Term
| What are the 3 classifications of feedstuffs? |
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Definition
Roughages
Concentrates
Succulants
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| that dietary component high in fibre |
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Term
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Definition
| plant material that excludes seeds or roots (term used for wildlife) |
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Term
| What are the properties of Roughages? |
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Definition
Bulky (low weight per unit volume)
High crude fiber( > 18% CF)
Low digestibility
Less than 70% Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) |
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Term
| What are some examples of Roughages? |
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Definition
Rangelands: Grasses (Graminaeae)
legumes(Leguminosae)
forbes: (broadleaf, non-woody plants)
Browse: woody plants consumed by selective grazers e.g.goats, deer |
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Term
| What are the factors affecting nutritive values of roughages? |
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Definition
Stage of maturity
Soil fertility
Harvest and storage methods
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Term
| How does the Stage of Maturity affect nutritive values of roughages? |
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Definition
| The digestibility of DM declines as plant matures especially grass varieties. This is attributed to increase in cell wall contents (cellulose, lignin) and decrease in cell contents (crude protein). |
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Term
| How does the Soil fertility affect nutritive values of roughages? |
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Definition
The actual productivity and quality of pasture is determined by soil fertility
Rangelands are relatively low in fertility (leaching) or shallow and alkaline soils.
Grass/legume pastures are recommended because legumes have ability to fix nitrogen in the soil and grass take advantage of Nitrogen. |
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Term
| How does the Harvest and storage methods affect nutritive values of roughages? |
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Definition
Hay or silage making requires proper procedure to be followed
Sun bleached hay will result into rapid loss of carotenes (pre-cursor of vitamin A)
Losses of leaves during handling
Poorly cured hay looses nutritive value and can have moulds. |
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Term
| Lucerne is one of the most important feed crops because? |
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Definition
| High levels of protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
as feed or feed mixture, which supplies primary nutrients (protein, carbohydrates &fat) at a higher concentration but contains less than 18% crude fiber and has low moisture content
In other words they are high in Nitrogen Free Extracts (NFE) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) but low in Crude Fibre (CF). |
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Term
| to be called a Concentrate, feed must contain less than ____% crude fiber & low moisture |
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Definition
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Term
| What happeneds when hay gets sun bleached? |
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Definition
| Rapid loss of carotenes which are a pre-cursor to vitamin A |
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Term
| What are the two types of concentrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 types of Protein Rich Concentrates? |
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Definition
Plant Proteins concentrates
Animal Protein Concentrates
Non–Protein Nitrogen Feedstuffs
Single Cell Proteins |
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Term
| What are Plant Protein Concentrates |
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Definition
The by-products after oil extraction form protein rich products for feeding livestock
Examples are:
Soybean meal
Cotton seed cake
Sunflower cake
Ground nut cake
Coconut or copra cake
Peas meal |
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Term
| Plant Protein Concentrates: Soybean Meal. (SBM) |
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Definition
Whole soybean contains 15-21% oil.
SBM contains 35% CP,18%fat, and 5% CF.
The protease inhibitors are partly responsible for growth retarding when raw or non -heat treated soybean meal is fed to animals
To inactivate the trypsin inhibiter,soybean is heated to 100’C for 3 minutes.
In ruminants ,the inhibiter pose no danger.
SBM is poor in B-vitamin and must be supplemented with animal protein
Inclusion level in swine ration: 250kg/tonne.
Concentration of cystine, and Methionine are sub-optimal
Contains toxic,stimulatory and inhabitory substance such as allegenics, goitrogenic and anti- coagulant factors. |
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Term
| Sea Bean Meal is poor in? |
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Definition
| Vitamin B (Thyamine) - it must be supplemented! |
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Term
| Plant Protein Concentrates: Cotton seed cake (CSC) |
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Definition
Good quality protein but low in cystine,methionine and lysine
Ca:P ratio is high 1:6 and hence can cause deficiency symptoms
Good source of thiamine but poor source of carotene
Contains 0.03-2g/kg DM of yellow pigment called gossypol which is anti-oxidant and inhibitor/toxic to young monogastrics. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Gossypol posioning? |
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Definition
Major toxic symptoms of gossypol include:
Anorexia (loss of appetite)
Weight loss
Dypsnea (difficult breathing)
Cardiac irregularity
Diet of pigs or poultry should not contain more than 100g free gossypol /kg
Inclusion level in total ration: 5-10%
Ruminants do not show ill effect even with large amount intake of CSM. |
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Term
| Plant Protein Concentrates: Sunflower cake |
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Definition
Has high fiber content: 42%
It is low in lysine but has twice as much methionine as soybean |
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Term
| Plant Protein Concentrates: Ground nut cake |
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Definition
Contains about 250-300g/kg DM (25%) crude protein and about 350-600g/kg DM fat.
Low in cystine, methionine, vitamin B12 and Calcium.
Should not exceed 25% of diet.
Contains anti-trypsin (trypsin inhibitor) |
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Term
| Plant Protein Concentrates: Coconut or copra cake |
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Definition
Has oil content varying from 25-65 g/kg DM.
Highly sustainable to rancidity when stored
Low in lysine and histidine
Has fiber content of 120g/kg DM (Not suitable for monogastrics)
Should not exceed 25kg/ton of swine diet
Coconut meal has to be supplemented with animal protein to balance for amino acid profile |
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Term
| Plant Protein Concentrates: Peas meal |
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Definition
Similar to bean meal but low in CP content.(250g/kgDM) and CF less than 60g/kg DM
Have higher content of lysine, methionine and cystine
Energy content is about 13.4MJ/kg DM
Maximum inclusion in ruminant diet not to exceed 400kg/ton of feed. |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: |
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Definition
These are protein supplements derived from animal tissues. They are obtained primarily from inedible tissues, surplus milk, by-products from marine sources.
Examples:
Meat meal
blood meal
feather meal
fishmeal |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Meat and Bone Meal |
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Definition
Obtained by heating, drying and grinding whole or part of animals from which fat may be partially extracted or physically removed
The product is free from:
Hooves
Horns
Bristles, hair, feathers
Digestive tract contents |
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Term
| Meat and Bone Meal contains 66-70% Protein and is rich in? |
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Definition
Ash
Calcium
Phosphorus
Manganese
B-complex |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Fish meal |
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Definition
Well processed fish meal has protein content of 50-75% CP, with rich essential amino acids particularly lysine,cystine,methionine and tryptophan.
Digestibility is 93-95%
High mineral of 10- 22%
Energy content 14 MJ/kg DM
Inclusion in diet: 50kg/ton |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Blood meal |
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Definition
Protein content: 80%
BM is obtained by drying the blood of slaughtered animals
Blood is steamed to a temperature of 100 C to ensure sterilization
Low in digestibility and fairly unpalatable
Inclusion in diet: 10-20 kg/ton of feed. |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Non- Protein Nitrogen feedstuffs |
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Definition
This category is formed by feedstuffs which contain NITROGEN in a form other than protein or peptides
Organic NPN compounds include compounds include:
Ammonia
Amides
Amines
Amino acids
Some peptides |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Inorganic NPN include salts such as? |
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Definition
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium sulfate
Of all these UREA dominates for feeding animals with functional rumen as a subsitute of protein feed. |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: NPN - What is good about Urea? |
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Definition
Urea has NITROGEN content of 46.6% which is equivalent to 46.6 x 6.25=291%protein DM
Urea is rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonia which is incorporated into amino acids and microbial protein by ruminal bacteria. |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Urea can be toxic if? |
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Definition
| Animal consumes it too quickly |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: You should never feed urea to a _______ animal |
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Definition
| Young ruminants and monogastrics |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: No more than ______ of total nitrogen should be supplied by Urea |
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Definition
| Not more than 1/3 of total nitrogen should be supplied by urea |
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Term
| Animal Protein Concentrates: Single Cell Protein (SCP) |
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Definition
are obtained from single cell organisms such as algae, yeast, bacteria
Ingredients that contain more than 18% of their total weight in crude protein are generally classified as protein feeds.
Algae contain about
50% protein
6-7% fibre
4-6% fat
6% ash |
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Term
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Definition
These are feedstuffs that have less than 20% protein and they are fed or added to the ration in order to increase the ENERGY intake or to increase energy density of the ration.
Examples:
Cereal grains and their milling by-products
Liquid feeds (molasses)
Fat and oils |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates: Energy from high energy feedstuffs is supplied by readily available? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates: e.g sugar/starches, fats or oils. |
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Term
| Whay are some feedstuffs are labelled, ”high energy"? |
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Definition
| the available energy is much greater per unit of DM as compared to that in roughages |
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Term
| High energy feeds generally have ______ level of protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates: Cereal Grains |
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Definition
Corn (Maize)
Corn is highly digestible and palatable.
Energy content: 3,400 Kcal or 14.2 MJ of ME /kg DM
Protein content:9-14%
Low in lysine and tryptophan
CF is low
Oil content: 4-6%
Inclusion level in swine ration: 10-20 % |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Cereal Grains: Sorghum |
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Definition
Is a main food grain in Africa India and China.
Energy content: 3250 Kcal or 13.6 MJ of ME/Kg DM.
CP content: 11-12%
Deficient in lysine and threonine
Some varieties of sorghum contain anti –nutritional factors that depress digestibility
Tannin
Prussic acid
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Cereal Grains: Barley |
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Definition
Popular in feeding of animals especially pigs
Energy content:13.3 MJ/kg DM
CP content: 6-16%
Deficient in amino acid lysine |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Cereal Grains: Millet |
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Definition
Several species of cereals which produce small grains widely cultivated in tropics
CP content: 10-12%
CF content: 2-9% |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Cereal Grains: Wheat (Tricum specie) |
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Definition
About 20% of wheat produced world wide is used as animal feed
Has a better amino acid distribution than most cereal grains
Can cause acute indigestion to un-adopted animals |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates: Cereal and industrial by-products |
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Definition
During milling process of corn, barley, rice and sorghum, some residues are obtained that are utilized for animal feeds
Such by-products include:
Brewer’s Grain Waste (BGW)
Rice polishing
Maize bran
Wheat pollard |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-by-products: Brower’s grain waste |
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Definition
Fresh BGW can be fed to cattle, and sheep in their fresh state or alternatively preserved as silage
The wet product can also be dried to about 10% moisture content
It is high in phosphorous but low in other minerals |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-by-products: Brower’s grain waste is great for pregnant sows and cows becuase? |
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Definition
Suitable for dairy cows and pregnant sows
DM content 25-30%,CP of 18% and 15% Crude fiber
Good source of vitamin B complex |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-by-products: Rice Polishing |
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Definition
comprises of the pericarp, the aleurone layer, the germ and some of the endosperm
Contains 12-14% CP
OIL: 11-18%/kg DM
The oil is unsaturated and may become rancid very quickly. |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-by-products: Maize bran |
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Definition
Crude fiber content of about 8-12%/kg DM
ME level of 12.5 MJ/kg DM.
Protein level: 10-12%
In pigs ration it should be limited to 10-20%. |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-by-products: Wheat pollard |
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Definition
low in energy, lysine and methionine
Protein content is 16-21%/kg DM
Low in fibre and excellent source of thiamine and vitamin E.
Fine product can be used in all classes of livestock
Level in pig diet: 20% |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates: Liquid Energy Sources --> Sugarcane Molasses |
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Definition
contains 65% soluble carbohydrates and 2-4% crude protein.
Widely used as:
Source of energy
Appetizer
Reduce dustiness in ration
Binder during making of pellets
Overfeeding of molasses results into toxicity leading to incoordination. To avoid the situation ensure that animals have sufficient good quality forage
Inclusion in the diet: 8-10% of total DM of ration. |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates: Roots and tubers |
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Definition
The root crops are characterized by:
High water content 75-90%
Low fiber 5-9% dry basis
Crude protein 4-12%
Low in Ca, P.
High in K
High CHO: 50-75% of DM mainly sucrose which is highly digestible by both ruminants and monogastrics. |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Roots and tubers: Cassava |
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Definition
tropical root crop that can yield up to 75-80 tons/ha/year.
Water content 65%
Protein 1-2%
Crude fibre 1.5%
Fat 0.3%
ME value 14-15 MJ/kg DM
Have poisonous substance. |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Roots and tubers: Cassava Posion |
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Definition
This substance can easily break down to hydrocyanic acid (prussic acid)
The removal of poisonous glycoside:
Boiling
Grating
Squeezing
Grinding to powder then pressing |
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Term
| Energy Rich Concentrates-Roots and tubers: Name 2 other tubers? |
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Definition
Round potates
sweet potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
Succulents are feeds which contain a large percentage of water and low in nutrient content. They are feeds of plant origin
Fresh cassava tubers
Fresh potato tubers
Elephant grass |
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