Shared Flashcard Set

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SHSWG albsab
Awesome
153
Geography
9th Grade
04/27/2012

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
1. Map
Definition
a flat 2 dimensional representation of space[image]
Term
2. Legend
Definition
a list of what symbols mean[image]
Term
3. Compass Rose
Definition
where the 4 basic directions are[image]
Term
4. Scale
Definition
used to show how much a map’s size has been reduced[image]
Term
5. Thematic Map
Definition

shows information based on a theme

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Term
6. Latitude
Definition

imaginary horizontal lines that run parallel across the earth (north or south)

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Term
7. Longitude
Definition

imaginary lines that run up and down on a map (east and west)

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Term
8. Equator
Definition

stretches around the middle of the earth. 0 degrees of latitude

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Term
9. Prime Meridian
Definition

important longitude lines that divides the earth into eastern and western hemispheres

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Term
10. Continents
Definition

7 large land masses on earth

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Term
11. Sahara Desert
Definition

largest desert in the world in Northern Africa

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Term
12. Savanna
Definition

an area where tall, large grasses grow in Africa

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Term
13. Tropical Rainforest
Definition

Area of tropical forest where they get 60 to 100 inches of rainfall a yearH

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Term
14. Tundra
Definition

area of frozen land, with short grasses and moss. Typically found near or around the Arctic Circle

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Term
15. East Asia
Definition

China, Korea, and Japan

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Term
16. Subcontinent
Definition

a large piece of land smaller then a continent

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Term
17. Physical region
Definition

defined by common landforms, soils, climate, vegetation, or animal life

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Term
18. Formal region
Definition

has clear boundaries and is usually defined by 1 characteristic, like rainfall

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Term
19. Lithosphere
Definition
Earth’s crust and the top section of the mantle[image]
Term
20. Mantle
Definition

a region of hot, dense rock

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Term
21. Plate Tectonics
Definition

everything on earth is on a large metal plate

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Term
22. Convection
Definition

the spread of heat through the movement of a liquid substance

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Term
23. Tsunami
Definition

immense ocean wave cause by an earthquake under water 

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Term
24. Weathering
Definition

the wearing down of rocks on the earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, and living things

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Term
25. Erosion
Definition

when rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away

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Term
26. Deposition
Definition

deposit or building up of materials caused by erosion

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Term
27. Water Cycle
Definition

the process of using and creating water on the earth’s surface

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Term
28. Tides and currents
Definition

movement’s of the ocean’s water

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Term
29. Atmosphere
Definition

gases that surround the earth

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Term
30. Biomes
Definition

distinct geographic regions with their own types of plants and animals

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Term
31. Grasslands
Definition

fertile flat regions on many continents

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Term
32. Steppes islands
Definition

temperate grasslands in the northern hemisphere

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Term
33. Tundra
Definition

flat, treeless lands forming a ring around the Arctic Ocean

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Term
35. El Nino
Definition

weather pattern created by the warming of the waters off the west coast of S. America, which pushes warm water and heavy rains toward the Americas and produces drought conditions in Australia and Asia

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Term
36. La Nina
Definition

opposite of El Nino; causes drought conditions in the Americas and heavy rains in Asia and Australia

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Term
37. Climate Change
Definition

challenge for the future caused by the burning of fossil fuels; Increased carbon dioxide amounts cause temperatures to rise and polar ice caps to start melting causing sea levels to rise

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Term
38. Renewable Resources
Definition

resources that can renew themselves over a period of time 

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Term
39. Non-Renewable Resource
Definition

resources that cannot be renewed during our lifetime, or only used once

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Term
40. Biodiversity
Definition

the variety of organisms in an ecosystem

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Term
41. G.I.S.
Definition

Geographic Information System – technology that uses digital map information to create a databank.

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Term
42. Sustainable Development
Definition

using resources in a way that can meet future as well as present human demands

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Term
43. Culture
Definition

total of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors shared by and passed on by members of a group.

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Term
44. Customs
Definition

A traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time.

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Term
45. Hinduism
Definition
dominant religion of India; polytheistic; believe in reincarnation (rebirth) and Karma (rebirth into higher or lower caste dependent on lifestyle); have hereditary social classes called castes.[image]
Term
46. Buddhism
Definition

religion that originated in India about 500 BC; follow the teachings of Buddha; follow the Eightfold Path; spread to China, Tibet, Japan and Thailand where it became a religion.

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Term
47. Judaism
Definition

first monotheistic religion; Old Testament of Bible; Ten Commandments moral code of conduct

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Term
48. Christianity
Definition

world’s most popular religion; follows Jesus Christ’s teachings; includes many different sects; main regions are Americas and Europe.

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Term
49. Islam
Definition

monotheistic; founded by Mohammed in 600 AD; Holy book is the Koran; 5 pillars of Faith; popular in the Middle East, South and Southeast Asia

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Term
50. Sikhism
Definition

monotheistic religion founded in the Punjab region of Northern India in the 15th century. Combines Hinduism and Islam; 5th largest organized religion. Founder was Guru Nanak.

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Term
51. Gender role
Definition

Roles specifically assigned to men or woman in a culture

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Term
52. Urban
Definition

Referring to a city setting; usually has a high population density & diverse cultures

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Term
53. Ural
Definition

Mountain range that runs through western Russia & is considered to be the dividing line between Europe & Asia

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Term
54. Multicultural
Definition

Containing a mix of peoples & cultures

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Term
55. Social class
Definition

Divisions of a cultures people based on wealth, power, & prestige

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Term
56. Social mobility
Definition

Refers to how easy or hard it is to change ones social class within a culture

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Term
57. Cultural region
Definition

Region where people share common cultural characteristics

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Term
58. Functional region
Definition

Area defined by one function that may cross political boundaries. Often they are organized around a focal point such as a city.

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Term
59. Perceptual region
Definition

Based on people's attitudes & emotions about a place. Ex: the "Deep south"

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Term
60. Middle east
Definition

Region that lies at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, & Africa

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Term
61. Suez canal
Definition

Canal that connects the Mediterranean sea with the red sea & shortens the traveling distance between europe & Asia

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Term
62. Latin America
Definition
applies to all of the Americas south of the United States. It has 4 main areas, Mexico, Central America, the West Indies ( Caribbean) and South America
Term
63. Panama Canal
Definition
An important human-made feature in this region that goes through the Isthmus of Panama joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and serves as a major route for International trade.[image]
Term
64. Sub-Saharan Africa
Definition

the areas of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Many different ethnic groups with animistic, Christian, and Islamic religions; many affected by the slave trade and colonization

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Term
65. Oceania
Definition

the Pacific islands of New Zealand ( colonized by the British) and other smaller nations like Tahiti that are spread across the South Pacific

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Term
66. Demography
Definition

the study of population.

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Term
67. Urbanization
Definition

the movement of greater numbers of people into cities

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Term
68. Settlement patterns
Definition

Human factors affect where people settle, like having a capital city at a central location; location along transportation routes; new technology can override physical barriers, and natural resources can attract settlers to an otherwise unfavorable area

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Term
69. Population Density
Definition
how many people live in a given area[image]
Term
70. Population Pyramid
Definition

a visual that compares the number of males and females in a society and it includes the average ages of its members. Each group will be represented by a different bar

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Term
71. Shanty Town
Definition

a slum settlement where poor people live in dwellings made from scrap materials—such as plywood, corrugated metal and plastic sheets.

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Term
73. Push and Pull Factors
Definition

the major reasons for migration that either “push” people out of their old location while “pull” factors lure migrants to a new location. Ex: push- poverty, political conflict, environmental factors, oppression. Ex: pull- freedom, economic opportunity (jobs) cultural ties

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Term
74. Social factors
Definition

concern how people organize into groups, such as religious groups.

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Term
75. Ethnic Persecution
Definition

when they need to migrate due to being persecuted for being members of a particular ethnic group. Ex: Rwandans needed to flee to neighboring countries to avoid being massacred

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Term
76. Religious Persecution
Definition

when religious minorities have to leave a place due to their beliefs

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Term
77. Environmental Factors
Definition

migration due to the environment, like a drought, crop failures, floods, fires, earthquakes that force people to migrate.

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Term
78. Forced Migration
Definition

when a migration is forced such as the Atlantic Slave Trade. This migration has accompanied war and the persecution of people throughout most of history.

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Term
79. Physical Barriers
Definition

natural features that were once a migration to human migration. Examples are mountains, deserts or dense forests.

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Term
80. Land bridge
Definition

a natural feature where people used to be able to walk from one land mass to another, like across the Bering Strait now that used to be a land bridge from Asia to North America ( Alaska area)

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Term
81. Diffusion
Definition

how something diffuses or spreads

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Term
82. Spatial exchange
Definition

(Cultural Diffusion) when ideas, products, and even cultural traits can spread from one culture to another.

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Term
83. Columbian Exchange
Definition

when new plants, animals, ideas and even diseases were exchanged between the peoples of the Americas and those of Europe.

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Term
84. Cultural Convergence
Definition

when different cultures exchange ideas and become more similar.

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Term
85. Cultural Divergence
Definition

when different cultural influences cause an area to divide into separate parts.

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Term
86. Pandemic
Definition

an epidemic over a wide geographic area.

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Term
87. Traditional Ways
Definition

these societies prefer to do things much as their ancestors have done

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Term
88. Cultural Diffusion
Definition

the spread of ideas, good, technologies, and cultural traits from one society to another.

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Term
89. Genocide
Definition
when a dominant group tries to completely eliminate a religious or ethnic group -The mass murder of a people.[image]
Term
90. Terrorism
Definition

the use of threats of terror against innocent civilians to gain attention and achieve a group’s aims

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Term
91. Technology
Definition

the use of materials, tools, and skills to meet human needs.

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Term
92. Technological innovation
Definition

the development of new technologies

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Term
93. GPS
Definition

a spatial information system that merge information from satellites and land base sources.

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Term
94. Desalinization
Definition

the removal of salt from ocean water

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Term
95. Constitutional monarchy
Definition

kingdom in which the ruler’s powers are limited by a constitution

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Term
96. Direct Democracy
Definition

a form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly

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Term
97. Representative Democracy
Definition

government where the people rule through elected representatives

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Term
98. Dictatorship
Definition

government in which an individual or groups holds complete power

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Term
99. Political Power
Definition

ability of a person or group to determine the policy of a government to serve their individual or group interest

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Term
100. Political Region
Definition

a geographic area that is run by a specific government and has its own laws; there are various levels of political regions, such as: a country, a state, districts within a state, and cities within a state

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Term
101. Political Unit
Definition

a unit of territory defined by boundaries set by political authority and usually having a separate political organization

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Term
102. Borders
Definition

lines that separate one country, state, province, etc., from another

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Term
103. Sovereign Nation
Definition

the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed and from which all specific political powers are derived; the intentional independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign interference

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Term
104. International Relations
Definition

a branch of political science concerned with relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies

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Term
105. Balance Of Power
Definition

an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another

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Term
106. United Nations
Definition

an international organization of countries set up in 1945, in succession to the League of Nations, to promote international peace, security, and cooperation

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Term
107. European Union
Definition

an economic and political association of European countries as a unit with internal free trade and common external tariffs

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Term
108. Decision Making Process
Definition

a process of intelligence, design, and choice activities that result in the selection of a particular course of action

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Term
109. Government Policy
Definition

the course of action (or inaction) taken by the state with regard to a particular issue

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Term
110. Point Of View
Definition

the spatial property of the position from which something is observed

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Term
111. Cultural Beliefs
Definition

the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a of a particular nation, people, or other social group

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Term
112. Patriotism
Definition

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it

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Term
113. Nationalism
Definition

the belief that people should be loyal to their nation

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Term
114. Economics
Definition

the branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption of goods and services and their management

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Term
115. Economist
Definition

an expert in economics who understands systems of production and distribution and consumption

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Term
116. Economic System
Definition

the way people produce and exchange goods

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Term
117. Problem of scarcity
Definition

the fact that humanity does not possess the resources to fulfill everybody’s wishes, desires and needs all at once and all of the time; this leads to disagreements, or conflicts, between individuals and groups over how the finite resources should be distributed

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Term
118. Traditional Economy
Definition

an economy based on agriculture, with others in society working in simple crafts, such as the manufacturing of cloth or pottery

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Term
119. Subsistence Farming
Definition

when people raise just enough food or animals to meet their own needs

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Term
120. Cottage Industries
Definition

small-scale business or manufacturing activity that can be carried on at home by family members using their own equipment

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Term
121. Free Enterprise System
Definition

economic system in which private individuals own most of the resources, technology, and businesses and can operate them with little government control

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Term
122. Capitalism
Definition

an economic system in which the means of productions and distribution are privately owned and operated for a private profit; decisions regarding supply, demand, price, distribution, and investments are made by private actors in the market rather than by central planning by the government.

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Term
123. Profit
Definition

a financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something

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Term
124. Supply And Demand
Definition

an economic model of price determination in a market; it concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium of price and quantity

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Term
125. Commercial Industries
Definition

economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories for the purpose of making a profit

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Term
126. Communist Economy
Definition

The government owns and operates all businesses. A plan is developed by the government, and factory managers are given quotas to meet based upon the national plan.

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Term
127. Socialist Economy
Definition

The government owns and operates many basic industries, while other businesses are privately owned.

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Term
128. Mixed Economy
Definition

Most countries have economies that blend features of each of the other types of economies.

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Term
129. Human Development Index
Definition
Developed by the United Nations to measure a country’s level of economic development. THE HDI takes into account demographic, economic, social, and political indicators to determine the level of economic development and standards of living of the people in a nation.[image]
Term
130. Less Developed
Definition

A country where most people are engaged in primary economic activities such as agriculture and mining.

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Term
131. Newly Developed
Definition

A country where large numbers of people are engaged in secondary economic activities, mainly manufacturing.

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Term
132. More Developed
Definition

Like the U.S. Most workers are engaged in tertiary or quaternary economic activities, such as performing services or processing information.

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Term
133. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Definition

The total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year.

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Term
134. GDP Per Capita
Definition

GDP/total population in a country. Reflects the total value of all goods and services produced by a nation in a year by an average person.

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Term
135. Infant Mortality Rate
Definition

The number of infants who die for every thousand births. Closely related to the level of medical care available when an infant is born.

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Term
136. Literacy Rate
Definition

Percentage of people in a country who can read and write.

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Term
137. Primary Activities
Definition

The most basic economic activities in all societies involve the production of foods and the extraction of resources.

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Term
138. Secondary Activities
Definition

The manufacture and production of goods. Adds value to raw materials by processing them or by changing their form.

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Term
139. Tertiary Activities
Definition

Deals with services. This sector is identified by a variety of services performed by people and businesses. In U.S., more than 80% of the labor force are tertiary workers.

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Term
140. Quaternary Activities
Definition

Economic activities involving information processing and management.

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Term
141. Globalization
Definition

The creation of a single global economy and community

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Term
142. Outsourcing
Definition

The process by which a company hires other companies to perform some of its work.

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Term
143. Human Resources
Definition

People are an ingredient in producing a good or service. Where people are located also affects the location of economic activities.

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Term
144. Capital Resources
Definition

Goods made that are used to make other goods and services, rather than being consumed.

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Term
145. Infrastructure
Definition

The foundation upon which business operate and is critical for economic growth. It’s a type of capital resource that is the investment that a society makes by building roads, railroads, electric power plants telephone and internet lines. Infrastructure also includes the investment a society makes in providing a system of law-and-order, money and banking, hospitals and healthcare, and other essential services.

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Term
146. Entrepreneurship
Definition

The acts of people who bring together and organize all the other productive resources. Usually are business owners or managers.

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Term
147. Productive Resources
Definition

Natural resources, human resources, and capital resources that are used by entrepreneurs.

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Term
148. Specialization
Definition

Different areas seem to specialize in specific economic activities, which leads to trade.

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Term
149. Comparative Advantage
Definition

Due to uneven distribution of both natural and human resources, each region tends to make certain types of goods, based on the productive resources it has available. Each region will produce those goods and services it cam make at the lowest cost.

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Term
150. Export
Definition

Goods and services sold from one country to other countries.

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Term
151. Import
Definition

Goods from foreign countries brought into a country for use or sale.

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Term
152. Protective Tariff
Definition

Taxes added to imported goods to protect a country’s existing industries.

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Term
153. Free Trade Zone
Definition

No tariffs or quotas between member countries to restrict trade.

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Term
154. Per Capita Income
Definition

Or income per person is a measure of average income within a country. It is calculated by taking all sources of income (such as GDP or National Income) and dividing it by the total population. This can be used to compare countries’ economic development.

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Term
155. Life Expectancy
Definition

The average age that a person in a given country can expect to live to. Usually ties back to the economic development status of a country.

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