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Show Production Systems
Final Exam Review
65
Engineering
Undergraduate 4
02/26/2013

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Cards

Term
What is the purpose of setting good console and system gain structure?
Definition
To avoid clipping and any given point in the system, Never have distortion, Minimize system noise
Term
What is the most common device to clip in a sound reinforcement system?
Definition
Amplifier
Term
Describe two ways that signal polarity can be reversed besides the polarity button on a mixing console.
Definition
1. Positive and Negative crossed from Amp to Speakers
2. XLR Pins 2 and 3 are reversed
Term
How much additional amplifier power is required to double the loudness of a loudspeaker system?
Definition
10x the power = 2x loudness
Term
What is the +4dBu standard, and what equipment uses this standard?
Definition
Pro Line Level = 1.23v
Term
When adjusting a level control on a sound system, a change in _________________ is being made.
Definition
Voltage
Term
Describe the inverse square law
Definition
For every doubling of distance away from the sound source, the acoustical reduces by 6dB. 20xLog(distance1/distance2). Distance can be in either feet or meters.
Term
The decibel change be used to express _______________ or _________________ levels within an audio system.
Definition
Absolute or Relative
Term
0dBm
Definition
0.001 watt
Term
0dBW
Definition
1 watt
Term
dBu
Definition
0.775 v
Term
0dBV
Definition
1 volt
Term
0dBSPL
Definition
0.00002 pa
Term
Define the term “acoustic gain.”
Definition
The amount of gain a system provides to an un-amplified sound source.
Term
Define the term “potential acoustic gain.”
Definition
AKA "Gain before feedback" or "PAG" The amount of gain a system can achieve before feedback.
Term
Define the term “loop unity gain.”
Definition
When the source and the loudspeaker reinforcing the source are equal in level at the mic capsule.
Term
Name three things that factor into the potential for feedback.
Definition
1. Response of speaker
2. Mic Response
3. Acoustic Enviroment
Term
How does changing the distance between the source and the mic affect acoustic gain?
Definition
Doubling the distance = lose 6dB
Half the distance = gain 6dB
Term
How does changing the number of open microphones on stage affect acoustic gain?
Definition
Doubling the mics = lose 3dB
More mics = less acoustic gain
Term
Define the term “loudspeaker Q”
Definition
A measure of directional properties of a loudspeaker.
Term
Name 3 ways that you can improve gain before feedback.
Definition
1. Use as few mics as possible.
2. Mic as close to the source as possible.
3. Take advantage of mic and speaker directionality.
Term
What attributes of a loudspeaker affect acoustic gain?
Definition
Frequency response, Polar Pattern, Sensitivity
Term
What attributes of a microphone affect acoustic gain?
Definition
Frequency response, Polar Pattern, Sensitivity
Term
What type of cabling does an Avid Venue system use to connect the stage rack to the FOH rack?
Definition
75 Ω COAX w/ BNC connectors
Term
Digico consoles use the __________ protocol for digital audio transmission.
Definition
MADI
Term
Multiple Digico consoles can share a single stage rack using a system called
______________ ___________________.
Definition
Gain Tracking
Term
A single Avid HDx card can output _______ channels of digital audio into a Pro Tools HD2 system.
Definition
64
Term
In order to connect a second stage rack to an Avid Venue system, you must add a
______________ card to your __________ rack.
Definition
Snake 2/FOH
Term
What is a “virtual soundcheck?”
Definition
The process of using multitrack recordings instead of a live band for soundcheck input material.
Term
Most consoles fix the slope of a HPF at _______ or ________ dB/Octave.
Definition
12 or 18
Term
The frequency setting on a high pass filter can also be called the ___________________ ___________________.
Definition
Knee Frequency
Term
What are the three parameters of a parametric EQ?
Definition
1. Center frequency
2. Gain
3. Bandwidth (Q)
Term
What are the two parameters on a traditional shelving EQ?
Definition
Gain and Frequency
Term
What is the one parameter of a high pass filter?
Definition
Frequency
Term
The frequency at which a system crosses over from one driver to another is called the ________________ ______________.
Definition
Crossover Point
Term
The area in which two drivers’ frequency response overlaps is called the _______________ ________________.
Definition
Crossover Region
Term
Crossover filter slopes are described in orders. Fill in the slope in dB/Octave for the following filter orders…

1st Order: _______/Octave
5th Order: _______/Octave
8th Order: _______/Octave
Definition
6dB, 30dB, 48dB
Term
List the three most common crossover filter shapes/topologies.
Definition
Linkwitz-Riley, Bessel, Butterworth
Term
A passive crossover network divides frequency ________________ the amplifier.
Definition
After
Term
An active crossover network divides frequency ________________ the amplifier.
Definition
Before
Term
A simple stereo 3-Way system with bi-amped front fills would require a crossover with a minimum of _______ inputs and _______ outputs.
Definition
2 in/6 out
Term
A stereo 4-way system with mono tri-amped delays would require a crossover with a minimum of ________ inputs and ________ outputs
Definition
3 in/8 out
Term
A loudspeaker’s nominal impedance is an _________________ across its usable frequency range.
Definition
Average
Term
Name three types of amplifier input connectors?
Definition
XLR, TRS, Phoenix, Network
Term
Name three types of amplifier output connectors.
Definition
Speakon, 5-way Binding Post, Barrier Strip, TS
Term
Name the three most common amplifier operating modes.
Definition
Stereo, Parallel, Bridged
Term
A loudspeaker’s axial sensitivity is defined as the…
Definition
dbSPL output at 1 watt/1 meter (frequency dependent)
Term
What does the term system drive refer to?
Definition
A map that shows the connection between output busses of your console and your speakers.
Term
Describe two benefits of driving subwoofers from an aux send.
Definition
1. Reduce potential for low frequency feedback
2. Control what goes to the subs
Term
List three purposes for using a center cluster of loudspeakers.
Definition
Vocals, Speech and Surround Center Channel
Term
There are two different ways to use front fills, describe one of these methods in as much detail as you can…
Definition
1. Matrix sum of the left and right stereo bus -> Everything to front fills
2. Use an aux -> VOX only submix
Term
When wiring loudspeakers via Neutrik speakon connectors, the highest numbered pin is wired to the…
Definition
Highest frequency driver
Term
Define the term “bi-amped loudspeaker”
Definition
1. Active crossover
2. Powered by two separate amp channels
Term
What is the purpose of a paralleled input panel on an amplifier rack?
Definition
To jump signal from one mix to the next.
Term
What is the purpose of a paralleled output panel on an amplifier rack?
Definition
To parallel multiple speakers on to the same amp output.
Term
Delays
Definition
Matrix
Term
Front Fills
Definition
Matrix or Aux
Term
Mains Left
Definition
Stereo bus or Matrix Bus
Term
Subwoofers
Definition
Stereo Bus or Aux
Term
Side Hangs
Definition
Matrix
Term
Rear Hangs
Definition
Matrix
Term
70v Speakers
Definition
Matrix
Term
Mains Right
Definition
Stereo Bus or Matrix Bus
Term
Center Cluster
Definition
Mono Bus or Aux
Term
Surrounds
Definition
Stereo Aux or Dedicated System
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