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| a flat 2 dimensional representation of space |
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| a list of what symbols mean |
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| where the 4 basic directions are |
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| used to show how much a map’s size has been reduced |
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| shows information based on a theme |
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| imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel across the earth (north or south) |
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| imaginary lines that run up and down on a map (east and west) |
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| stretches around the middle of the earth. 0 degrees of latitude |
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| important longitude lines that divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres |
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| 7 large land masses on earth |
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| largest desert in the world in Northern Africa |
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| an area where tall, large grasses grow in Africa |
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| Area of tropical forest where they get 60 to 100 inches of rainfall a year |
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| area of frozen land, with short grasses and moss. Typically found near or around the Arctic Circle |
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| a large piece of land smaller then a continent |
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| defined by common landforms, soils, climate, vegetation, or animal life |
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| has clear boundaries and is usually defined by 1 characteristic, like rainfall |
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| Earth’s crust and the top section of the mantle |
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| a region of hot, dense rock |
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| everything on earth is on a large metal plate |
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| the spread of heat through the movement of a liquid substance |
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| immense ocean wave cause by an earthquake under water |
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| the wearing down of rocks on the earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, and living things |
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| when rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away |
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| deposit or building up of materials caused by erosion |
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| the process of using and creating water on the earth’s surface |
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| movement’s of the ocean’s water |
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| gases that surround the earth |
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| distinct geographic regions with their own types of plants and animals |
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| fertile flat regions on many continents |
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| temperate grasslands in the northern hemisphere |
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| flat, treeless lands forming a ring around the Arctic Ocean |
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| weather pattern created by the warming of the waters off the west coast of S. America, which pushes warm water and heavy rains toward the Americas and produces drought conditions in Australia and Asia |
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| opposite of El Nino; causes drought conditions in the Americas and heavy rains in Asia and Australia |
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| challenge for the future caused by the burning of fossil fuels; Increased carbon dioxide amounts cause temperatures to rise and polar ice caps to start melting causing sea levels to rise |
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| resources that can renew themselves over a period of time |
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| resources that cannot be renewed during our lifetime, or only used once |
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| the variety of organisms in an ecosystem |
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| Geographic Information System – technology that uses digital map information to create a databank |
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| using resources in a way that can meet future as well as present human demands |
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| total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a group |
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| A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time |
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| dominant religion of India; polytheistic; believe in reincarnation (rebirth) and Karma (rebirth into higher or lower caste dependent on lifestyle); have hereditary social classes called castes |
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| religion that originated in India about 500 BC; follow the teachings of Buddha; follow the Eightfold Path; spread to China, Tibet, Japan and Thailand where it became a religion |
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| first monotheistic religion; Old Testament of Bible; Ten Commandments moral code of conduct |
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| world’s most popular religion; follows Jesus Christ’s teachings; includes many different sects; main regions are Americas and Europe |
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| monotheistic; founded by Mohammed in 600 AD; Holy book is the Koran; 5 pillars of Faith; popular in the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia |
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| monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of Northern India in the 15th century. Combines Hinduism and Islam; 5th largest organized religion. Founder was Guru Nanak |
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| roles specifically assigned to men or women in a culture |
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| referring to a city setting; usually has a high population density and diverse cultures |
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| mountain range that runs through western Russia and is considered to be the dividing line between Europe and Asia |
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| containing a mix of peoples and cultures |
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| divisions of a cultures people based on wealth, power and prestige |
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| refers to how easy or hard it is to change one’s social class within a culture |
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| region where people share common cultural characteristics |
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| area defined by one function that may cross political boundaries. Often they are organized around a focal point such as a city |
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| based on people’s attitudes and emotions about a place. Ex: the “Deep South” |
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| Region that lies at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. |
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| canal that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea and shortens the traveling distance between Europe and Asia |
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| applies to all of the Americas south of the United States. It has 4 main areas, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies ( Caribbean) and South America |
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| An important human-made feature in this region that goes through the Isthmus of Panama joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and serves as a major route for International trade. |
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| the areas of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Many different ethnic groups with animistic, Christian, and Islamic religions; many affected by the slave trade and colonization |
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| the Pacific islands of New Zealand ( colonized by the British) and other smaller nations like Tahiti that are spread across the South Pacific |
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| the movement of greater numbers of people into cities |
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| Human factors affect where people settle, like having a capital city at a central location; location along transportation routes; new technology can override physical barriers, and natural resources can attract settlers to an otherwise unfavorable area |
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| how many people live in a given area |
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| a visual that compares the number of males and females in a society and it includes the average ages of its members. Each group will be represented by a different bar |
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| a slum settlement where poor people live in dwellings made from scrap materials—such as plywood, corrugated metal and plastic sheets. |
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| Factors-the major reasons for migration that either “push” people out of their old location while “pull” factors lure migrants to a new location. Ex: push- poverty, political conflict, environmental factors, oppression. Ex: pull- freedom, economic opportunity (jobs) cultural ties |
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| concern how people organize into groups, such as religious groups |
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| when they need to migrate due to being persecuted for being members of a particular ethnic group. Ex: Rwandans needed to flee to neighboring countries to avoid being massacred |
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| when religious minorities have to leave a place due to their beliefs |
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| migration due to the environment, like a drought, crop failures, floods, fires, earthquakes that force people to migrate |
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| when a migration is forced such as the Atlantic Slave Trade. This migration has accompanied war and the persecution of people throughout most of history |
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| natural features that were once a migration to human migration. Examples are mountains, deserts or dense forests |
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| a natural feature where people used to be able to walk from one land mass to another, like across the Bering Strait now that used to be a land bridge from Asia to North America ( Alaska area) |
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| -how something diffuses or spreads |
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| -(Cultural Diffusion) when ideas, products, and even cultural traits can spread from one culture to another |
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| when new plants, animals, ideas and even diseases were exchanged between the peoples of the Americas and those of Europe |
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| when different cultures exchange ideas and become more similar |
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| when different cultural influences cause an area to divide into separate parts |
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| an epidemic over a wide geographic area |
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| these societies prefer to do things much as their ancestors have done |
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| the spread of ideas, good, technologies, and cultural traits from one society to another |
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| when a dominant group tries to completely eliminate a religious or ethnic group -The mass murder of a people |
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| the use of threats of terror against innocent civilians to gain attention and achieve a group’s aims |
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| the use of materials, tools, and skills to meet human needs |
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| the development of new technologies |
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| a spatial information system that merge information from satellites and land base sources |
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| the removal of salt from ocean water |
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| kingdom in which the ruler’s powers are limited by a constitution |
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| a form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly |
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| government where the people rule through elected representatives |
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| government in which an individual or groups holds complete power |
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| ability of a person or group to determine the policy of a government to serve their individual or group interest |
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| a geographic area that is run by a specific government and has its own laws; there are various levels of political regions, such as: a country, a state, districts within a state, and cities within a state |
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| a unit of territory defined by boundaries set by political authority and usually having a separate political organization |
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| lines that separate one country, state, province, etc., from another |
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| the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed and from which all specific political powers are derived; the intentional independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign interference |
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