Term
| Terms used to describe shape |
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Definition
Coccus pl cocci,
bacillus, pl; Bacilli,
Spirillum |
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Term
| • Structural differences between Gram positive and Gram negative cell wall |
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Definition
| Gram positive cell walls contain teichoic acid, have thick peptidoglycan layer, Lack outer membrane, lipopolysaccharide and porin proteins |
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Term
| Why are electrons important in metabolism? |
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Definition
| The movement of electrons helps cells make ATP |
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Term
Know difference between:
Chemotroph vs. Phototroph |
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Definition
Chemotrophs use chemical compounds for their energy source
Phototrophs use light as their energy source |
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Term
| Why is nitrogen fixation important to all life on this planet? |
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Definition
Nitrogen fixation is important because cells use nitrogen to make amino acids and nucleic acids.
-Done by converting N2 to amino acids in a process of deamination. |
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Term
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Definition
| require oxygen for growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Can live with or withut O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| grows without the presence of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow in the presence of oxygen but do not use it as its final electron acceptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that require small amounts of oxygen for growth but are inhibited by larger amounts. |
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Term
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Definition
| • A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a cells DNA |
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Term
| Spontaneous mutations include |
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Definition
Base substitution
removal or adding nucleotides
transposable elements |
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Term
| Three results of base subtitutions |
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Definition
A silent mutation- Nucleotide change results in when new amino acid results in wild amino acid.
Missense mutation results when new codon encodes for a different amino acid.
Nonsense mutations. Occur when the changed codon is a stop codon. |
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Term
| What are two structures that are found in some, but not all, viruses? |
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Definition
| A matrix protein and an envelope. |
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Term
| Anti-sense DNA can be used to make what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the basic structural differences between bacteriophage and animal viruses. |
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Definition
Bacteriophage have tail region that are used to inject genetic material into host.
Animal virus enters host cell directly and can have additional outer coverings such as matrix protein and envelope. |
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Term
| What’s the function of the tail structure in bacteriophage? |
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Definition
| The tail structure attaches to the host cell and injects the viral nucleic acids into host. |
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Term
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Definition
| An operon is a group of genes whose expression is controlled as a single unit. |
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Term
| The genes of the lactose operon encode for proteins that do what? |
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Definition
| Encodes for proteins required for degradation of lactose. |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down and building up of molecules in order for cell to stay alive. |
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Term
| Molecules needed for a cell to live |
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Definition
-Needs a molecule containing high energy electrons.
- molecule that has pull for electrons
-molecule containing carbons
N, S, P, Fe, Mg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Have H AND C (has to have both to be organic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Use organic molecules as electron source.
Ex. Carbs, proteins, lipids |
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Term
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Definition
Use Inorganic molecules as electron source.
H2 H2S NH3 |
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Term
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Definition
Use low energy inorganic and organic.
make high energy from sun |
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Term
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Definition
perform respiration
use inorganic molecules as electron acceptor.
O2, NO3, SO4 |
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Term
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Definition
aerobic respiration uses O2 as final electron acceptor
Anaerobic respirator uses NO3, SO4 |
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Term
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Definition
uses organic molecules as final electron acceptor
Ex: Pyruvate |
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Term
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Definition
uses inorganic molecules as its source of carbon.
CO2
Auto (self)
troph(Feed) |
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Term
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Definition
| use organic molecules such as lipids, carbs, and proteins |
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Term
| Cells that can metabolize organic molecules and O2 |
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Definition
| chemoorganotroph heterotroph fermentator aerobic respirator |
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Term
| glucose is valuable because |
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Definition
it contains carbons
because it has high energy electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
Beta-Galactosidase
A protein that serves as an enzyme that breaks up the glucose and galactose |
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Term
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Definition
Beta-galactoside transacetylase.
is the third protein that enables the bacteria to break down lactose. |
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Term
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Definition
Galactoside permease
a pore protein that allows the E. coli to take the lactose in. |
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Term
(lac operon)
What’s the function of CAP-cAMP? |
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Definition
| Helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region |
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Term
(lac operon)
What’s the function of the operator region? |
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Definition
| A binding site for the repressor protein keeping the lac operon turned off |
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Term
| What’s the function of the lac I gene |
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Definition
| Contains information to tell the cell how to make the repressor protein. |
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Term
| The presence of lactose causes E. coli to turn ( on or off ) its lactose operon and why? |
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Definition
| On. The repressor protein changes shape when it comes in contact with lactose and falls off the operator region allowing the RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac operon. Which then produces the proteins that metabolize lactose. |
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Term
| The presence of glucose causes E. coli to turn ( on or off ) its lactose operon. |
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Definition
Off.
In order to make ATP the AMP is used up leaving none available to bind to the cAMP. The Camp in turn changes shape rendering it unable to bind to the DNA molecules releasing the RNA polymerase from the promoter region shutting down the lac operon. |
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Term
| How does the presence of lactose cause the lactose operon to get turned on? |
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Definition
| The repressor protein changes shape when it comes in contact with lactose and falls off the operator region allowing the RNA polymerase to transcribe the lac operon. Which then produces the proteins that metabolize lactose. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria are living, viruses are not.
Viruses lack ribosomes, ATP, ways of making ATP. No free floating AA or NA |
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Term
| Basic structure of a virus |
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Definition
Nucleic acids wrapped in a protein coat.(capsid)
Some have a matrix protein and an envelope made up of phospholipids |
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Term
| A virus that infects bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Some contain Single stranded nucleic acid
some have double stranded NA's
Some have segmented NA, some have Non-segmented NA
Some have RNA
Some have DNA |
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Term
| two types of infection caused by bacteriophage |
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Definition
Latent- don't produce complete viruses
productive- complete viruses are produced |
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Term
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Definition
| encodes for nuclease enzyme that breaks down chromosomal DNA in the host cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| reads NA and makes compliment of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral genes expressed immediately after entering the host cell. Part of productive infection |
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Term
| two types of infection caused by Animal viruses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
(hiv)Viral RNA?
Process called? |
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Definition
| is used to make complimentary DNA strand reverse transcription |
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Term
| Animal viruses leave host cell via |
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Definition
Budding. Gains envelope by doing this.
lysing the cell |
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Term
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Definition
virus that does transcription in reverse.
Makes DNA from RNA |
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Term
| two receptors needed for HIV gp120 to bind to and infect host cell |
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Definition
| CD4 and a co-receptor (CxCR4 on helper T cells Or CCR5 found on macrophages, and dendritic cells) |
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Term
| What allows fusion to happen? |
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Definition
| GP40 embeds itself in the membrane of the host cell |
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Term
| Types of cells HIV can infect |
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Definition
| brain cells, MACs, Helper T-cells, Intestinal cells |
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Term
| hallmark of advanced HIV infection |
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Definition
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Term
| How does HIV cause Helper T cells die due to osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| Influx of NA and K ions which are co-factors required by enzymes for replication. This causes the cell to burst due to osmotic pressure. |
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Term
a. proteins responsible for detecting DNA damage do what?
b. If they are missing? |
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Definition
a. stop the cell from dividing
. Cell cant detect if its DNA is damaged, it will kill itself |
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Term
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Definition
| deactivates protein responsible for detecting damaged DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Infected (helper T cell)CD4 molecule |
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Definition
| loads antigen onto mhc 1 and presents to cytotoxic T cell. Cytotoxic T-cell recognizes antigen as foreign and kills the cell. |
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Term
| GP120 causes decrease of helper t cells by? |
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Definition
| binds to cd4 molecules keeping them from patrolling the blood for cells that need help |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to cd4 molecule of helper T cell causing antibodies to bind which then attracts Natural killer cells triggering ADCC (cell death) |
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Term
| On average the time it takes for Hiv to overtake CD4 cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-CD4+ cells
-immediate depletion of CD4 cells |
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Term
| Hiv infections decreases in the beginning because? |
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Definition
| cytotoxic t cells and antibodies are able to respond and kill the infected cells. |
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Term
As number of CD4 cells go down...
causing??? |
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Definition
-Cells are not able to release cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells.
B-cells are not activated, so less antibodies are produced. |
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Term
| four classes of drugs to treat HIV |
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Definition
1: Fusion inhibitors
2: reverse transcriptase inhibitor (stops DNA expression of HIV genome)
3: Inegrase inhibitor. Prevents HIV DNA from being intagrated into host DNA.
4: protease inhibitors. Prevent HIV from producing fully functioning proteins
3: |
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Term
| Hiv is hard to target once it is inserts into DNA of host. |
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Definition
| Because there are no drugs to target DNA without damaging host. |
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Term
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Definition
| are weakened live viruses. HIV has high mutation rate and can mutate back to wild form. |
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Term
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Definition
| are dead viruses, Produces insufficient immune response. Doesn't work against all strains of HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| are hidden from antibodies by carbohydrate molecules. Keeping b-cells from binding and antibodies from being produced. |
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Term
| Why inactivated HIV vaccines don't work against all strains. |
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Definition
| Because HIV has a high mutation rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses portions of the virus. Has same problems as inactivated virus |
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Term
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Definition
-promising because you can use consistent HIV gene that does not differ between strains.
-stimulates both Ab and Tc responce
-Does not provie complete immunity
-not approved for use. |
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Term
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Definition
| are part of adaptive immune response |
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Term
| Innate Immune Cells (macrophage and neutrophil) |
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Definition
ability to fight pathogens is encoded for by genes that don't change.
Built in immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
can change (adapt) after coming into contact with pathogen.
Possess genes that are more prone to change. |
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Term
| all blood cells come from.... |
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Definition
| come from hematopetic stem cells |
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Term
| Common lymphoid progenitor |
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Definition
| gives rise to cells in the adaptive immune system |
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Term
| hematopetic stem cells are found in |
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Definition
| the red bone marrow of the thymus, hips, tops of legs and shoulders. |
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Term
| two types of lymphoid organs |
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Definition
-Primary lymphoid organs (bone marrow and thymus)
Secondary lymphoid organs: Lymph nodes, lymphatic, vessels, appendix, spleen and peyers patches. Secondary LOs are where pathogens are brought together with leukocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
bind to free floating epitopes.
Takes in Antigen, chops it up and presents it to helper t cell. Helper t cell confirms foreign antigen, releases cytokines and which activates B-cell |
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Term
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Definition
| only bind to epitopes if they are being presented by another cell.because TCR only recognizes epitope and MHC as a combo |
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Term
| What happens when B-cells become activated? |
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Definition
| B cell makes clones of itself. Some become Memory B cells and some become plasma cells. Plasma cells release antibodies specific to the antigen that originated the cloning of origional B-cell. |
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Term
| Memory B cells have _______ cytokine receptors than original |
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Definition
| More. this makes them more efficient should they encounter antigen again. |
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Term
| When antibodies stick to a bacterial cell........ |
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Definition
-can prevent bacterial cell from binding to our own cell (neutralization)
-can result in compliment proteins to become activated
- NK cell can binds to antibodies bound to antigens and causes ADCC
-agglutination |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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Term
| helper t cells activate.. |
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Definition
| B cells, macrophages, NK cells and cytotoxic T cells. |
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Term
CD4 Molecules are found on..
CD8 Molecules are found on.. |
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Definition
a helper T cells
B Cytotoxic T cell |
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Term
Cytotoxic T cells release?
causing the cell to die how? why? |
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Definition
perforins and proteases.
By apoptosis.
Lysing the cell would release the virus with in the cell. apoptosis makes the cell shrivel up and be eaten by a macrophage. |
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Term
| Some viruses avoid being killed by cytotoxic T-calls how? |
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Definition
| by down regulating the expression of the MHC 1 molecule in the host. |
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