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| the professor found a fungus near ithaca that was the missing part of the life cycle of the billion dollar mold that makes ____________ |
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| in 1942, _____ _______ became the first patient to be saved by ____________. |
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| Millions of acres (~9 mill) have been killed by the ___________ and its fungus over the last 20 years, and its numbers continue to grow |
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| the mountain pine beetle and its fungus: |
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1. its partnership is a huge issue
2. the fungus causes a blue staining, which is not desirable for lumber companies |
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_________ of rye and wheat is a plant disease.
_______ is derived from this fungus. |
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| there are two parts that make up a fungus: |
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1. the structure for eating, growing, and making structures
2. the basic unit of fungus--everything is made of hyphae.
3. they grow outward at their tips
4. have a crunchy cell wall |
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| hypha have a crunchy cell wall made of _______, and inside of the _______ is the cell itself. |
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1. put together like a string of pearls, except each pearl is a molecule.
2. provides structural support, like cellulose. it is strong + hard to digesr |
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| key difference between fungi and plants is that |
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fungi make cell walls of chitin while plants make cell walls of cellulose (animals dont have cell walls).
also, ppl can't digest cellulose or chitin--these molecules referred to as "fiber in diet |
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| fungal colonies are ______, they _____ |
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| circular, they expand radially |
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| the outer edge of the colony is |
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the youngest and most active.
ex: circular rash from ringworm, or fairy rings made by mushrooms |
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| the structures for reproducing and getting around |
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| a spore germinates and then grows and branches. it first makes a tube, or hypha, then eventually a network of hyphae, called a __________. |
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| fungus __________ are especially effective in attacking ______, ________, and ____. |
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enzymes, cellulose, lignin, pectin.
these are all compounds that plants are made of, and fungi specialize in eating plants |
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| fungi's principal role is ________ |
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| the major role of fungi on earth is |
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| digesting dead materials. otherwise, we'd be buried in all of the waste that is produced (like dead trees) |
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| after plant roots, fungi are |
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| the most abundant things in soil (although they are usually too small to see) |
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| wood; they can literally invade buildings and "eat your house" |
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| some fungi create ______ _______, which are beautiful patterns formed in the wood. they are the lines between different fungi. |
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| ___________ is a type of fungi that glows in the dark |
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| ______ ________ is a fungus that glows via __________ |
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| panellus stipticus, bioluminescence |
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| an odor, molds in a basement, truffles, etc |
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| _______ is a company that trains dogs to detect fungi |
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| openings via touch; they use this to enter plants via openings on the bottom of the leaf called stomata |
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| Fungi can defend themselves, |
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| typically against other fungi |
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| Fungi can also sense and respond to |
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| light by bending towards it |
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| Fungi can also sense and respond to |
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| gravity. for ex, a cap will always try to have its gills facing downward |
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| _________ (root-like) is a traveling structure for some fungi |
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| Honey mushrooms use __________, which tend to be huge |
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| the OG humungous fungus lives in ____ and the mycelium weighs ____. |
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Crystal Falls, Michigan (they still have an annual fungus festival)
weighs over 100 tons and is about 1500 yrs old
when a group of researchers went out to research fungi and tested the genes of the fungi that they had found, they realized that they were all the same organism |
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| the next humongous fungus |
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is bigger than the OG
is 2,384 acres (4 sq mi) and at least 2400 yrs old
lives in oregon's blue mountains and eats trees for a living
is a form of honey mushroom and has more mass than a blue whale. |
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| the other thing that fungi do is make spores, which are used for ______ & __________. |
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| the largest spores are just |
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| big enough to see with the naked eye (100 micrometers, but most are 10-100x smaller than that) |
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| when studying fungi in a petri dish, note that |
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| each colony on a petri dish grew from a single spore |
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| fungi can make spores by just |
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Definition
| pinching off parts of their hyphae |
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| when fungi undergo sexual reproduction they might |
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| make a different kind of spore |
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| often the way a fungi is identified is by |
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| how they form their spore |
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| what triggers a fungus to make spores? |
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1. change in day length (we typically see many fungi releasing spores in the fall)
2. change in moisture (if an area is dry and becomes wet, more spores will be created bcs the conditions are better for growth)
3. food shortage |
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| what can you do with hyphae? |
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1. fungi "genders" and sexual repro happens when the hyphae from two diff organisms join together
2. ecovative is a co that makes products out of hyphae
ex: they use hyphae as a biodegradable replacement for styrofoam |
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| remember, all fungi are composed of ____ and _____ |
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characteristics of fungi:
they have cells with a ______ |
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characteristics of fungi:
they have a unique cell wall chemistry (_____), which presents a key difference of fungi from plants. (plants have ________ while fungi have _______) |
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| chitin, cellulose, chitin |
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characteristics of fungi:
they dont have ________
this is another way they differ from plants |
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characteristics of fungi:
they have _______ and are reproduced via ______ |
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| a simple morphology, spores |
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| the three domains of organisms are: |
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| bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes |
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| fungi, plants, and animals are all _______ |
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very closely related (closest kingdom)
an implication of this is that it makes developing drugs against fungi difficult, since the drug that would kill fungi is likely to negatively affect animals as well. ex: an infection caused by fungi is athletes foot |
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fungi have been around for ~
we know this from a new ancient fossils of fungi |
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| __________are the fossils that provide the strongest evidence and these were abundant about 370-420 mill yrs ago. this was before land plants and dinos. this is known as the "_____" |
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| prototaxites, age of the fungi |
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| there is an argument that prototaxites might not be fungi. however, |
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| there are modern, smaller fungi that resemble prototaxites |
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| in this course, the kingdom fungi is studied. there major phyla (groups) of fungi are: |
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| chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota. |
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| why does classification change? |
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1. it's estimated that only 10% of the fungi on the planet have been named
2. fungi are simple and there hasnt been much to go on. right now, DNA is being used to decipher relationships among similar-looking fungi.
3. as new fungi are discovered, new names are needed. |
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| a recently added new phylum is the _______ |
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| small, simple parasites. they were recently discovered to be fungi using DNA analusis. they mostly cause diseases in insects but sometimes also give humans diarrhea. |
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| problems with fungal naming: |
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common names are typically used, but are not specific enough
ex: morels (other names include dryland fish, merkels, sponge mushrooms). the latin name is morchella escuelenta |
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the fungal life cycle:
many fungi make diff structures and spores in sexual vs asexual parts of their life cycle. this confused early fungus namers--were these diff-looking things the same organism? ex: |
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moldy peach infected with brown rot
a. the brown rot on the peach makes asexual spores. these spores seek out peaches and can grow on a new peach, and then the cycle begins again.
b. brown rot can also reproduce sexually with cup fungi, which creates ascospores that are then released. the ascospores undergo flowering and grow into a genetically different fungus.
c. the different phases of the fungal life cycle look different, like a caterpiller and a butterflu, so it makes it difficult to name them |
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| brown rot can reproduce secually with _____ ______, which creates ___________ that are then released. these undergo flowering and grow into a genetically different fungus |
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