Term
|
Definition
| Events that either occur locally, following trauma or infection and leading to rhep (redness, heat, edema, pain) or occur systematically. |
|
|
Term
| Markers of inflammation ? |
|
Definition
rhep p
Redness, heat, edema, pain, and sometimes pus |
|
|
Term
| Heat and redness in inflammation reflect what ? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilatation (or increased blood flow) and extravasation |
|
|
Term
| Edema in inflammation is caused by ? |
|
Definition
| Leakage of fluid from circulation into tissues (increased vascular permeability) |
|
|
Term
| Pain in inflammation is due to? |
|
Definition
| Stimulation of nerve endings by bradykinin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The accumulation of dead phagocytes and bacteria along with byproducts of tissue destruction |
|
|
Term
| 3 classical inducers of inflammation are ? |
|
Definition
TMT
Tissue damage, microbial infections, or toxic agents |
|
|
Term
| Some of the things that happen during inflammation ? |
|
Definition
Tissue damage
Deposition of C3b (if infection)
Phagocytosis by tissue macrophages
Increase dendritic cells for endocytosis
Antigen particles migrate to lymph node |
|
|
Term
| Tissue damage, regardless of initiating agent, triggers what ? |
|
Definition
Activation of coagulation pathway contact system
Contact system is composed of 4 proteins: Factor 12, Factor 11, prekallikrein, and high molecule weight kininogen |
|
|
Term
| What two things serve as target for Factor 12 binding ? |
|
Definition
Collagen
Platelet membranes |
|
|
Term
| Activated Factor 12 does what ? |
|
Definition
| Converts prekallikrein to active kallikrein |
|
|
Term
| What does kallikrein do ? |
|
Definition
| Cleaves kininogen to release bradykinin (vasodilator that increases vascular permeability) and cleaves C5 to make C5a (anaphylatoxin that binds onto basophils and mast cells to induce degranulation and histamine release) |
|
|
Term
| Other than cleaving kininogen to release bradykinin, Kallikrein activates what cell ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vasodilatation leading to increased blood flow in inflammation is due to what 3 things ? |
|
Definition
B H L
Bradykinin, Histamine, Leukotriene B4 |
|
|
Term
| Mast cell activation or degranulation results in ? |
|
Definition
| Exocytosis of intracellular granules liberating histamine and other inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| What occurs to a selectin following histamine binding to the vascular endothelium ? |
|
Definition
| P-selectin is rapidly translocated to the plasma membrane from cytoplasmic stores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Selectins are monomeric proteins that bind carbohydrate molecules, producing transient and weak adhesion b/w two cells which lead to leukocyte rolling on the endothelium |
|
|
Term
| In presence of infection, what complement pathway is started ? |
|
Definition
| C3b is deposited on activating surface and triggers activation of alternative pathway of complement |
|
|
Term
| Activ. of complement by alternative pathway of complement generates what anaphylatoxins ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interaction of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins with their receptors causes what ? |
|
Definition
| Mast cell degranulation and release of histamine |
|
|
Term
| What cell type are the first responders in mediating clearance of necrotic tissue and/or invading organisms present at inflammatory sites ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of macrophages leads to what during inflammation ? |
|
Definition
| Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to site of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Other than cytokines and chemokines, activated macrophages also secrete what 2 things ? |
|
Definition
| Matrix metalloproteinases (proteins that degrade basement membrane to allow cell migration) and TIMPS (tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases) |
|
|
Term
| What are matrix metalloproteinases ? |
|
Definition
| Proteins that degrade basement membrane to allow cell migration |
|
|
Term
| Are cell adhesion and firm rolling critical for inducing an inflammatory response ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CRP release due to IL-6 secretion has what role ? |
|
Definition
| Induces expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-Selectin on human endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| TNF and IL-1 induce vascular endothelial cells to secrete what chemokines ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCP-1 and RANTES are chemotactic for ? |
|
Definition
| Monocytes and lymphocytes respectively |
|
|
Term
| RANTES is chemotactic for ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL-8 is chemotactic for ? |
|
Definition
Neutrophils
In early phase of inflammatory response, C5a and PAF (platelet activating factor) are also chemoattractants for neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte rolling is mediated by ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Selectin family members include ? |
|
Definition
LEP
L-selectin
E-selectin
P-selectin |
|
|
Term
| What selectin is expressed on circulating lymphcytes in "non-inflammatory" state ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E-selectins and P-selectins are expressed where ? |
|
Definition
Not expressed on circulating cells but
on post capillary venules during inflammatory states |
|
|
Term
| Each selectin interacts with distinct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preferential expression of P and E selectins on postcapillary venules correlates with what ? |
|
Definition
| Greater migration of leukocytes into inflammatory sites |
|
|
Term
| Which selectin is not induced by TNF and IL-1 secretion ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Firm adhesion b/w leukocytes and endothelium is mediated by ? |
|
Definition
| Integrins (adhesive molecules) |
|
|
Term
| Integrins are classed into families based on ? |
|
Definition
the beta chain they express
Exs) Integrins that have a B2 polypeptide belong to B2 integrin family, and integrins that have a B1 polypeptide belong to the B1 integrin family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A member of family of zinc-binding matrix metalloproteinases which degrades Type 4 collagen in reconstituted membranes |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of gelatinase B or elastase do what ? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit leukocyte transmigration across the reconstituted membranes |
|
|
Term
| Subendothelial basement membrane is normally a barrier to ? |
|
Definition
| Entry of leukocytes into tissues |
|
|
Term
| What happens to basement membrane under inflammatory conditions ? |
|
Definition
| Enzymes degrade the basement membrane permitting leukocyte (WBC) entry into tissues |
|
|
Term
| Interaction of PECAM on leukocytes with endothelial cells allows for what ? |
|
Definition
| Transmigration of cells in-between the endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Steps leading to diapedesis/transmigration of leukocytes to site of inflammation are ? |
|
Definition
| 12 steps starting with expression of P-selectin on vascular endothelium and ends with migration of leukocytes into inflamed tissue |
|
|
Term
| Which two cytokines act on the hypothalamus to induce fever ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophage activity is enhanced by what cytokines ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What things serve as an opsonin for phagocytosis ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activated and memory lymphocytes express high concentrations of which integrins ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for pro-gelatinase A and pro-gelatinase B ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are pro-gelatinase A and pro-gelatinase B secreted ? |
|
Definition
During inflammation, pro-gelatinase A is secreted
Secretion of pro-gelatinase B is induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide and interaction of VLA-4 on activated memory lyphocytes with endothelial VCAM-1 |
|
|
Term
| Conversion of pro-gelatinases to their active form is mediated by ? |
|
Definition
| Elastase and other MMP family members secreted by macrophages and other inflammatory cells |
|
|
Term
| What two cytokines are potent activators of macrophages and lead to enhanced phagocytosis ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some cytokines that inhibit development of Th1 response ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LFA-3 on APCs binds to what on T-cells ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD154 on T-cells binds to what on APCs ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for LFA-1 integrin ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VCAM-1 on activated vascular epithelium binds to what on leukocytes and eosinophils ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E-selectin and P-selectin on activated vascular endothelium binds to what on leukocytes and eosinophils ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC Class 2 on APCs binds to what on T-cells ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MHC Class 1 on APCs binds to what on T-cells ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for CD80 and CD86 ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B7-1 and B7-2 on APCs binds to what on T-cells ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for CTLA-4 ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CTLA-4 binds to what on APCs ? |
|
Definition
| CD80 and CD86 (B7-1 and B7-2) |
|
|
Term
| LFA-1 on T-cells binds to what on APCs ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is effect of CD28 binding to CD80 and CD86 ? |
|
Definition
| Enhanced transcription of IL-2 gene, stabilization of IL-2 mRNA, costimulation |
|
|
Term
| Effect of CD8 binding to MHC Class 1 is what ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Affect of PECAM binding to PECAM is what ? |
|
Definition
| Adhesion for transmigration |
|
|
Term
| CD40 binding to CD40L (CD154) has what effect ? |
|
Definition
| Isotype Switching in B cells |
|
|
Term
| (Extra) What antibody plays a role in anaphylatic shock ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Extra) Which cytokine plays a key role in fungal infections and extracellular bacterial infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
