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| What is the purpose of setting good console and system gain structure? |
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Definition
| To avoid clipping and any given point in the system, Never have distortion, Minimize system noise |
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| What is the most common device to clip in a sound reinforcement system? |
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| Describe two ways that signal polarity can be reversed besides the polarity button on a mixing console. |
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Definition
1. Positive and Negative crossed from Amp to Speakers
2. XLR Pins 2 and 3 are reversed |
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Term
| How much additional amplifier power is required to double the loudness of a loudspeaker system? |
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Definition
| 10x the power = 2x loudness |
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Term
| What is the +4dBu standard, and what equipment uses this standard? |
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Definition
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| When adjusting a level control on a sound system, a change in _________________ is being made. |
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Term
| Describe the inverse square law |
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Definition
| For every doubling of distance away from the sound source, the acoustical reduces by 6dB. 20xLog(distance1/distance2). Distance can be in either feet or meters. |
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| The decibel change be used to express _______________ or _________________ levels within an audio system. |
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| Define the term “acoustic gain.” |
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Definition
| The amount of gain a system provides to an un-amplified sound source. |
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Term
| Define the term “potential acoustic gain.” |
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Definition
| AKA "Gain before feedback" or "PAG" The amount of gain a system can achieve before feedback. |
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Term
| Define the term “loop unity gain.” |
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Definition
| When the source and the loudspeaker reinforcing the source are equal in level at the mic capsule. |
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Term
| Name three things that factor into the potential for feedback. |
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Definition
1. Response of speaker
2. Mic Response
3. Acoustic Enviroment |
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Term
| How does changing the distance between the source and the mic affect acoustic gain? |
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Definition
Doubling the distance = lose 6dB
Half the distance = gain 6dB |
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Term
| How does changing the number of open microphones on stage affect acoustic gain? |
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Definition
Doubling the mics = lose 3dB
More mics = less acoustic gain |
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Term
| Define the term “loudspeaker Q” |
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Definition
| A measure of directional properties of a loudspeaker. |
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Term
| Name 3 ways that you can improve gain before feedback. |
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Definition
1. Use as few mics as possible.
2. Mic as close to the source as possible.
3. Take advantage of mic and speaker directionality. |
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Term
| What attributes of a loudspeaker affect acoustic gain? |
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Definition
| Frequency response, Polar Pattern, Sensitivity |
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Term
| What attributes of a microphone affect acoustic gain? |
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Definition
| Frequency response, Polar Pattern, Sensitivity |
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Term
| What type of cabling does an Avid Venue system use to connect the stage rack to the FOH rack? |
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Definition
| 75 Ω COAX w/ BNC connectors |
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Term
| Digico consoles use the __________ protocol for digital audio transmission. |
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Definition
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Term
Multiple Digico consoles can share a single stage rack using a system called
______________ ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single Avid HDx card can output _______ channels of digital audio into a Pro Tools HD2 system. |
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Definition
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Term
In order to connect a second stage rack to an Avid Venue system, you must add a
______________ card to your __________ rack. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a “virtual soundcheck?” |
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Definition
| The process of using multitrack recordings instead of a live band for soundcheck input material. |
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Term
| Most consoles fix the slope of a HPF at _______ or ________ dB/Octave. |
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Definition
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Term
| The frequency setting on a high pass filter can also be called the ___________________ ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parameters of a parametric EQ? |
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Definition
1. Center frequency
2. Gain
3. Bandwidth (Q) |
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Term
| What are the two parameters on a traditional shelving EQ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the one parameter of a high pass filter? |
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Definition
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Term
| The frequency at which a system crosses over from one driver to another is called the ________________ ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The area in which two drivers’ frequency response overlaps is called the _______________ ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
Crossover filter slopes are described in orders. Fill in the slope in dB/Octave for the following filter orders…
1st Order: _______/Octave
5th Order: _______/Octave
8th Order: _______/Octave |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three most common crossover filter shapes/topologies. |
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Definition
| Linkwitz-Riley, Bessel, Butterworth |
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Term
| A passive crossover network divides frequency ________________ the amplifier. |
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Definition
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| An active crossover network divides frequency ________________ the amplifier. |
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Definition
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Term
| A simple stereo 3-Way system with bi-amped front fills would require a crossover with a minimum of _______ inputs and _______ outputs. |
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Definition
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| A stereo 4-way system with mono tri-amped delays would require a crossover with a minimum of ________ inputs and ________ outputs |
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| A loudspeaker’s nominal impedance is an _________________ across its usable frequency range. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three types of amplifier input connectors? |
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Definition
| XLR, TRS, Phoenix, Network |
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Term
| Name three types of amplifier output connectors. |
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Definition
| Speakon, 5-way Binding Post, Barrier Strip, TS |
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Term
| Name the three most common amplifier operating modes. |
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Definition
| Stereo, Parallel, Bridged |
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Term
| A loudspeaker’s axial sensitivity is defined as the… |
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Definition
| dbSPL output at 1 watt/1 meter (frequency dependent) |
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Term
| What does the term system drive refer to? |
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Definition
| A map that shows the connection between output busses of your console and your speakers. |
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Term
| Describe two benefits of driving subwoofers from an aux send. |
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Definition
1. Reduce potential for low frequency feedback
2. Control what goes to the subs |
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Term
| List three purposes for using a center cluster of loudspeakers. |
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Definition
| Vocals, Speech and Surround Center Channel |
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Term
| There are two different ways to use front fills, describe one of these methods in as much detail as you can… |
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Definition
1. Matrix sum of the left and right stereo bus -> Everything to front fills
2. Use an aux -> VOX only submix |
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Term
| When wiring loudspeakers via Neutrik speakon connectors, the highest numbered pin is wired to the… |
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Definition
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Term
| Define the term “bi-amped loudspeaker” |
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Definition
1. Active crossover
2. Powered by two separate amp channels |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a paralleled input panel on an amplifier rack? |
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Definition
| To jump signal from one mix to the next. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a paralleled output panel on an amplifier rack? |
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Definition
| To parallel multiple speakers on to the same amp output. |
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| Stereo Aux or Dedicated System |
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