Term
| What are the three types of neural systems? |
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Definition
| Sensory, motor, associational |
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Term
| What is a logical starting point for studying the brain and nervous system? |
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Definition
| The human genome sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| segments of DNA sequence that are transcribed into messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence segments of DNA that are removed from the final transcript but can still have effects on how the exons are expressed |
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Term
| What relative amount of genes in the human genome are expressed in the brain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| very few/many genes are unquely expressed in the nervous system, indicating what? |
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Definition
| very few. nerve cells share the most basic structural and functional properties of other cells. |
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Term
| How does the number of genes correlate with organismal complexity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Place the following in order from fewest number of genes to most number of genes: Human, Mouse, D melanogaster, C.elegans |
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Definition
| D. melanogaster, c. elegans, human ~ mouse |
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Term
| What are the four model organisms used to study neuroscience? |
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Definition
| c. elegans, drosophila melanogaster, d. rerio (zebrafish), m. musculus (mouse) |
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Term
| What characteristics of model organisms lend themselves to study? |
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Definition
-relative ease of genomic analysis
-availability of their complete genome sequence |
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Term
| What did the reticular theory state and who was its main proponent? |
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Definition
| nerve cells were connected by protoplasmic links, forming a continuos cell network |
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Term
| What eventually replaced the reticular theory? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells are discrete entities, communicating via synapes |
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Term
| What was the final determination of support of the neuron doctrine? |
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Definition
| electron microscopy, it showed discrete entities as well as synapes |
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Term
| What two broad categories can nerve cells be divided into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| primary target for synaptic input |
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Term
| dendrites have a high content of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of inputs that a perticular neuron receives depends on: |
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Definition
| the complexity of its dendritic arbor |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of inputs received by a single neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of outputs (targets) from a single neuron |
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Term
| What is unique about the structure of the axon? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| relatively short axons are a feature of: |
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Definition
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Term
| relatively long axons are a feature of |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| axon start at the cell body |
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Term
| what are the most abundant type of synapses in the nervous system? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the well-established roles of glia? |
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Definition
-maintaining ionic milieu
-modulating rate of nerve signal propogation
-providing scaffold for some aspects of neural development. |
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Term
| What are the three types of glial cells in the neurosystem? |
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Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells |
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Term
| Where are astrocytes located? |
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Definition
| central nervous system only |
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Term
| What is a major function of astrocytes? |
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Definition
| maintain an appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling. |
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Term
| Where are oligodendrocytes located? |
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Definition
| central nervous system only |
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Term
| What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes? |
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Definition
| lay down myelin on some axons |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the main function of microglial cells? |
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Definition
| scavenger cells that remove cellular debris |
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Term
| the nervous system has a greater range of ______ than any other organ system |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Golgi's staining method allow? |
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Definition
| visualization of individual nerve cells and their processess |
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Term
| What are the modern counterparts to golgi's staining system? |
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Definition
| flourescent dyes/soluble molecules injected |
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Term
| In general, what do flourescewnt dyes and golgi technique allow? |
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Definition
| visualization of a random sample of only a few neurons and glia |
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Term
| A complement to the flourescent dye and golgi staining approach can show us what? |
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Definition
| the distribution of all cell bodies in neural tissue (but not their processes or connections). |
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Term
| What are the methods used to visualize distribution of cell bodies in neuronal tissue? |
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Definition
| Nissl method, cresyl violet |
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Term
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Definition
| stains the nucleus or nucleolus to demonstrate distribution of cells in neuronal tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| dense tangle of axonal and dendritic branches and the synapses between them. lies between neuronal cell bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that carry information toward the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
|
Definition
| carry information away from the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
| three functional classes of neurons |
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Definition
| afferent, efferent, interneurons |
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Term
| What is the function of interneurons? |
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Definition
| only participate in local aspects of a circuit |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of hundreds to thousands of neurons found outside the brain and spinal cord along the course of the peripheral nerves |
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Term
| What are two approaches to measuring the electrical activity of a nerve cell? |
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Definition
| extracellular recording and intracellular recording |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrode is placed near nerve cell of interest to detect its activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrode placed inside cell of interest |
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Term
| What do extracellular recordings primarily detect and how is this useful? |
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Definition
| They primarily detect action potentials, which is useful to detect patterns of action potential activity and relating those patterns to stimulation by other inputs. |
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Term
| What do intracellular recordings primarily detect, and how is this useful? |
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Definition
| Detect the smaller, graded potential changes that trigger action potentials. This allows a more detailed analysis of communication between neurons within a circuit. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| describes sheet-like arrays of nerve cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in the central system, analogous to nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| tracts that cross the midline of the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| axon tracts and commissures |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the visceral motor system, neurons that influence gastric mobility and secretion. |
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Term
| effectors of the somatic motor system |
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Definition
| skeletal (striated) muscles |
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Term
| effectors of the visceral motor system |
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Definition
| smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands |
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Term
| Where do the ganglia of the sympathetic visceral motor system lie? |
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Definition
| along vertebral column, send axons to a variety of targets |
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Term
| Where do the ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the visceral motor system lie? |
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Definition
| within or adjacent to the organ they innervate. |
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Term
| How can the regional anatomy of a human brain be ascertained? |
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Definition
| by examining differences in distribution of grey and white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| studies that involved injury to a certain part of the brain and the resulting loss of function. Used structure to infer function. |
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Term
| The current view of connectional neuroanatomy emerged only after: |
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Definition
| the advent of techniques to trace neural connections from their source to their termination or vice versa |
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Term
|
Definition
| tracing neural connections from their source to their termination |
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Term
|
Definition
| tracing neural connections from their termination to their source |
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Term
| What do anterograde and retrograde tracing allow us to do? |
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Definition
| Assess connections between various regions of the nervous system and their targets in the brain. |
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Term
| General cell staining methods show: |
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Definition
| differences in cell sizes and distributions |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize specific proteins found in different regions of a cell, or in different classes of cells |
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Term
| What is the most widely used technique for functional analysis of neural systems? |
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Definition
| single-unit (or one-cell) physiological recordings |
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Term
| What sort of insights can single-cell analysis give us? |
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Definition
| can give specific info about which type of stimulus the cell is most attuned to |
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Term
|
Definition
| region in sensory space within which a soecific stimulus elicits the greatest action potential response. |
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Term
| How is the receptive field determined? |
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Definition
| single-cell electrophysiological recording with microelectrodes. |
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Term
| What are two advantages of functional brain imaging over techniques that use microelectrodes? |
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Definition
1: noninvasive, can be used on healthy patients
2: allows simultaneous evaluation of multiple brain structures |
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Term
| What is a general purpose of a CT scan? |
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Definition
| 3d image. Can be used to distinguish grey and white matter, ventricles, and other brain structures. |
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Term
| In general, what is a PET scan used for? |
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Definition
| visualize activity-dependent changes in blood flow, tissue metabolism, or biochemical activity. |
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Term
| What may represent a prehistoric understanding of the brain's role in behavior? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How did Egyptians contribute to knowledge of the Brain? |
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Definition
| Although they discarded it during mummification, they kept modern-sounding descriptions of structure and injuries. |
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Term
| What was the general idea of the brain held by the Greek thinkers? |
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Definition
| That the brain was the organ of sensation |
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Term
| Three Greek philosophers and where they viewed the source of intellect: |
|
Definition
1. hippocrates - brain
2. aristotle - heart
3. Herophilus - ventricles of the brain |
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Term
| What was wrongly believed for 2500 ears about the brain and communicating with the nerves? |
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Definition
| It was believed that fluids from the brain carried messages to the nerves |
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Term
| Why was there little progress on brain knowledge during the dark ages? |
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Definition
| religious restrictions on dissections |
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Term
| What important idea did Rene Descartes propose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Modern neuroscience is based on _____, which means : |
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Definition
| monism, the 'mind' is a product of activity in the brain and nervous system |
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Term
| What important discovery did galvani make and how did he discover it? |
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Definition
| electricity was the mode of communication used by the nervous system. By connecting rooftop wires to the legs of frogs. |
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Term
| In what way was phrenology modern? |
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Definition
| it accepted that functions may be localized in the brain |
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Term
| Paul Broca's studies provided firther support for: |
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Definition
| localization of functions |
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Term
| Complexity of an organism comes from: |
|
Definition
| regulation of gene expression NOT absolute number of genes |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of DNA? |
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Definition
| phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rna is single or double stranded |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| few/many genes are neuron-specific |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is much of the brain-specific genetic information contained? |
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Definition
| introns and regulatory sequences |
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Term
| What important function occurs at the axonal hillock? |
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Definition
| all exitatory and inhibitory signals are summed, and the NET inhibition or excitation is fired down the axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic specialization on the target cell |
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Term
| action potentials originate in |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than chemical synapses, what is a second type of synapse and how frequently is it observed? |
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Definition
| electrical synapse, not frequently in humans |
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|
Term
| _________ initiate neurotransmitter release |
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Definition
| Ca2+ coltage-dependendent channels |
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|
Term
| astrocytes are the driving force behind: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce myelin and wrap axons of neurons |
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Term
| What are two general components of the PNS? |
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Definition
| cranial nerves and spinal nerves |
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|
Term
| the motor system consists of impulses coming from _____ to _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| White matter contains myelinated or unmyelinated structures? grey matter? |
|
Definition
| white matter: myelinated. grey matter:unmyelinated |
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Term
|
Definition
| The goal is to discover the function of an area. Apply stimulation and observe results. |
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Term
| Histology is useful in studying the nervous system because/for: |
|
Definition
| applying stain to highlight regions of interest |
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|
Term
| What kind of information does EEG provide? |
|
Definition
| information about the activity of large populations of neurons. No information about neurons deep within the brain. |
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|
Term
| CT provides strictly what type if information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fact does fMRI make use of? |
|
Definition
| the oxygen content of hemoglobin can alter the magnetic resonsance properties of hydrogen nuclei in its vicinity |
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Term
|
Definition
| task-dependent brain functions |
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