Term
| % plant dry matter taken up by Ca |
|
Definition
| 0.2 – 1.0% of dry matter; in some extreme cases, it can be up to 5% |
|
|
Term
| 2 micronutrients that broiler litter is rich in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disulfide bridge between 2 cysteine molecules does this to a protein |
|
Definition
| changes the shape of a protein |
|
|
Term
| B is important for this aspect of plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Boron distribution in leaves depends on... |
|
Definition
| whether it is phloem-mobile or not (i.e. species-dependent) |
|
|
Term
| Ca deficiency makes the cell wall lose this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca is this type of messenger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca pretty much the only nutrient which is transported within plants using... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca transport is driven by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium can inhibit uptake of this nutrient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium in the phloem results in the production of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu accumulation can be toxic to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu is ______ with its movement like Fe is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu toxicity often occurs as a result of too much... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu vs. Fe in the redox rxns |
|
Definition
| Fe and Cu do somewhat similar things in the redox rxns |
|
|
Term
| Excess zinc can accumulate in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe accepts or donates an electron depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe has to be ______ to other molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe toxicity common problem in... |
|
Definition
| African marigolds and rice, resulting in bronze speckles on leaves |
|
|
Term
| Ferrous form of Fe brought in by... |
|
Definition
| iron transporter which can transport some other kinds of cations |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Magnesium in plants |
|
Definition
-About 70% of Mg2+ is diffusible (often associated with organic acids)
-Component of chlorophyll
-Stored in seeds as Mg phytate
-Crucial in many enzymatic reactions (binds ATP to proteins) |
|
|
Term
| In most plants, the bulk of S goes towards... |
|
Definition
| the generation of cysteine |
|
|
Term
| Lateral roots derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latest nutrient to be established as essential for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leaves can take up small amounts of SO2 (by-product of coal combustion) by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Losing the H on cysteine can lead to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mg is stored in seeds as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micronutrients are often talked about in... |
|
Definition
| ppm; some can even be in ppb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mn toxicity can be depressed by increasing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Availability increases with increasing pH |
|
|
Term
| Mo c'tration at which Mo deficiency can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mo can accumulate up to these levels and not be toxic to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mo is an important component of... |
|
Definition
| nitrate reductase and nitrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Most S in organic molecules is in ______ form, so SO42- needs to be ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ni uptake competes with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the first processes that gets affected by Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the main routes by which Ca enters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the molecules that iron is often complexed with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other S containing compounds come from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phloem cells are connected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S deficiency is characterized by... |
|
Definition
reduced plant growth rate, in which plants are...
-stunted
-thin-stemmed
-chlorotic |
|
|
Term
| S deficiency symptoms that can occur in cruciferous crops, such as cabbage, broccoli, and canola/rapeseed |
|
Definition
-they initially develop a reddish color on the undersides of the leaves, where leaves are also cupped inward
-as the deficiency progresses, reddening of both upper and lower leaf surfaces occurs |
|
|
Term
| S deficient plants accumulate non protein N as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SO42- is transported faster in xylem or phloem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Se is essential to animals, but... |
|
Definition
| toxic at high concentrations in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a compound used to reduce root growth |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of B deficiency depend on... |
|
Definition
| mobility in a particular species |
|
|
Term
| The bond between glutamate and cysteine that occurs in glutathione |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulk of Ca movement in the vascular tissue is thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The form of Fe used and brought into plant systems... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The majority of Ca intake in plants could be ______, though there could be some ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There’s a whole class of ______ involved with transporting Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is pretty hard to do in an artificial setting, but plants can do it |
|
Definition
| splitting a water molecule |
|
|
Term
| Uptake is inhibited by high ______ (and stimulated by ______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urea synthesis from arginine catabolism is one of the processes involved in... |
|
Definition
| the breakdown of amino acids (ask Dr. Malladi for clarification) |
|
|
Term
| Very high Cl levels may reduce uptake of these nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zn deficiency causes short internodes, which can cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zn is transported in the (xylem or phloem) as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common function of Fe compounds regarding oxygen and water during respiration |
|
Definition
| reduction of oxygen to water during respiration |
|
|
Term
| a deficiency high Ni can induce |
|
Definition
| Fe deficiency (interveinal chlorosis) |
|
|
Term
| a deficiency that can be induced by Mn toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of S other than SO4-2 that can be taken up by plant roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a good effect of flooding |
|
Definition
| increases the availability of some nutrients, such as Fe and P |
|
|
Term
| a mechanism used by grass roots to tolerate low Fe availability |
|
Definition
| using phytosiderophore-Fe complexes to release amino acids called phytosiderophores w/ a high affinity for Fe+3 |
|
|
Term
| a molecule in plants that contains Cu |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deeper in the soil; sometimes, roots can access this |
|
|
Term
| a protein in the chloroplasts that S is a vital part of |
|
Definition
| ferredoxin (an Fe-S protein) |
|
|
Term
| a reason Fe is important for chlorrophyll |
|
Definition
| needed for chlorophyll synthesis |
|
|
Term
| a reason some say silicon may be important to plants |
|
Definition
| Some say that w/o silicon, plants may become susceptible to pathogens and/or injury |
|
|
Term
| a species where B is more mobile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a species where B is not very mobile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a symptom of B deficiency |
|
Definition
| leaf tips getting pink, such as in cereal rye |
|
|
Term
| a way around the problem of sieve tube elements getting blocked |
|
Definition
| material usually gets around it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4th most abundant, comprising about 5% of the Earth's crust |
|
|
Term
| abundance of hormones in phloem tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acute symptoms of S toxicity in plants |
|
Definition
| membrane disruption and necrosis (generally spotty in appearance) |
|
|
Term
| additions of OM to these soils can improve Fe availability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount at which B toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
| May occur at concentrations only slightly higher than those needed to prevent deficiency; therefore, must have just the right amount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in high concentrations in the soil; seems to be 2nd most abundant behind Si |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low concentrations (0.001 to 0.005%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of Cl in soil for plants |
|
Definition
| almost always present in adequate amounts |
|
|
Term
| amount of Cl supplied by precipitation |
|
Definition
| 10 to 30 kg/ha in precipitation |
|
|
Term
| amount of Co that's needed |
|
Definition
| Co needed in ppb amounts; any greater can lead to toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total soil Fe varies widely (1-55%) |
|
|
Term
| amount of Fe in the soil solution |
|
Definition
| very low; 10-6-10-20 M Fe+3, depending on pH |
|
|
Term
| amount of Mg in plants that is in chlorophyll |
|
Definition
| 15-20% of total Mg in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When Mn is in the cell, it don’t really accumulate much in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| amount of Mn vs. amount of Mg |
|
Definition
| Mn present in much larger quantities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low concentrations (0.0001 to 0.0005 %) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in low concentrations (< 1 ppm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Si levels can be 10% of the plant dry weight |
|
|
Term
| amount of V normally present in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of V required by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amounts of these amino acids increase with increasing S content in leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an effect of blossom-end rot |
|
Definition
| Blossom-end rot leaves fruits susceptible for infection; a variety of different pathogens can infect the vulnerable tissue |
|
|
Term
| an enzyme for which S is essential for the synthesis of it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an enzyme that needs Mg and why |
|
Definition
-Rubisco
-needs Mg to activate it so that it can be effective in p’synth |
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a sieve tube in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another nutrient that affects Zn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another thing that can happen in plants as a result of Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
| collapsing of the outermost cells |
|
|
Term
| are there B transporters in plants? |
|
Definition
| yes, they have been identified |
|
|
Term
| bacterial enzyme that requires Mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bottom line for signaling w/ Ca |
|
Definition
| the initial change is sensed downstream |
|
|
Term
| bottom line regarding Zn in plants |
|
Definition
| there’s quite a few functions of Zn in plant system |
|
|
Term
| c'tration in plant tissue where Fe deficiency occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c'tration in plant tissue where Fe toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in relatively high concentrations in most soils |
|
|
Term
| c'trations of Mo that can be toxic to cattle and sheep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| change in pH vs. change in c'tration of Fe+2 |
|
Definition
| for each pH unit increase, Fe+2 c'tration decreases a hundredfold, which is similar to other divalent cations |
|
|
Term
| change in pH vs. change in c'tration of Fe+3 |
|
Definition
| for each pH unit increase, Fe+3 c'tration decreases a thousandfold |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the soil where rice tends to be grown |
|
Definition
| The soil where rice is tends to be more acidic and have more iron |
|
|
Term
| chelated Fe diffuses to the root surface in response to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic symptoms of S toxicity |
|
Definition
-sulfite accumulation in leaves
-chlorosis
-growth and yield reduction
-early senescence |
|
|
Term
| conditions in which Mn toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
-low pH
-waterlogged soils |
|
|
Term
| conditions in which Zn toxicity occurs |
|
Definition
-Generally occurs at concentrations above 150 - 200 ppm
-Most common at low pH |
|
|
Term
| conditions under which B deficiency can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conditions under which Ca deficiency symptoms are more common |
|
Definition
| drought conditions (reduces transpiration) |
|
|
Term
| conditions under which severe Mo deficiencies can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crops in which B is important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Ca transport in plant cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of combination strategy of Fe uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how Ca helps bind proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of signaling that uses Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of strategy 1 of Fe uptake in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of strategy 2 of Fe uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diffusability of Mg2+ in plants |
|
Definition
| About 70% of Mg2+ is diffusible (often associated with organic acids) |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of these Fe ions occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of using manure to supply Cl |
|
Definition
| Cl is easily leached from manures, just like K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bonds of --S--S-- between polypeptide chains within a protein causing the protein to fold |
|
|
Term
| does the presence of CaCO3 alone induce Fe deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| doing this can cause B deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of disulfide bridge |
|
Definition
| has effect on shape and properties of protein |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on Cu2+ in soil |
|
Definition
| for each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Cu2+ in soil decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for each unit of pH increase, the amount of Mn2+ decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on availability of B |
|
Definition
| B availability decreases as pH increases |
|
|
Term
| effects of SO42- in vacuoles |
|
Definition
| Usually does not have toxic effects |
|
|
Term
| effects of Se in humans and animals |
|
Definition
| Has well-documented health benefits to people and animals; small amounts have anti cancer properties and large amounts seem to have the opposite effect |
|
|
Term
| efficiency of iron transport from roots to shoots |
|
Definition
| Iron not efficiently transported from roots to shoots |
|
|
Term
| environmental conditions that are often associated with Fe chlorosis |
|
Definition
| cool, rainy weather when soil moisture is high and soil aeration is poor |
|
|
Term
| essential role of Ca in plant cells |
|
Definition
| it's essential to cell wall membrane structure and permeability |
|
|
Term
| essential role of Ca in plant nutrition |
|
Definition
| essential for translocation of carbohydrates and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| essentiality of V in higher plants |
|
Definition
| Essentiality not established in higher plants (but may stimulate growth) |
|
|
Term
| example of how Ca regulates cation uptake |
|
Definition
| K and Na are taken up in roughly equal amounts in the absence of Ca, but when Ca is present, K uptake greatly exceeds Na uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Fe-S protein in the chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein in which lots of iron can be stored |
|
|
Term
| forages in which Mo levels are higher |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms of Fe that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
-mineral Fe
-soil solution Fe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No biochem function identified yet |
|
|
Term
| function of Mn in p'synth |
|
Definition
| Involved in photosynthetic reactions (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| function of V in algae and maybe some plants |
|
Definition
| function isn’t clear, but promotes photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Cu in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Fe in plants |
|
Definition
-Chlorophyll synthesis
-Redox reactions photosynthesis/respiration |
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Mn in plants |
|
Definition
-Enzymes
-photosynthesis
-respiration |
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Ni in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Zn in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-New cell development in meristems; important for cell division; important for cell wall; important for pectin
-Pollination; you need B at the right amount for pollen growth
-Involved with translocation of sugar, starch, N, and P; better transport in phloem when complexed w/ B |
|
|
Term
| functions of Mn in plants |
|
Definition
-Similar to Mg2+ (can replace each other in some cases); Mn can act as a cofactor
+Can form ATP bridges between ATP and enzymesCan form ATP bridges between ATP and enzymes
-Activates enzymes in the respiratory pathway (as well as other enzymes)
-Involved in photosynthetic reactions (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| grass tetany aka hypomagnesia |
|
Definition
| an abnormally low level of blood Mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grey spots on the lower part of the leaves |
|
|
Term
| group of molecules Fe is an important structural component of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high fertilization with this nutrient can make B deficiency worse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high levels of these cations can reduce Ca uptake and translocation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how B deficiency can affect fruit |
|
Definition
| Fruit growth may be inhibited; may be smaller fruit |
|
|
Term
| how B gets released from B minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how B helps keep the plant together |
|
Definition
| B helps to keep cell wall material intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boron bridges some kinds of bonds; helps keep units intact in pectin |
|
|
Term
| how B is important for nutrient transport |
|
Definition
| Involved with translocation of sugar, starch, N, and P; better transport in phloem when complexed w/ B |
|
|
Term
| how B is important for plant growth |
|
Definition
-New cell development in meristems
-important for cell division
-important for cell wall
-important for pectin |
|
|
Term
| how B is important for pollination |
|
Definition
| you need B at the right amount for pollen growth |
|
|
Term
| how B toxicity happens when B is not mobile |
|
Definition
| Where not mobile, B stays in same place and builds up to toxic levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Provides stability and integrity to membranes (leaky with low calcium, which interacts with polar phosphate heads of lipids)
-Important component of cell walls (forms cross-links between negatively-charged groups)
-Because of the importance in cell walls and membranes, Ca is needed for cell elongation |
|
|
Term
| how Ca can impede other cations |
|
Definition
| competes with Mg2+ for binding sites on proteins |
|
|
Term
| how Ca causes malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
Definition
| accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves, which decreases carbohydrate content of stems and roots, which impairs normal root function (i.e. water and nutrient absorption) because of low energy supply, thus causing malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
|
Term
| how Ca deficiency affects roots |
|
Definition
| accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves, which decreases carbohydrate content of stems and roots, which impairs normal root function (i.e. water and nutrient absorption) because of low energy supply, thus causing malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
|
Term
| how Ca deficiency causes tip burn in lettuce |
|
Definition
| Collapse of cells as a result of Ca deficiency causes this |
|
|
Term
| how Ca helps hold the plant together |
|
Definition
| Ca in sufficient amounts helps with the pectin substances and holding the cell wall together |
|
|
Term
| how Ca helps with messages |
|
Definition
| Ca helps to amplify particular signals |
|
|
Term
| how Ca moves in the xylem |
|
Definition
| moves w/ transpirational water in the xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-as Cl-
-Taken up with a chloride/H+ co-transporter against an electrochemical gradient (low pH promotes uptake) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Co is beneficial to plants |
|
Definition
| it is essential for microorganisms that fix nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| how Cu becomes toxic to sheep |
|
Definition
| gets into forage and such |
|
|
Term
| how Cu is kinda similar to Fe |
|
Definition
| has cupric (Cu2+) form and Cuprous (Cu+) form |
|
|
Term
| how Cu is transported in plants |
|
Definition
| Transported in xylem as part of an anionic complex (Maybe with amino acids) |
|
|
Term
| how Fe deficiency causes interveinal chlorosis |
|
Definition
| lack of iron leads to chlorophyll degradation |
|
|
Term
| how Fe in solution is buffered |
|
Definition
| Fe minerals dissolve to buffer reductions in solution Fe caused by plant uptake |
|
|
Term
| how Fe occurs when it moves in the plant |
|
Definition
| When iron does move in the plant, it’s often in some kind of a complex with citric acid |
|
|
Term
| how Fe sulfates must be applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Fe, Zn, Cu chelates must be applied |
|
Definition
| soil or foliar applications |
|
|
Term
| how Zn, Cu, Mn sulfates must be applied |
|
Definition
| soil or foliar applications |
|
|
Term
| how Mg is transported in plants |
|
Definition
-Transported as Mg2+ in the xylem from roots to shoots
-Also very phloem-mobile: efficient transfer to fruits and other rapidly growing tissue |
|
|
Term
| how Mn chelates must be applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Mo deficiency causes necrotic spots on leaves in the presence of high NO3- |
|
Definition
| by causing nitrate to get toxic due to no longer being assimilated |
|
|
Term
| how Mo is taken up by plants |
|
Definition
| Taken up as MoO42- (molybdate) |
|
|
Term
| how Na is beneficial to plants |
|
Definition
| it is important for turgor and growth |
|
|
Term
| how Na stimulates p'synth of C4 plants such as corn |
|
Definition
| seems to be cofactor for some enzymes regarding this |
|
|
Term
| how Ni can inhibit enzyme activity |
|
Definition
| Like Cu and Co, it can replace other metal ions in plants, inhibiting enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| how Ni deficiency causes mouse ear disorder |
|
Definition
| by way of lack of urease, which leads to urea buildup in leaves, which stunts growth |
|
|
Term
| how OM influences Fe availability |
|
Definition
| additions of OM to well-drained soils can improve Fe availability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfur compounds are responsible for much of the flavor in onions, cabbages, and mustard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high levels of it in the atmosphere can be toxic to plants |
|
|
Term
| how SO2 is transported into cell in plants |
|
Definition
| Co-transported across plasmalemma (into cell) with 3 H+ (symporter) |
|
|
Term
| how Si is beneficial to plants |
|
Definition
| it is present in the structure of cell walls; helps provide structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probably taken up as H2SiO3 (= H4SiO4, silicic acid) |
|
|
Term
| how Zn can be involved with DNA |
|
Definition
| Zn can be involved in transcription proteins that bind to DNA |
|
|
Term
| how applications of organic waste should increase Fe availability |
|
Definition
| by improved soil aeration due to improved soil structure |
|
|
Term
| how bicarbonate (HCO3-) forms in calcareous soils |
|
Definition
| CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| how chlorosis caused by S deficiency occurs in plants |
|
Definition
| occurs on the younger leaves first |
|
|
Term
| how chlorosis occurs when there's Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| Interveinal chlorosis, followed by general chlorosis and necrosis in severe cases |
|
|
Term
| how essentiality of nutrient studied |
|
Definition
| by withholding it in typically hydroponic solution and such |
|
|
Term
| how ethylene occurs in plants |
|
Definition
| it's a gaseous plant hormone |
|
|
Term
| how heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, lead, and uranium get into plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how high Ni can harm the plant |
|
Definition
| High Ni can inhibit uptake of other nutrients and be pretty toxic to the plant |
|
|
Term
| how high P can cause Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
| may decrease uptake in plants; not completely clear on how this happens |
|
|
Term
| how high levels of P can induce Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
-P causes Zn to precipitate
-P suppresses Zn uptake |
|
|
Term
| how inorganic sources of Cl must be applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how inorganic sources of Mo have to be applied |
|
Definition
| Soil ,seed, or foliar applied |
|
|
Term
| how larger amounts of Zn can affect other nutrients |
|
Definition
| Zn in larger quantities can interfere with other nutrients with similar properties |
|
|
Term
| how long field has to be flooded to make Mn and other nutrients more available |
|
Definition
| several days, maybe a week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how movement occurs within the phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much root interception contributes to Mg uptake compared to Ca uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how organic materials such as manure may increase micronutrient solubility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how pH can result in Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| high pH results in Fe deficiency |
|
|
Term
| how pH influences Mn availability |
|
Definition
| high pH decreases Mn availability |
|
|
Term
| how phytosiderophore-Fe complexes enhance Fe transport to root surfaces and absorption by root cells |
|
Definition
| using phytosiderophore-Fe complexes to release amino acids called phytosiderophores w/ a high affinity for Fe+3 |
|
|
Term
| how plants acidify the root zone |
|
Definition
| by excreting H+ and/or organic acids |
|
|
Term
| how plants modify the rhizosphere to absorb Fe |
|
Definition
| roots use proton pumps to reduce the pH to increase the solubility of iron, allowing more of it to be in the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| how plants modify the root zone to make iron uptake more efficient |
|
Definition
-Acidify the root zone (excrete H+ and/or organic acids)
-Excrete chelating agents (group of molecules called phytosiderophores) to make Fe more soluble; bind to certain forms of iron
-Use reducing agents to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ |
|
|
Term
| how plants that can sequester heavy metals in their vacuoles can be used |
|
Definition
| can be used to remediate soils (phytoremediation) |
|
|
Term
| how plants use chelates to absorb Fe3+ |
|
Definition
| 1: plant sends chelate into soil solution
2: Fe3+ binds to the chelate
3: Fe3+ bound to the chelate goes to root
4: Fe3+ dissociates from the chelate
5: Fe3+ enters root and chelate returns to solution, both in response to c'tration gradient
6: repeat |
|
|
Term
| how polymers of glutathione can occur |
|
Definition
| in the form of phytochelatins |
|
|
Term
| how roots have to be regarding Ca |
|
Definition
| they have to be self-sufficient, which means they have to get their Ca from the soil |
|
|
Term
| how sodium tetraborate is applied |
|
Definition
| Broadcast, banded, or foliar |
|
|
Term
| how soil Mg can be increased |
|
Definition
-thru application of dolomitic lime, if liming is advisable
-Mg containing fertilizers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broadcast, banded, or foliar |
|
|
Term
| how some species can tolerate high Cu |
|
Definition
-they have mechanisms of uptake to sequester Cu into the vacuoles
-Cu can even be sequestered by binding to phytochelatins
-some plants seem to be able to make phytochelatins better than other plants |
|
|
Term
| how temp and moisture contribute to Fe stress |
|
Definition
| root development and nutrient absorption are reduced under cool, wet conditions, which contribute to Fe stress |
|
|
Term
| how the type of N a plant gets affects Fe stress |
|
Definition
| plants receiving NO3- are more likely to develop Fe stress than those receiving NH4+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how ureides are transported in plants |
|
Definition
| in xylem from roots to shoots |
|
|
Term
| how yellow stripe (YS) got its name |
|
Definition
| so named because yellow stripes here developed in a corn mutant as a result of iron deficiency; turns out the YS is a ferric transporter; in the mutant, the YS was not being used by the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important in determining 3D-structure of DNA, and needed for enzymes that synthesize and repair DNA |
|
|
Term
| importance of Mg in chlorophyll |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| important functions of Cl in plants |
|
Definition
-important osmoticum
-Involved in stomatal opening
-helps in the process of breaking down water, releasing O and such
-Essential for photosynthesis (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| important role of Zn in plants other than enzymes |
|
Definition
| the signaling of auxin and auxin transport |
|
|
Term
| in because it’s 3 molecules, the true peptide bond is between... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| initial S deficiency appears as... |
|
Definition
| light green leaves, ultimately turning yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sodium Tetraborate (Na2B4O7.5H2O)
-Solubor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Fe a micro or macronutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Mo always assimilated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is SO4-2 uptake inhibited by other anions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is iron limiting factor in soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is luxury consumption of Mg possible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the amount of B supplied by manure sufficient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the amount of Mo from manure sufficient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there enough Fe in the soil solution to meet plant requirements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low Ca uptake combined with this causes distinct symptoms in fruit and veggie crops |
|
Definition
| limited translocation of carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| many proteins need this for high activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micronutrient cations that decrease in availability 100-fold for every unit of increase in pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micronutrient cations that decrease in availability 1000-fold for every unit of increase in pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B not very mobile in most plant systems, but mobility depends on species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mobility of Ca in the phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some mobility in the phloem (but slow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mobility of Mg vs. mobility of Fe |
|
Definition
| Mg is a lot more mobile in the plant than Fe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mn kinda in between in terms of its mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somewhat low; slower compared to that of other nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also phloem-mobile; fairly mobile in plant system |
|
|
Term
| moloecule in some plants that helps w/ B transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| much of the iron in cells that's not in chloroplasts is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| natural organic chelates in soils are products of... |
|
Definition
-microbial activity
-degradation of soil OM and plant residues |
|
|
Term
| one of the main functions of S in plants |
|
Definition
| the formation of disulfide (--S--S--) bonds between polypeptide chains within a protein causing the protein to fold |
|
|
Term
| one of the main roles of Cu |
|
Definition
| being part of plastocyanin |
|
|
Term
| one of the symptoms of Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one possible advantage of roots taking up thiosulfate (S2O3-2) instead of sulfate |
|
Definition
| may require less energy to convert it to S-2 and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| one problem with Zn in the SE |
|
Definition
| Zn deficiency in pecan happens quite a bit in the SE |
|
|
Term
| one reason Ca is not very effectively translocated within the phloem tissue |
|
Definition
| I guess because of the problem with callose blocking sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
| one way Ca can be used in plants |
|
Definition
| Ca can be used as a signaling molecule |
|
|
Term
| one way high Cl in soils can harm plants |
|
Definition
| by limiting water uptake, and thus leaf expansion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic sources of micronutrients are important for this regarding uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than chlorosis, Zn deficiency can cause this in leaves |
|
Definition
| Small leaves (‘little leaf’ in fruit trees) |
|
|
Term
| pH at which B availability is limited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which B toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect on Fe2+ c'tration in soil solution |
|
Definition
| with each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Fe2+ decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
| pH effect on Fe3+ c'tration in soil solution |
|
Definition
| with each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Fe3+ decreases 1000-fold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uptake of Mg reduced at low pH |
|
|
Term
| pH effect on Zn2+ in solution |
|
Definition
| with each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Zn2+ decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH vs Availability of Nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the higher the pH, the less available the B |
|
|
Term
| pH where boric acid is the dominant form of B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fairly mobile in the phloem and retranslocated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some chelating agents used to make Fe more soluble they bind to certain forms of iron |
|
|
Term
| plants that are more vulnerable to chronic symptoms of S toxicity |
|
Definition
| trees more sensitive than herbaceous plants |
|
|
Term
| plant available Fe is governed primarily thru... |
|
Definition
| mineral and organic fractions in soils |
|
|
Term
| plant dry weight content of Mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant families that require the most S in order, most to least |
|
Definition
1: Cruciferae
2: Leguminosae
3: Gramineae |
|
|
Term
| plants Na is essential for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants in which strategy 1 of Fe uptake happens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants limit Ca transport to... |
|
Definition
-fruits
-storage organs
-young roots |
|
|
Term
| plants that need Mo to utilize N |
|
Definition
| Plants supplied solely with NO3- |
|
|
Term
| plants that need little or no Mo |
|
Definition
| Plants supplied with NH4+ |
|
|
Term
| plants that tend to be more vulnerable to problems related to inadequate Ca uptake |
|
Definition
| those that have very small root systems, (i.e. tubers) |
|
|
Term
| prevalence of mouse ear disorder in pecan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary mechanism of of Mg uptake in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary mechanisms of Ca transport to the root surface |
|
Definition
-mass flow
-root interception |
|
|
Term
| properties of proteins for which disulfide bonds are important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rate of Mg uptake depressed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps in N acquisition capacity and such |
|
|
Term
| role of Na in halophytic plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increases strength
-provides protection against pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential catalytic component of over 300 enzymes |
|
|
Term
| root growth in Ca deficient soils |
|
Definition
| Roots grow very poorly in Ca-deficient soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soemthing Ca deficiency does to legumes |
|
Definition
| causes poor nodulation by N fixing bacteria on legume roots, where nodule tissues are white to grayish green compared to the pink/red color found in normal legume nodules |
|
|
Term
| soil in which solution Fe+2+3 |
|
Definition
| well-drained, oxidized soil |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Ca deficiency can occur |
|
Definition
| highly leached, unlimed acid soils |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Cu can be deficient |
|
Definition
-neutral
-calcareous
-high OM |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Fe can be deficient |
|
Definition
| neutral and calcareous soils |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Mn can be deficient |
|
Definition
-neutral
-calcareous
-high OM |
|
|
Term
| soils in which flooding and submergence can increase Fe2+ c'tration |
|
Definition
| soils where HCO3- formation is of no concern |
|
|
Term
| soils that can have B deficiencies |
|
Definition
-neutral
-calcareous
-sandy (low OM) |
|
|
Term
| soils that tend to be low in Mo |
|
Definition
| Soils high in amorphous Fe/Al oxides |
|
|
Term
| soils where Fe deficiencies occur less frequently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soils where Fe deficiencies occur more frequently |
|
Definition
| high pH and calcerous soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soluble Fe+2 increases significantly when soils become... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solution Fe can be complexed by... |
|
Definition
| organic compounds in the soil soution |
|
|
Term
| solution Fe can be immobilized by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some Symptoms of Mo deficiency |
|
Definition
-Interveinal mottling
-Marginal chlorosis
-Leaf curling
-Necrotic spots (with high NO3-); this is when nitrate gets toxic due to no longer being assimilated |
|
|
Term
| some anions that can interfere with Cl and cause Cl deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some beneficial elements that have not been proven as essential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some cations that can interact with Fe to induce Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| metal cations, such as Cu |
|
|
Term
| some common primary and 2ndary Fe minerals |
|
Definition
-olivine
-siderite
-hematite
-geothite
-magnetite |
|
|
Term
| some compartments Ca can be moved into |
|
Definition
-vacuole
-plastids
-the leumen of the ER |
|
|
Term
| some devices in plants that are known to take up Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some disorders that are associated w/ Ca deficiency |
|
Definition
-bitter rot
-blossom end rot |
|
|
Term
| some factors affecting Fe availability |
|
Definition
-soil pH and bicarbonate
-excessive water and poor aeration
-soil OM
-interactions w/ other nutrients
-plant factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some functions of Ca in plants |
|
Definition
-Provides stability and integrity to membranes (leaky with low calcium, which interacts with polar phosphate heads of lipids)
-Important component of cell walls (forms cross-links between negatively-charged groups)
-Because of the importance in cell walls and membranes, Ca is needed for cell elongation
-Calcium affects many metabolic processes in plants
-This is mediated by small proteins named calmodulins (in the cytoplasm)
-Calmodulin is only active when associated with four Ca2+ ions |
|
|
Term
| some info about non-essential elements regarding plants |
|
Definition
-Certain minerals can have definite positive effects on plants (or the animals that eat them)
-But these elements have not (yet) been proven to be essential for plants
+Some of these may play very specific roles |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic sources of Cl |
|
Definition
-Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) 66% Cl
-Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) 65% Cl
-Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) 74% Cl
-Potassium Chloride (KCl) 47% Cl |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic sources of Mo |
|
Definition
-Ammonium Molybdate (54% Mo)
-Sodium Molybdate (39% Mo)
-Molbdenum frits (fritted glass 1-30% Mo) |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic sources of micronutrients |
|
Definition
-Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn sulfates
-Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn chelates |
|
|
Term
| some ions that inhibit SO4-2 uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some metabolic functions of Ca in plants |
|
Definition
-Calcium affects many metabolic processes in plants
-This is mediated by small proteins named calmodulins (in the cytoplasm)
-Calmodulin is only active when associated with four Ca2+ ions |
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients get adsorbed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients that are currently known to be essential |
|
Definition
-iron
-manganese
-zinc
-copper
-molybdenum
-boron
-chlorine
-nickel |
|
|
Term
| some minerals that contain B |
|
Definition
-Shales
-Tourmaline (main mineral) |
|
|
Term
| some natural chelate compounds that can help plants take up more Fe |
|
Definition
-citric acid
-oxalic acid
-malonic acid
-malic acid
-tartaric acid |
|
|
Term
| some organic sources of Cl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some organic sources of Mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some other elements that may be essential to some plants |
|
Definition
-silicon
-cobalt
-vanadium
-sodium (essential for some plants)
-aluminum |
|
|
Term
| some plant symptoms caused by Ni deficiency |
|
Definition
| Mouse ear ‘disorder’ in pecan and river birch was recently shown to be caused by a nickel deficiency |
|
|
Term
| some poisonous molecules that can result from glucosinolate |
|
Definition
-isothiocyanate
-thiocyanate
-cyanide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cytochromes
-hemes
-hematin
-ferrichrome
-leghemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| some possible symptoms of Cl toxicity |
|
Definition
-leaf burn on tips and margins
-chlorosis
-leaf abscission |
|
|
Term
| some processes that use redox rxns of Cu |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some soil conditions that limit root growth and therefore root access to Ca and induce deficiency |
|
Definition
-Al toxicity
-P deficiency
-pests
-diseases |
|
|
Term
| some species of Cu that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some species of Mn that can be found in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of Ca deficiency |
|
Definition
-Membranes may become leaky
-Cells lose structural integrity |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
-Low chlorophyll content
-Magnesium is mobile, so symptoms appear first in older leaves
-Interveinal chlorosis, followed by general chlorosis and necrosis in severe cases
-In cotton, leaves may turn reddish purple |
|
|
Term
| some things that can be caused by Zn toxicity |
|
Definition
-Reduced root and shoot growth
-General leaf chlorosis (similar to S)
-chlorosis
-necrosis |
|
|
Term
| some things that can happen as a result of Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
-Reduced photosynthesis
-Chlorosis
-growing tip may die
(symptoms vary greatly among species, but generally in younger plant parts) |
|
|
Term
| some things that may enhance Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
-irrigation water
-bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
|
|
Term
| some things that requires Cu as a cofactor |
|
Definition
-The receptor that binds to ethylene requires Cu as a cofactor
-Cu important as a cofactor for some protein complexes |
|
|
Term
| something Ca deficiency can do to the distribution of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves, which decreases carbohydrate content of stems and roots, which impairs normal root function (i.e. water and nutrient absorption) because of low energy supply, thus causing malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
|
Term
| something Cl fertilization can be used for other than to supply nutrients |
|
Definition
| Cl fertilization is sometimes used for disease suppression; sometimes used to control fungi |
|
|
Term
| something Co is needed for |
|
Definition
| nitrogen fixation (but only in extremely small amounts) |
|
|
Term
| something Cu has in common w/ Fe |
|
Definition
| can occur in two redox states (Cu2+ + e- -----> Cu+ |
|
|
Term
| something Mg deficiency can cause in forage crops, particularly grasses |
|
Definition
| grass tetany (hypomagnesia) |
|
|
Term
| something Mn deficiency does in cereals |
|
Definition
| Grey speck in cereals (grey spots on the lower part of the leaves) |
|
|
Term
| something S is required for the synthesis of in plants |
|
Definition
| the synth of the S containing amino acids cystine, cysteine, and methionine, which are essential components of a protein that comprises about 90% of S in plants |
|
|
Term
| something V seems to be essential in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something caused by Zn deficiency that can cause some stunting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something containing sulfur that can change the shape of a protein |
|
Definition
| A disulfide bridge between 2 cysteine molecules changes the shape of a protein |
|
|
Term
| something else Cu is important for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something excess Ca can do w/ organic matter |
|
Definition
| Excess Ca can complex with organic acids, forming complexes that can crystallize |
|
|
Term
| something humans do that can cause chloride toxicity |
|
Definition
| salt applications to roads in winter time; too much NaCl in the soil |
|
|
Term
| something humans do that can lead to Cu toxicity |
|
Definition
| Some Cu based fungicides, when applied in excess amounts, can lead to Cu toxicity |
|
|
Term
| something in plants that B deficiency can affect |
|
Definition
| Development of meristematic tissues (root tips, shoot meristems) |
|
|
Term
| something in the roots Cu toxicity can lead to |
|
Definition
| inhibition of root growth |
|
|
Term
| something legumes need Mo for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something many legumes do with Ni |
|
Definition
| convert it to ureides before being transported from roots to shoots |
|
|
Term
| something nitrate reductase does |
|
Definition
| converts nitrate to nitrite |
|
|
Term
| something produced by plants that are able to complex micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that S is not part of, but is required for the synth of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that also characterizes S deficiency in rapeseed |
|
Definition
-paler than normal blossoms
-severely impaired seed set |
|
|
Term
| something that can cause Mo deficiencies |
|
Definition
| strong adsorption to Al/Fe oxides |
|
|
Term
| something that can cause Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can depress Mg absorption by the animals that eat the grass, especially cattle |
|
Definition
| high protein content of ingested forages and other feeds |
|
|
Term
| something that can happen in severe cases of Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| whole leaves or flowers can turn white |
|
|
Term
| something that can happen to roots under inadequate Ca |
|
Definition
-slow development
-dark color
-death |
|
|
Term
| something that happens in leaves when there's S deficiency; this reduces food quality |
|
Definition
| NO3- accumulates in leaves, reducing food quality |
|
|
Term
| something that's a cofactor for nitrate reductase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something unique about Vidalia onions other than mild flavor |
|
Definition
| they have very specific genotypes that don’t take up much S |
|
|
Term
| speed at which B minerals weather to release B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed at which stored SO42- is released |
|
Definition
| slowly (too slow to support new growth) |
|
|
Term
| sufficiency of solution Fe in soil over the normal soil pH range |
|
Definition
| over the normal soil pH range, total solution Fe is not sufficient to meet plant Fe requirements, even in acid soils |
|
|
Term
| sufficiency range of Fe in plant tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronze speckles on leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Symptoms include leaf tip and margin yellowing, followed by necrosis
-Leaves get scorched appearance and will drop prematurely |
|
|
Term
| the B source and B sink in plants |
|
Definition
| leaf is the source and other parts are the sink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron is very common in soils and practically always present in sufficient quantities. |
|
|
Term
| the Fe that really gets transported within the plant |
|
Definition
| Fe complexed with something |
|
|
Term
| the Fe uptake strategy that modifies the rhizosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of Fe you need in the soil to be sufficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of S in the Earth's crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of micronutrients in organic fertilizers |
|
Definition
| 100 to 1000 mg/kg Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn |
|
|
Term
| the c'tration of solution Fe and Fe transported to the root by diffusion can be greatly increased thru... |
|
Definition
| natural organic chelate-Fe complexes in soil |
|
|
Term
| the c'tration of Fe in the soil solution depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the c'trations of Ca in plant cell cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cations in the rhizosphere that are taken up more efficiently |
|
Definition
| the ones that are more abundant |
|
|
Term
| the channels involved in Cu uptake |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific cation channels involved in uptake |
|
|
Term
| the color cotton leaves may turn when there's Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the conditions flooding creates regarding Fe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between chlorosis caused by Fe deficiency and chlorosis caused by Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| Fe deficiency symptoms start in younger leaves and Mg deficiency symptoms start in older leaves |
|
|
Term
| the dominant Zn species below pH 7.7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of B in the soil solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of Fe in well drained soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of Fe in well waterlogged soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of Mn in the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant species of Cu in soil below 6.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant species of Mo in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of Cu deficiency on p'synth can depend on... |
|
Definition
| mobility in the plant system |
|
|
Term
| the effect of pH on MoO42- in soil |
|
Definition
| for each unit of pH increase, the solubility of MoO42- increases 10-fold |
|
|
Term
| the effects of weakened cell membranes in plants |
|
Definition
-increased permeability
-loss of cell contents
-failure of nutrient-uptake mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| the first organic S containing molecule generated in S reduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first stable compound in the p'synthetic electron transport chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first stable product of S reduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Ca that's absorbed by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Cl in solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Co used by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Mo that's transported in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Na used by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Si plants use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of Mn in enzymes |
|
Definition
| some enzymes that require Mn as a cofactor |
|
|
Term
| the function of callose synthase |
|
Definition
| synthesizes polysac that basically forms callouses |
|
|
Term
| the function of phytosiderophore-Fe complexes |
|
Definition
| to release amino acids called phytosiderophores w/ a high affinity for Fe+3 to enhance Fe transport to root surfaces and absorption by root cells |
|
|
Term
| the general cycle of micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the importance of Cu regarding ethylene |
|
Definition
| The receptor that binds to ethylene requires Cu as a cofactor |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Fe in electron transport |
|
Definition
| There’s a variety of iron sulfur clusters used in electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Glutathione |
|
Definition
| it's a pretty important antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Mg for enzymes |
|
Definition
| Crucial in many enzymatic reactions (binds ATP to proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Definitely beneficial, perhaps essential (especially in monocots)? |
|
|
Term
| the importance of ferretin |
|
Definition
-Ferritin is a protein in which lots of iron can be stored
-it can store 2000-4000 atoms of iron inside of it, often in reduced form
-the protein shell keeps the iron from reacting
-this protein is an effective way to store iron
-therefore, it’s a good idea to increase the ferritin content in plants, especially the edible parts; theres been lots of research to improve the ferretin content in plants
-if you consume that stored iron, it can become available to humans |
|
|
Term
| the importance of porphyrin molecules |
|
Definition
| they are involved in redox rxns in resp and p'synth |
|
|
Term
| the last micronutrient that has been accepted as being essential for plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main conducting part of the sieve tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main form of sulfur taken up by plant roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the meristematic tissue (shoot and root tips), fruits, and storage organs are mainly supplied by... |
|
Definition
| the phloem (low transpiration) |
|
|
Term
| the minerals in soil that are the least soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most commonly used inorganic source of B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most surefire way to differentiate between S and N deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the occurance and essentiality of slicon in plants |
|
Definition
| Silicon occurs in substantial amounts in plants, but its essentiality has not been determined |
|
|
Term
| the only known role of Ni in plant systems |
|
Definition
| urease requires Ni as a cofactor; cofactor for urease, which breaks down urea |
|
|
Term
| the oxidized form of glutathione |
|
Definition
| 2 glutathiones bonded by disulfide bridge |
|
|
Term
| the pH dependent relationship for Fe}+3 |
|
Definition
| Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ <--> Fe+3 + 3H2O |
|
|
Term
| the presence of CaCO3 doesn't necessarily induce Fe deficiency, but... |
|
Definition
| its interaction w/ certain soil environmental conditions is related to Fe stress |
|
|
Term
| the problem w/ Fe supply in soil |
|
Definition
| The problem is not the presence or absence of Fe, but the AVAILABILITY of Fe! |
|
|
Term
| the process of sulfur assimilation can follow alternate pathways depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the quantity of Mg uptake compared to the uptake of Ca or K |
|
Definition
| the uptake of Mg is usually much less than the uptake of Ca or K |
|
|
Term
| the redox rxn that happens with Fe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of Fe containing cytochromes in chloroplasts |
|
Definition
| function in p'synthetic processes where ferredoxin, an Fe-S protein, is an electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| the role of Mg in carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
| Mg is needed for maximum activity of almost every phosphorylating enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism |
|
|
Term
| the role of Mg in ribosomes |
|
Definition
| Mg serves as a structural component in ribosomes, stabilizing them in the configuration necessary for protein synth |
|
|
Term
| the role of Mg regarding ATP |
|
Definition
| most rxns involving phosphate transfer from ATP require Mg |
|
|
Term
| the role of in p'synthetic reduction processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rxn that leads to the formation of HCO3- is promoted by... |
|
Definition
| accumulation of CO2 in excessively wet and poorly drained soils |
|
|
Term
| the species of Zn that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the transporter that seems to be doing the bulk of the intake of S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of rxns Cu is involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of transport done by HATS and LATS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of transporter used to transport Mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of transporters used depending on c'tration of S |
|
Definition
| You have LATS for S at higher c’trations and HATS at lower c’trations |
|
|
Term
| there's little of this consumption for B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there's lots of this at the sieve tube plates |
|
Definition
| plasmodesmatal connections |
|
|
Term
| these plants have a relatively higher S content |
|
Definition
| Brassicaceae (e.g. Cabbage) |
|
|
Term
| things that can happen to young tissue when there's B deficiency |
|
Definition
-Misshapen young leaves, which may be chlorotic and brittle
-Growing point may die off |
|
|
Term
| this amount of Zn becomes toxic to peanuts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can be used to supplement the diet to reduce grass tetany |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can replace Mn in chelate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is basically the matrix all the cell wall material sits in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is found between companion cells and sieve tube elements |
|
Definition
| very extensive plasmodesmatal connections |
|
|
Term
| this is important for the function of Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is not yet differentiated in meristematic region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is responsible for the characteristic taste and smell of mustard and onions |
|
Definition
| certain volatile S compounds |
|
|
Term
| this is when deficiencies can occur for many micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this may be lost when there's Ca deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this may be the reason for Ni deficiency in pecan |
|
Definition
| use of ZnSO4 and Cu-containing fungicides |
|
|
Term
| this part of the fruit furthest from vascular connectivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this regarding Fe provides the electrochemical potential for many enzymatic transformations in plants |
|
Definition
| transfer of electrons between organic molecules and Fe |
|
|
Term
| too much ______ decreases Ni uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| typical S concentration in plants |
|
Definition
| 0.1 to 0.5% (1 – 5 mg/g; depends on family) |
|
|
Term
| up to 90% of Fe in leaves occurs with... |
|
Definition
| lipoprotein in chloroplasts and mitochondria membranes |
|
|
Term
| uptake of Cl can be limited by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Al does for hydrangea |
|
Definition
| I think it gives them a blue color |
|
|
Term
| what B deficiency can do to marigold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what B deficiency can do to peanuts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Ca and other cations do in plant cell metabolism |
|
Definition
| neutralize organic acids formed during normal cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what Ca compartmentation is acheived by |
|
Definition
| a variety of Ca-transporters, including ATP pumps, anti-porters, and channels |
|
|
Term
| what Cu toxicity can do to leaves |
|
Definition
| this can lead to burning of edges and tips of leaves |
|
|
Term
| what Cu toxicity does to other nutrients |
|
Definition
| inhibits the uptake of other nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what Fe helps with in chloroplasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Fe is needed for in mitochondria |
|
Definition
| needed for oxidation – reduction reactions that are part of respiration |
|
|
Term
| what Fe solubility and availability are favored by |
|
Definition
| the acidity that develops when NH4+ is used by plants |
|
|
Term
| what LATS seems to be more involved in regarding S |
|
Definition
| LATS seems to more involved in putting sulfate into the xylem |
|
|
Term
| what Mn can do in redox rxns |
|
Definition
| Mn can undergo various oxidation reduction states |
|
|
Term
| what Mn deficiency does to plant leaves |
|
Definition
| Results in disruption of chloroplasts, and yellow spots or interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves (similar to Fe deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| what Mn does in the respiratory pathway |
|
Definition
| Activates enzymes in the respiratory pathway (as well as other enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| what Mn does to ATP and enzymes |
|
Definition
| Can form ATP bridges between ATP and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what Mn toxicity does to leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Na can do regarding K |
|
Definition
| Can partially substitute for K (but not nearly as effective) |
|
|
Term
| what Na does for C4 plants such as corn |
|
Definition
| Stimulates photosynthesis; seems to be cofactor for some enzymes regarding this |
|
|
Term
| what Na does for sugar beet |
|
Definition
| improved drought resistance |
|
|
Term
| what Ni uptake is similar to |
|
Definition
| kinda similar to Cu and other cations |
|
|
Term
| what SO42- can be transported thru |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can happen if Ca c'trations in plant cell cytoplasm is too high? |
|
Definition
| can precipitate w/ phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if you have Ca and phosphate in the same cytoplasmic compartment? |
|
Definition
| there can be a precipitate that can be detrimental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can become complexed with other ions in the vacuole |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to leaves under severe Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| can become uniformly chlorotic to necrotic |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to the –S-H group in cysteine and what it can eventually lead to |
|
Definition
-The –S-H group can be transferred (for example for methionine synthesis)
-This eventually leads to sulfide being incorporated |
|
|
Term
| what coenzyme A is involved in |
|
Definition
-oxidation and synth of fatty acids
-synth of amino acids
-oxidation of intermediates of the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| what some plants can do with heavy metals such as Zn, Ni, Cd, and so on |
|
Definition
| sequester them in their vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| what complexing of Fe to citric acid is often used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cutting the onion does to the cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what excess Ca can do to Mg |
|
Definition
| Ca in excess quantities can interfere with Mg |
|
|
Term
| what flooding does to Mn and some other nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens in strategy 2 of Fe uptake |
|
Definition
| You don’t have that acidification of the root zone; instead, the plant sends out group of phytosiderophores (PS), which are some kind of acids that serve as chelating agents to get into the rhizosphere to bind to ferric (Fe3+) iron so that it can be brought in |
|
|
Term
| what happens to N in Mg deficient plants |
|
Definition
| in Mg deficient plants, protein N decreases while non-protein N increases |
|
|
Term
| what happens to SO2 in plants |
|
Definition
-Goes thru an assimilation process such that it can be used by plants
-Co-transported across plasmalemma (into cell) with 3 H+ (symporter) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to Se in plants |
|
Definition
| Metabolized very much like sulfur (uses the same enzymes, Se can replace S in amino acids); assimilation does take place |
|
|
Term
| what happens to damaged sieve tube elements in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ferric form in strategy 2 of Fe uptake? |
|
Definition
| After it gets in, the ferric form is separated from the acid, possibly to be converted to ferrous form |
|
|
Term
| what happens w/ Ca when a signal is perceived? |
|
Definition
| When a signal is perceived, there’s a sudden increase in the amount of Ca in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what has to happen to Fe3+ before absorption |
|
Definition
| it has to be reduced to Fe2+ before absorption |
|
|
Term
| what high levels of Al can do to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what increasing S nutrition does to the N:S ratio in plants |
|
Definition
| decreases it to the optimum 9:1-12:1 needed for effective N use by rumen microbes |
|
|
Term
| what insects can do to phloem tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what most SO4-2 is reduced to in plants |
|
Definition
| reduced to --S--S and --SH forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of molecules referred to as pectin |
|
|
Term
| what phytochelatins can do |
|
Definition
| bind to heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, lead, and uranium |
|
|
Term
| what plants can do to improve Fe uptake |
|
Definition
| Plants can modify the root zone to make iron uptake more efficient |
|
|
Term
| what plants can do w/ excess Na |
|
Definition
| Plants have mechanisms to efflux Na back into the soil |
|
|
Term
| what plants do to make more Fe available |
|
Definition
| they exude a chelate that grabs Fe and brings it to the root |
|
|
Term
| what plants have to do to sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what plants use reducing agents for regarding Fe |
|
Definition
| Use reducing agents to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ |
|
|
Term
| what soil Ca or Fe can do to Mn in chelate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what some of the B toxicity symptoms may have something to do with |
|
Definition
| Some of this may have to do w/ the mobility of B itself, that is, the redistribution, translocation, and such |
|
|
Term
| what the ? means in Fe uptake strategy 2 and combination strategy |
|
Definition
| The ? is there because we haven’t been able to identify the protein responsible for the function there, that is, if there’s a protein for it at all |
|
|
Term
| what the soil testing lab runs all nutrients on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what too much callose in the same place can lead to |
|
Definition
| Too much callose in the same place can lead to say, a branch, being cut off |
|
|
Term
| what you're really seeing when you have Mn toxicity |
|
Definition
| the function of another nutrient being replaced |
|
|
Term
| when B is required for cell division in plants |
|
Definition
| B required for early period of cell division |
|
|
Term
| when Cl deficiencies can occur |
|
Definition
| when there is low water-extractable soil Cl- |
|
|
Term
| when Cu2+ is the dominant species of Cu in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Zn2+ is the dominant Zn species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when flooding increases Mn availability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when soil develops positive charges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where B deficiency symptoms often show |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Ca2+ is taken up in plants |
|
Definition
| Taken up in root tips and where lateral roots disrupt endodermis |
|
|
Term
| where Cl is present in plants |
|
Definition
| Present in fairly high concentrations in the vacuole |
|
|
Term
| where Cl mainly comes from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Fe deficiency is most often observed |
|
Definition
| on high pH and calcerous soils in arid regions |
|
|
Term
| where Fe deficiency symptoms first appear in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Fe toxicities commonly occur |
|
Definition
| in plants grown on acid and/or poorly drained soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfur reduction occurs in chloroplasts and plastids in the roots |
|
|
Term
| where S toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where SO42- can accumulate in plant cells |
|
Definition
| can accumulate in large amounts in vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| where Si can be found in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where about 75% of all Fe in cells is |
|
Definition
| the chloroplasts (photosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| where chlorosis due to Fe deficieny occurs first in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where chlorosis first appears when there's Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where excess Ca can be stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where excess Cl may occur |
|
Definition
| irrigated areas (high Cl in irrigation water) |
|
|
Term
| where halophytic plants grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the plant SO4-2 may occur |
|
Definition
| plant cell tissues and cell sap |
|
|
Term
| where interveinal chlorosis occurs in the plant (older or younger leaves) in response to Zn deficiency depends on ______ and is influenced by ______ |
|
Definition
| species the mobility of Zn in the plant system |
|
|
Term
| where most of the iron remains |
|
Definition
| The bulk of iron that’s taken up often remains in the root system, often staying in apoplastic space of the roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbing it from the soil solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where symptoms of B toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
| in margins of leaves of species with low B-mobility |
|
|
Term
| where symptoms of Mo deficiency occur |
|
Definition
| Symptoms often occur in lower and middle leaves |
|
|
Term
| where the strategies of Fe uptake occur |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane of plant roots |
|
|
Term
| where the symptoms of Ca deficiency occur |
|
Definition
| Mainly in meristematic tissue (shoot and root tips), fruits, and storage organs |
|
|
Term
| why B deficiency can occur in dry conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why B is not well transported in most plants |
|
Definition
| not completely well known |
|
|
Term
| why Ca and Mg are somewhat similar |
|
Definition
| Ca and Mg are somewhat similar, since they’re divalent |
|
|
Term
| why Ca is important to N metabolism and protein formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Cl is essential for p'synth |
|
Definition
| Essential for photosynthesis (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| why Cu toxicity may resemble Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| Occurs mainly because Cu replaces other metal ions, and Fe in particular; simply competition for cation channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs mainly because Cu replaces other metal ions, and Fe in particular; simply competition for cation channels |
|
|
Term
| why Fe deficiency symptoms occur first in younger leaves |
|
Definition
| because Fe is not very mobile in the plant |
|
|
Term
| why Fe is important for N fixation |
|
Definition
| it's part of the enzyme nitrogenase |
|
|
Term
| why Fe is important for p'synth |
|
Definition
| because several of the enzymes Fe provides the electrochemical potential for are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, and when Fe is deficient, chlorophyll production is reduced, leading to chlorosis |
|
|
Term
| why Fe is used for redox rxns in plants |
|
Definition
| because it has the ability to change oxidation states |
|
|
Term
| why Fe solubility and availability are favored by |
|
Definition
| because wwhen a strong acid anion (NO3-) is absorbed and replaced with a weak acid (HCO3-), the pH of the root zone increases, which decreases Fe availability |
|
|
Term
| why Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn are grouped among the micronutrients |
|
Definition
| because they behave very similarly |
|
|
Term
| why Glutathione is referred to as a tripeptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Mg is essential for p'synth |
|
Definition
| because it's part of the chlorophyll molecule |
|
|
Term
| why Mg is important throughout plant metabolism |
|
Definition
because the fundamental process of energy transfer occurs in...
-p'synth
-glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
-respiration |
|
|
Term
| why Mn chelates must be applied by foliar applications |
|
Definition
| because soil Ca or Fe can replace Mn in chelate |
|
|
Term
| why Mn deficiency decreases p'synth |
|
Definition
| because Mn is essential for p'synth |
|
|
Term
| why Mo can be toxic to cattle and sheep |
|
Definition
| by making some nutrients unavailable in the feed and such |
|
|
Term
| why NO3- and SO4-2 can lead to Cl deficiency |
|
Definition
| because they have negative charges |
|
|
Term
| why Ni deficiency has become more of a problem in recent years |
|
Definition
| because fertilizers have become purer, i.e. less ‘contamination’ |
|
|
Term
| why Ni is important for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why S accumulates in onions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Si is good for plants |
|
Definition
| Plants grown in low Si environments seem to be more vulnerable to pathogens |
|
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Term
| why Vidalia onions tend to have a mild flavor |
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Definition
| because soils around Vidalia tend to be low in S |
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Term
| why Zn deficiency causes small leaves (‘little leaf’ in fruit trees) |
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Definition
| may have something to do with interaction of auxins |
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Term
| why a continuous supply of Ca is important |
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Definition
| since Ca can't be redistributed within the plant, it is critical that a continuous supply of Ca is available for root absorption to support normal growth and fruit development |
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Term
| why adsorbed Fe contributes little to plant available Fe |
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Definition
| because negligible amounts of micronutrient cations like Fe are adsorbed on the CEC due to such low c'trations in the soil solution |
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Term
| why apples and related plants are better at translocationg B than other plants |
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Definition
-Apples and related plants transport sorbitol and sucrose
-Sorbitol can complex w/ B, but sucrose can’t; therefore, apple better at distributing B than walnut is; sorbitol helps w/ phloem transport |
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Term
| why bicarbonate (HCO3-) may enhance Fe deficiency |
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Definition
| high pH associated w/ bicarbonate (HCO3-) accumulation |
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Term
| why chelated Fe diffuses to the root surface in response to the c'tration gradient |
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Definition
| because during plant uptake, the c'tration of chelated Fe or other micronutrients is greater in the bulk solution than at the root surface |
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Term
| why ferredoxin is important |
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Definition
-has a significant role in NO2- and SO4-2 reduction
-has a significant role in N assimilation by N2 fixing bacteria |
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Term
| why high K fertilization makes B deficiency worse |
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Definition
| Ca displaced from CEC by K interferes with B absorption |
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Term
| why including legumes in the forage program is advised |
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Definition
| because legumes exhibit higher Mg content than grasses |
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Term
| why negligible amounts of micronutrient cations like Fe are adsorbed on the CEC in acid soils |
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Definition
| because solution Fe c'tration is low compared to Al |
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Term
| why negligible amounts of micronutrient cations like Fe are adsorbed on the CEC in saline/sodic soils |
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Definition
because solution Fe c'tration is low compared to...
-Ca
-Mg
-K
-Na |
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Term
| why neutral and calcareous soils can be Cu deficient |
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Definition
| Strong adsorption to Fe/Al oxides |
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Term
| why phytoremediation for heavy metals in soil isn't really a viable option |
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Definition
| most plants that do this don’t get enough biomass to make this a viable option |
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Term
| why plants can tolerate high calcium levels without detrimental effects |
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Definition
| because it can be in vacuole and such |
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Term
| why plants receiving NO3- are more likely to develop Fe stress than those receiving NH4+ |
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Definition
| because when a strong acid anion (NO3-) is absorbed and replaced with a weak acid (HCO3-), the pH of the root zone increases, which decreases Fe availability |
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Term
| why soils high in OM can be Cu deficient |
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Definition
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Term
| why soils high in OM can be Mn deficient |
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Definition
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Term
| why symptoms of S deficiency show up first in he younger parts of the plant |
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Definition
-because phloem transport from older to younger leaves is slow
-not very easy to remobilize S within the plant |
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Term
| why the ends and the edges of the fruit tend to have less Ca |
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Definition
| because of distance from vascular system |
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|
Term
| why the optimum N:S ratio of 9:1-12:1 is imporrtant |
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Definition
| it's needed for effective N use by rumen microbes |
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Term
| why there's accumulation in tip of leaves of plants where B is not very mobile |
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Definition
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|
Term
| why there's severe Mo deficiencies under dry conditions |
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Definition
| reduced mass flow/diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
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