  • large brain: 1,330 cc
  • vertical forehead
  • small brow ridge
  • small teeth
  • little prognathism
Term
homo sapiens idaltu (elder)
Definition
  • Herto, Ethiopia
  • 160 kya
  • Tim White
  • 3 crania found
  • animal remains with cut marks
  • population that is on the verge of anatomical modernity but not fully
  • evidence of mortuary practices
Term

Near East- Israel

Definition
  • Mt. Camel cave sites
  • modern homo sapiens: skhul cave, 120,000 yrs ago
  • h. neanderthalensis: tabun, 110,000 ya
Term

W. Europe

h. sapiens idaltu

Definition
  • 40,000 ya
  • cro-magnon, france- rock shelter near village of magnon:
  • first AMH in Europe
  • remains of 8 individuals found
  • lived beside and competed with neanderthals for as long as 10,000 years
Term

Asia

 h. sapiens idaltu

Definition
  • china
  • one site that is poss. 50,000 bp
  • generally not colonized by AMH until the Upper Paleolithic (after 45,000 bp)
  • why not? unknown...maybe amh preferred warmer weather
Term

australia

h. sapiens idaltu

Definition
  • glacial times
  • indonesia joined to asia
  • australia not!
  • occupied by AMH by 55,000
  • bamboo rafts (to float places) i.e. borneo, java, and new guinea
Term

Europe

AMH

Definition
  • upper paleolithic in europe begins ca. 40,000 yr
  1. age of technological innovation
  2. symbolic and ceremonial artifacts
  3. sculpture, engraving, painting, and music
  4. increased specialization of stone tools
  • upper paleolithic cave art
  1. over 150 sites, primarily france and spain
  2. naturalistic depictions of animals
  3. inaccessible cave walls and ceilings
  4. significance: religious, magical, form of communication, or just art
Term
New World
Definition
  • 30,000 - 13,000 ya
  • multiple migrations over bering land bridge
  • distance across bering strait from siberia to alaska's 55 miles
  • during Pleistocene ice ages the trip could be made entirely on land
  • additional periods: small watercraft moving along coast lines
Term
cranial capacity of all homos?
Definition
higher than all others at 600 cc or above
Term
first hominid
Definition
philanthropus robustos
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