Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| % composition of K in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % plant dry matter taken up by Ca |
|
Definition
| 0.2 – 1.0% of dry matter; in some extreme cases, it can be up to 5% |
|
|
Term
| 2 N compounds that are in broiler litter |
|
Definition
-Water-soluble organic N
-Uric acid |
|
|
Term
| 2 Origins of Charge in clay minerals |
|
Definition
-Isomorphic substitution
-Broken edges |
|
|
Term
| 2 equations for measuring P adsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 micronutrients that broiler litter is rich in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 purposes of the root cap |
|
Definition
-helps protect the tip of the root
-helps it stay lined up with the force of gravity |
|
|
Term
| 2 sources of pH dependent charge |
|
Definition
| broken edges on clay minerals and soil OM |
|
|
Term
| 2 states where there's deposits of elemental S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 steps to developing a soil test |
|
Definition
-soil test correlation
-soil test calibration |
|
|
Term
| 2 substances that are crucial in elongation of many cells, especially in fruit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd largest deposit of K is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 mechanisms of ion movement in soil |
|
Definition
-root interception
-mass flow
-diffusion |
|
|
Term
| 3 rxns from which pH dependent CEC originates |
|
Definition
| -neutralization of H+ on sesquioxide (Al, Fe(OH)x) by way of liming
-neutralization of H+ associated with the interlayer Al(OH)x as pH increases
-neutralization of Al3+ and Al(OH)x+n as pH increases with liming |
|
|
Term
| 4 additional elements that have been established as beneficial micronutrients in some plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A disulfide bridge between 2 cysteine molecules does this to a protein |
|
Definition
| changes the shape of a protein |
|
|
Term
| A drop in petiole K+ indicates that... |
|
Definition
| K+ may be becoming deficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AEC incereases as soil pH decreases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accumulation of potassium in cells does this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Active transport can occur against... |
|
Definition
| electrochemical gradients |
|
|
Term
| Advantage of slow release fertilizer |
|
Definition
| releases nutrients as needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Org N --> R-NH2 (amines)
organic N turning into amines
R is organic residue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| R-NH2 + H+ + H2O --> R-OH + NH4+
amines turning into ammonium |
|
|
Term
| Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) acidifies soil as ______ and ______ are oxidized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) can be mixed with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] acidifies soil as these chemicals are oxidized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Applying fertilizer in a band can lead to... |
|
Definition
| bacteria being dehydrated |
|
|
Term
| Average Ca and Mg in Calcareous Soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average Ca and Mg in Non-calcareous humid region soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average Ca and Mg in Tropical Soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average K content in soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Average K content of soils compared to N |
|
Definition
| about 6 times more K than N |
|
|
Term
| Average K content of soils compared to P |
|
Definition
| about 13 times more K than P |
|
|
Term
| B is important for this aspect of plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BS increases with increasing soil pH |
|
|
Term
| Behavior of Ammonium Nitrate in Soil |
|
Definition
| NH4NO3 --> NH4+ + NO3-
NH4+ + 2O2 --> NO3- + H2O + 2H+ |
|
|
Term
| Behavior of ammonium sulfate in soil |
|
Definition
| (NH4)2SO4 --> 2NH4+ + SO42-
2NH4+ + 4O2 --> 2NO3- + 2H2O + 4H+ |
|
|
Term
| Boron distribution in leaves depends on... |
|
Definition
| whether it is phloem-mobile or not (i.e. species-dependent) |
|
|
Term
| C/N ratio that leads to immobilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C/N ratio that leads to mineralization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C/P ratio that leads to net immobilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C/P ratio that leads to net mineralization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C/P ratio that leads to no net gain or loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C:N ratio is an indicator of... |
|
Definition
| the stability of the soil supplement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CEC of Sphagnum peat moss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estimated to be 100-300 meq/100g soil |
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| critical relative humidity |
|
|
Term
| Ca content of Single and triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca deficiency makes the cell wall lose this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca is this type of messenger |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca pretty much the only nutrient which is transported within plants using... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca transport is driven by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca+ saturation vs. K+ adsorption |
|
Definition
| the greater the degree of Ca+2 saturation, the greater the K+ adsorption |
|
|
Term
| CaCO3 coprecipitated in the form of what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CaSO4 coprecipitated in the form of what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium can inhibit uptake of this nutrient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcium in the phloem results in the production of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carl Sprengel and Justus von Liebig |
|
Definition
| 19th century scientists who developed the Law of the Minimum |
|
|
Term
| Chemical processes control these nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cotton can store large amounts of K+ in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu accumulation can be toxic to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu is ______ with its movement like Fe is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu toxicity often occurs as a result of too much... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cu vs. Fe in the redox rxns |
|
Definition
| Fe and Cu do somewhat similar things in the redox rxns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4) |
|
|
Term
| Diammonium phosphate (DAP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drop in solute potential causes... |
|
Definition
| water to get into the guard cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sheath around root tip, hyphae do not penetrate plant cells (mainly trees of temperate zones)
-these act kinda like root hairs |
|
|
Term
| Elemental S evolves from... |
|
Definition
| the decomposition of organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends surface area of roots – penetrate plant cells (widespread) |
|
|
Term
| Excess zinc can accumulate in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting K availability |
|
Definition
-Clay minerals
-Capacity to fix K
-Soil water content
-Soil temperature
-Competition by Ca and Mg |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting root surface area |
|
Definition
-Thinner, multiple roots have more surface area per unit volume
-Root branching, which can be influenced by lateral roots
-Root hairs
-Association with mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
| Factors that Control Ca & Mg in Solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe accepts or donates an electron depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe has to be ______ to other molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe toxicity common problem in... |
|
Definition
| African marigolds and rice, resulting in bronze speckles on leaves |
|
|
Term
| Fe/Al oxide adsorption vs. pH |
|
Definition
| Fe/Al oxide adsorption declines as pH increases above 5 |
|
|
Term
| Ferrous form of Fe brought in by... |
|
Definition
| iron transporter which can transport some other kinds of cations |
|
|
Term
| Fertilizers containing NH3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Soil Solution Sulfur
-Adsorbed Sulfur
-Coprecipitated Sulfur
-Reduced Inorganic Sulfur
-Organic Sulfur |
|
|
Term
| Freundlich equation for measuring P adsorption good for... |
|
Definition
| after a certain amount, since soils get saturated |
|
|
Term
| Function of Nitrogen in Plants |
|
Definition
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-adenosine |
|
|
Term
| Functions of K in the plant |
|
Definition
-Potassium is involved as something in osmosis to help in cell expansion
-Potassium helps water enter the plant
-Stomatal movement
-Carbohydrate transport
-Cell elongation
-Enzyme activation
-ATP production |
|
|
Term
| Functions of Magnesium in plants |
|
Definition
-About 70% of Mg2+ is diffusible (often associated with organic acids)
-Component of chlorophyll
-Stored in seeds as Mg phytate
-Crucial in many enzymatic reactions (binds ATP to proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glutamine: 2-oxo-glutarate amido transferase (Glutamate synthase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GS-GOGAT uses how many ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Green Revolution was part of the ______ inprovement of ag. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H+ must be neutralized by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H2S rxn that forms pyrite |
|
Definition
| H2S + Fe2+ --> FeS --> FeS2 (pyrite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) |
|
|
Term
| How much of the soil N is organic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| international fertilizer association |
|
|
Term
| If soil has been ______, S oxidation of S won’t happen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If soil has been sterilized, S this won’t happen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Importance of Soil Fertility |
|
Definition
-Agriculture depends on soil productivity
-Soil productivity depends in part on soil fertility |
|
|
Term
| In most plants, the bulk of S goes towards... |
|
Definition
| the generation of cysteine |
|
|
Term
| K availability is somewhat dependent on its concentration relative to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K content in the Northeast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K content in the Southeast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large differences among species (0.5 -8%). That is, different species have different compositions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reentrapment of K+ between the layers of 2:1 clays, predominantly hydrous mica |
|
|
Term
| K from organic sources can be rapidly leached in compost that is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K helps do this for phloem |
|
Definition
| K helps load stuff into the phloem |
|
|
Term
| K is generally absorbed by plants in larger amounts than any other nutrient except... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K is involved in these functions in plants in cells and across membranes |
|
Definition
-water relations
-charge balance
-osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| K is usually expressed as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K+ moves into the cell through... |
|
Definition
| a K+ channel and a possible K+/H+ symporter (carrier) |
|
|
Term
| K+ uptake is influenced by... |
|
Definition
| the presence of other cations |
|
|
Term
| K2O content of Sul-Po-Mag (langbeinite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K2O content of potassium chloride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K2O content of potassium nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K2O content of potassium sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Langbeinite often sold as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Langmuir equation for measuring P adsorption good for... |
|
Definition
| telling you max adsorption capacity for particular soil |
|
|
Term
| Lateral roots derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lateral roots increase... |
|
Definition
| root mass and surface area |
|
|
Term
| Latest nutrient to be established as essential for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leaves can take up small amounts of SO2 (by-product of coal combustion) by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leibig’s Law of the Minimum |
|
Definition
| The level of plant production can be no greater than that allowed by the most limiting growth factor |
|
|
Term
| Losing the H on cysteine can lead to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lyotropic series for anions |
|
Definition
| (strongest on left)
OH- > H2PO4- > SO42- > NO3- > Cl- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2) |
|
|
Term
| Main osmoticum in plant cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Man-Made Causes of Acid Rain |
|
Definition
-Exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses
-Power plants that burn coal
-Pollution from industry |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of nutrient movement to roots |
|
Definition
1: Mass flow
2: Diffusion
3: Root Interception |
|
|
Term
| Mg content of Sul-Po-Mag (langbeinite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mg content of the suspensions Sul-Po-Mag (K2SO4.MgSO4) is used in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mg is stored in seeds as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbial processes control these nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micronutrients are often talked about in... |
|
Definition
| ppm; some can even be in ppb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mn toxicity can be depressed by increasing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Availability increases with increasing pH |
|
|
Term
| Mo c'tration at which Mo deficiency can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mo can accumulate up to these levels and not be toxic to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mo is an important component of... |
|
Definition
| nitrate reductase and nitrogenase |
|
|
Term
| Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most S in organic molecules is in ______ form, so SO42- needs to be ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple nitrate transporters needed for nitrate movement... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of Diammonium phosphate (DAP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of ammonium chloride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of ammonium nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of ammonium polyphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of ammonium sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N content of diammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
| 18-21% N (18-46-0 to 21-53-0) |
|
|
Term
| N content of monoammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
| 11-12% N (11-48-0 to 12-61-0) |
|
|
Term
| N content of potassium nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N loss pathways and cropping systems around the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic N being turned into NH4+ |
|
|
Term
| N rate vs. chlorophyll meter reading |
|
Definition
| as the N rate goes up, the chlorophyll meter reading goes up |
|
|
Term
| N rxn that produces the most acidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N-P-K of ammonium polyphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N-P-K of diammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N-P-K of monoammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N-P-K of potassium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N-P-K of single superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| N-P-K of triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| NADPH is one of the end products of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NH3 is compatible with... |
|
Definition
- Carbon steel
- Stainless steel
- Fiberglass, rubber, PVC, polyethylene |
|
|
Term
| NH3 is not compatible with... |
|
Definition
| - Aluminum [Al(OH)3]
- Copper [Cu(NH3)4]2+
- Zinc [Zn(NH3)4]2+
because it binds with these materials and forms a precipitate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural Causes of Acid Rain |
|
Definition
-Lightning
-Volcanoes
-Decomposing plant biomass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ni uptake competes with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrate needs to be ______ before it can be used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrate reduction requires... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrate transport mechanisms in plants |
|
Definition
| low affinity transport system (LATS) and high affinity transport system (HATS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium turning into organic N
NH4+ + R-OH --> R-NH2 + H+ + H2O |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen Immobilization is controlled by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Org N --> NH4+
organic N turning into ammonium |
|
|
Term
| Nitrogen mineralization from broiler litter varies depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nutrient transporters are present in these zones of roots |
|
Definition
| uptake related zones of roots |
|
|
Term
| Nutrients in solution controlled by |
|
Definition
-Microbial processes (N, S, etc.)
-Chemical processes (P, K, etc.)
-Physical processes (P, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| One of the first processes that gets affected by Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the main routes by which Ca enters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the molecules that iron is often complexed with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the processes that drives growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimum pH for nitrification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organic matter protected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other S containing compounds come from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other monovalent cations, such as Na+ and Li+, as substitutes for K in enzymes |
|
Definition
| less effective than NH4+ and Rb+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P fixation vs. amount of OM |
|
Definition
| P fixation decreases as OM increases |
|
|
Term
| P is considered this type of resource |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P solubizing bacteria are part of the effort to... |
|
Definition
| improve the availability of P |
|
|
Term
| P stored as phytate (phytic acid) especially in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of ammonium polyphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of diammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of monoammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of phosphoric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of rock phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of single superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| P2O5 content of triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Passive transport occurs along... |
|
Definition
| concentration and electrical (electrochemical) gradients |
|
|
Term
| Phloem cells are connected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phloem loading is stimulated by ______, especially at high pH (apoplast). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phloem loading is stimulated by potassium, especially at ______ pH (apoplast). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical processes control these nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polymer-coated compounds (Osmocote) |
|
Definition
| Coated N-P-K fertilizer granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals that were already present in the parent material |
|
|
Term
| Q10 of S mineralization/immobilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate of uptake dependent on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions with predominantly acidic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Root interception can be enhanced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of Sul-Po-Mag (langbeinite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of potassium sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of single superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S content of soils (lb S/A) |
|
Definition
| ~ 1200 to 2000 lb S/A in upper 6 inches |
|
|
Term
| S content of triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S deficiency is characterized by... |
|
Definition
reduced plant growth rate, in which plants are...
-stunted
-thin-stemmed
-chlorotic |
|
|
Term
| S deficiency symptoms that can occur in cruciferous crops, such as cabbage, broccoli, and canola/rapeseed |
|
Definition
-they initially develop a reddish color on the undersides of the leaves, where leaves are also cupped inward
-as the deficiency progresses, reddening of both upper and lower leaf surfaces occurs |
|
|
Term
| S deficient plants accumulate non protein N as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SO42- is transported faster in xylem or phloem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Se is essential to animals, but... |
|
Definition
| toxic at high concentrations in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minerals that form in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soils’ capacity to supply elements essential for plant growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Capacity of a soil to support the production of a specific crop |
|
|
Term
| Solution K is mainly in this form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soluble salts deposits beneath soil surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a compound used to reduce root growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when under severe deficiency, rapid increases in yield with added nutrient cause a small decrease in nutrient concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfur shell around each urea granule |
|
|
Term
| Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) designed to... |
|
Definition
| reduce leaching and denitrification |
|
|
Term
| Sulfuric acid has to be... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Summary of nitrate Assimilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Swine manure has a lot of ______, which compete w/ P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of B deficiency depend on... |
|
Definition
| mobility in a particular species |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of N deficiency may be similar to those of... |
|
Definition
| –Drought (older leaves abscise)
–Mo deficiency (Mo needed for NO3- reduction)
–S deficiency (required for synthesis of chlorophyll and many amino acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) |
|
|
Term
| The bond between glutamate and cysteine that occurs in glutathione |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulk of Ca movement in the vascular tissue is thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The form of Fe used and brought into plant systems... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immediate taking in of P that’s available creates... |
|
Definition
| a zone of low P c’tration |
|
|
Term
| The majority of Ca intake in plants could be ______, though there could be some ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The p'synth process in green plants converts ______ into ______. |
|
Definition
| CO2 and H2O
simple carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| The phosphate that gets released supports... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reason some of the fertilizer doesn’t even get taken up |
|
Definition
| because it gets adsorbed onto the surface of soil particles |
|
|
Term
| There’s a whole class of ______ involved with transporting Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is pretty hard to do in an artificial setting, but plants can do it |
|
Definition
| splitting a water molecule |
|
|
Term
| Two possible routes for apoplastic uptake |
|
Definition
-Elongation zone
-Emerging laterals |
|
|
Term
| Two separate long distance transport systems in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urea ammonium nitrate (liquid fertilizer) |
|
|
Term
| UAN solutions are OK with these substances |
|
Definition
-PVC
-fiberglass
-stainless steel
-carbon steel |
|
|
Term
| UAN solutions are corrosive to these materials |
|
Definition
| Cu and Zn alloys, and to an extent, Al alloys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Add Ca(OH)2 in 1:1 mix
-20 g soil (0.02 kg)
-20 mL 0.01 M CaCl2 (measure pH1)
-this is shaken for 30 minutes because you need that reaction time
I think 1:1 means 1mg/mL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uptake is inhibited by high ______ (and stimulated by ______) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Uptake of K results from... |
|
Definition
| an electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| Urea synthesis from arginine catabolism is one of the processes involved in... |
|
Definition
| the breakdown of amino acids (ask Dr. Malladi for clarification) |
|
|
Term
| Vacuolar potassium represents... |
|
Definition
| storage for future use (luxury consumption) |
|
|
Term
| Very high Cl levels may reduce uptake of these nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endodermis w/ casparian strip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of rapid cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quiescent center (few cell divisions) |
|
|
Term
| When there’s no more of this, there’s no more oxidation of S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you apply P, how much is taken up? |
|
Definition
| only about 20% is taken up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zn deficiency causes short internodes, which can cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zn is transported in the (xylem or phloem) as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a bad effect of cleaner air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a common function of Fe compounds regarding oxygen and water during respiration |
|
Definition
| reduction of oxygen to water during respiration |
|
|
Term
| a common way CaSO4 precipitates on top of the CaCO3 |
|
Definition
| CaSO4 in the form of needles on top of CaCO3 in the form of spiral growth |
|
|
Term
| a deficiency high Ni can induce |
|
Definition
| Fe deficiency (interveinal chlorosis) |
|
|
Term
| a deficiency that can be induced by Mn toxicity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a form of S other than SO4-2 that can be taken up by plant roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a good effect of flooding |
|
Definition
| increases the availability of some nutrients, such as Fe and P |
|
|
Term
| a good thing about K fixation |
|
Definition
| can conserve K, which can later be released |
|
|
Term
| a loading that's stimulated by K |
|
Definition
| phloem loading, especially at high pH (apoplast). |
|
|
Term
| a mechanism used by grass roots to tolerate low Fe availability |
|
Definition
| using phytosiderophore-Fe complexes to release amino acids called phytosiderophores w/ a high affinity for Fe+3 |
|
|
Term
| a molecule in plants that contains Cu |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a nutrient that is not measured in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deeper in the soil; sometimes, roots can access this |
|
|
Term
| a place in the plant cell where phosphate can be stored when there's more phosphate than needed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a protein in the chloroplasts that S is a vital part of |
|
Definition
| ferredoxin (an Fe-S protein) |
|
|
Term
| a reason Fe is important for chlorrophyll |
|
Definition
| needed for chlorophyll synthesis |
|
|
Term
| a reason some say silicon may be important to plants |
|
Definition
| Some say that w/o silicon, plants may become susceptible to pathogens and/or injury |
|
|
Term
| a species where B is more mobile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a species where B is not very mobile |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a symptom of B deficiency |
|
Definition
| leaf tips getting pink, such as in cereal rye |
|
|
Term
| a transformation of S that causes soil acidity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a transformation of S that increases soil pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of 2:1:1 clay mineral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a type of soluble Al that's toxic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a way around the problem of sieve tube elements getting blocked |
|
Definition
| material usually gets around it |
|
|
Term
| above the critical pH, you don’t see much... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4th most abundant, comprising about 5% of the Earth's crust |
|
|
Term
| abundance of hormones in phloem tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| activity of nitrate reductase depends on... |
|
Definition
-nitrate
-light
-carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| acute symptoms of S toxicity in plants |
|
Definition
| membrane disruption and necrosis (generally spotty in appearance) |
|
|
Term
| additions of OM to these soils can improve Fe availability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes from solution to surface |
|
|
Term
| adsorption of SO42- vs. pH |
|
Definition
| Adsorption decreases with increasing pH (6) |
|
|
Term
| advantage of Fertilizers containing only nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantage of Sul-Po-Mag (langbeinite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of K2SO4 over KCl |
|
Definition
-supplies S
-has lower salt index than KCl |
|
|
Term
| advantages of Slow release N fertilizers |
|
Definition
-release rate more closely matches plant requirements
-no extra N in soil (less leaching)
-less frequent applications |
|
|
Term
| advantages of potassium phosphates |
|
Definition
| -they are high analysis
-they have a low salt index
-useful for preparation of clear fluid fertilizers high in K2O
-polyphosphate as a P source
-well suited for use on potatoes and other crops sensitive to excessive amounts of Cl- |
|
|
Term
| after bacteria get into the root, this allows for more exchange of material |
|
Definition
| bacteria infiltrate internal cells as well; bacteria start invading root system |
|
|
Term
| after the excessive growth of plants, algae, and other stuff due to such excessive N, this leads to depleted oxygen supply |
|
Definition
| microbes later lead to depleted oxygen supply |
|
|
Term
| agriculture depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all of the N fixing organisms contain this enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all the plant cells are connected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aluminum starts to appear in the exchangeable process at this pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium turning into ammonia that gets into the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogen in the form of ammonium and ammonia; can be used to determine pH |
|
|
Term
| ammonium can be incorporated into various amino acids, such as... |
|
Definition
-glutamate
-aspartate
-glutamine
-asparagine |
|
|
Term
| ammonium gets taken up thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ammonium phosphates account for how much of world N fert use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ammonium polyphosphate can be used with urea ammonium nitrate (liquid fertilizer) (UAN) applied in a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ammonium polyphosphate can be used with... |
|
Definition
| urea ammonium nitrate (liquid fertilizer) (UAN) applied in a band |
|
|
Term
| ammonium sulfate is how much of world's fertilizer use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to me, it seems to be a type of immobilization |
|
|
Term
| amount at which B toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
| May occur at concentrations only slightly higher than those needed to prevent deficiency; therefore, must have just the right amount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in high concentrations in the soil; seems to be 2nd most abundant behind Si |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low concentrations (0.001 to 0.005%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of Cl in soil for plants |
|
Definition
| almost always present in adequate amounts |
|
|
Term
| amount of Cl supplied by precipitation |
|
Definition
| 10 to 30 kg/ha in precipitation |
|
|
Term
| amount of Co that's needed |
|
Definition
| Co needed in ppb amounts; any greater can lead to toxicity |
|
|
Term
| amount of Diammonium phosphate (DAP) that should be used with seed |
|
Definition
| Use < 10 kg N/ha with seed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total soil Fe varies widely (1-55%) |
|
|
Term
| amount of Fe in the soil solution |
|
Definition
| very low; 10-6-10-20 M Fe+3, depending on pH |
|
|
Term
| amount of K present in cytosol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of Mg in plants that is in chlorophyll |
|
Definition
| 15-20% of total Mg in plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When Mn is in the cell, it don’t really accumulate much in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| amount of Mn vs. amount of Mg |
|
Definition
| Mn present in much larger quantities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low concentrations (0.0001 to 0.0005 %) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in low concentrations (< 1 ppm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of N gas increases as you become more alkaline |
|
|
Term
| amount of P in manure that is plant available |
|
Definition
| About 50-90% P plant available |
|
|
Term
| amount of P needed to obtain good yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of S crops require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of S released yearly from OM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of S that's in organic matter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of SO42- in soil solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Si levels can be 10% of the plant dry weight |
|
|
Term
| amount of V normally present in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of V required by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of biuret that can be tolerated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of charge on 1:1 clays that's pH dependent due to broken edges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of charge on 1:1 clays that's permanent due to isomorphic substitution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of charge on 2:1 clays that's pH dependent due to broken edges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of charge on 2:1 clays that's permanent due to isomorphic substitution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of citrate-soluble P in rock phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of exchangeable sodium vs. dispersiveness of the clay |
|
Definition
| the more exchangeable sodium, the more dispersive the clay |
|
|
Term
| amount of nitrate leaching depends on... |
|
Definition
- Rate, timing of N fertilization
- Nitrification inhibitors; some fertilizers come with these and they last for about 2 weeks
- Crop uptake; reduces nitrate leaching
- Soil characteristics
- Precipitation patterns |
|
|
Term
| amount of organic matter vs. places for nutrient retention |
|
Definition
| increasing organic matter increases places for nutrient retention |
|
|
Term
| amount of plants that form mycorrhizal associations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of potential acidity vs. rate of change in active acidity |
|
Definition
the more potential acidity, the slower the change in active acidity
the less potential acidity, the faster the change in active acidity |
|
|
Term
| amount of soil K that's available to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of soil K that's not available to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of total P in manure that is organic |
|
Definition
| 10 to 70% of total P is organic |
|
|
Term
| amount of water-soluble P in rock phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of weathering vs. amount of Ca in soil |
|
Definition
| low weathering, high Ca; high weathering, low Ca |
|
|
Term
| amounts of these amino acids increase with increasing S content in leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an advantage of the UGA method for measuring soil pH |
|
Definition
| this gets you close to the true pH, no matter how much salt |
|
|
Term
| an effect of K deficiency that often goes undetected and why |
|
Definition
| reduced p'synth because that's before visual symptoms |
|
|
Term
| an effect of blossom-end rot |
|
Definition
| Blossom-end rot leaves fruits susceptible for infection; a variety of different pathogens can infect the vulnerable tissue |
|
|
Term
| an element is considered essential to plant growth and development if... |
|
Definition
-the element is directly involved in the nutrition of the plant
-a deficiency makes it impossible for the plant to complete its life cycle, and
-a deficiency is specific to the element and can only be prevented or corrected by supplying the element |
|
|
Term
| an enzyme for which S is essential for the synthesis of it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an enzyme that needs Mg and why |
|
Definition
-Rubisco
-needs Mg to activate it so that it can be effective in p’synth |
|
|
Term
| an example of N remobilization within plants |
|
Definition
| some N stored within older leaves gets remobilized to where it's needed |
|
|
Term
| an example of a 2:1 clay that fixes K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an example of regulation of nitrogen uptake |
|
Definition
-High N uptake rates result in high N levels in the leaves
-Leaves contain high levels of amino acids
-Amino acids are transported back to the roots
-Amino acids inhibit nitrogen uptake by the roots |
|
|
Term
| an important function of antipiorters in plant cells |
|
Definition
| can help mitigate toxicities inside the cells |
|
|
Term
| an inducible P transporter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| analysis of these plant parts provides an indication of nutrient reserves in plants |
|
Definition
-petioles
-stem sections
-leaf midribs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a monocot root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomy of a sieve tube in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anion exchange capacity (AEC) |
|
Definition
| Total amount of positive charges |
|
|
Term
| another detail about potassium nitrate |
|
Definition
| Low salt effect (used in tobacco) |
|
|
Term
| another nutrient that affects Zn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| another thing that can happen in plants as a result of Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
| collapsing of the outermost cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space outside plasma membrane, even the space costituted by dead functioning xylem tissue |
|
|
Term
| appearance of Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apply lime how long in advance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there B transporters in plants? |
|
Definition
| yes, they have been identified |
|
|
Term
| artificial sources of N cause this |
|
Definition
| increased growth of plants, algae, and other stuff |
|
|
Term
| at a low pH, this adsorption is stronger |
|
Definition
| the adsorption to the Fe oxides |
|
|
Term
| at the cellular level, plants can do this in response to nutrient deficiencies |
|
Definition
| make more of certain kinds of transporters and increase the concentration of them, such as the specific one for P when there's a shortage of P |
|
|
Term
| at this depth, you retain nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest unit of matter that maintains the distinguishing features of an element.
Example: N (nitrogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1/12 mass of the nucleus of carbon (amu) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mass of atom in amu
Example:
C → 12 amu
N → 14 amu
H → 1 amu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| availability of CaCO3-CaSO4 vs. pH |
|
Definition
| Availability increases as pH decreases (CaCO3 more soluble) |
|
|
Term
| availability of single superphosphate in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria can also use this for reduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial enzyme that requires Mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| % of total CEC occupied by Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ |
|
|
Term
| be careful of this when doing biological tests to evaluate plant health |
|
Definition
| be careful extrapolating results to other conditions |
|
|
Term
| because of how K exists in plants, K functions are related to this in plant cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| behavior of Ca compared with Mg in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| behavior of ammonium compared to behavior of K+ |
|
Definition
| Ammonium behaves very similarly to K+ in the soil |
|
|
Term
| best conditions for ammonia volatilization... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biological N fixation can be inhibited by... |
|
Definition
–Low soil pH
–Low Mo (component of nitrogenase)
–High N
–Low carbohydrate supply (low light, drought, low temperature) |
|
|
Term
| biological tests to evaluate plant nutrition are easier for what thing than what other thing? |
|
Definition
| easier for plant nutrient content than for fertilizer rates |
|
|
Term
| bottom line for signaling w/ Ca |
|
Definition
| the initial change is sensed downstream |
|
|
Term
| bottom line regarding Zn in plants |
|
Definition
| there’s quite a few functions of Zn in plant system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorite w/ a Mg hydroxide layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mix of equal amounts of conjugate acid and conjugate base that resists pH changes; this is the important concept for soil |
|
|
Term
| buffer solution method of determining lime requirement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| buffering capacity vs. nutrient adsorption |
|
Definition
| when you have a bigger buffering capacity, you have more nutrients being adsorbed onto the soil particles |
|
|
Term
| c'tration in plant tissue where Fe deficiency occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c'tration in plant tissue where Fe toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present in relatively high concentrations in most soils |
|
|
Term
| c'trations of Mo that can be toxic to cattle and sheep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can phosphate and potash resources get depleted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| casparian strip found in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| casparian strip is (hydrophobic or hydrophilic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cations that can interfere with Mg availability |
|
Definition
| High levels of K+ or NH4+ can reduce availability of Mg |
|
|
Term
| cells in the maturation zone no longer do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| change in CEC of clay vs. change in CEC of organic C as pH increases |
|
Definition
| CEC of OM increases faster than the CEC of clay with increasing pH |
|
|
Term
| change in pH vs. change in c'tration of Fe+2 |
|
Definition
| for each pH unit increase, Fe+2 c'tration decreases a hundredfold, which is similar to other divalent cations |
|
|
Term
| change in pH vs. change in c'tration of Fe+3 |
|
Definition
| for each pH unit increase, Fe+3 c'tration decreases a thousandfold |
|
|
Term
| characteristic of soil particles that affects oxidation and how fast the pH decreases in response to SO42- |
|
Definition
| Particle size affects oxidation and how fast the pH decreases; large particle size slows down the release |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of root morphology and architecture that can have effect on nutrient uptake |
|
Definition
-Root length, thickness
-Branching |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of the soil where rice tends to be grown |
|
Definition
| The soil where rice is tends to be more acidic and have more iron |
|
|
Term
| chart of N, P, and K in Animal Manures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing pH related to nutrient supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chart showing some details of normal, saline, sodic, and saline-sodic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chelated Fe diffuses to the root surface in response to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical formula for monoammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical formula for triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical name for single superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical name for triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical used for measuring S in Australia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical used for measuring S in New Zealand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chlorophyll meters can be used to estimate the status of these nutrients in a crop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic symptoms of S toxicity |
|
Definition
-sulfite accumulation in leaves
-chlorosis
-growth and yield reduction
-early senescence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| residue insoluble in 1N ammonium citrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| residue soluble in 1N ammonium citrate |
|
|
Term
| climate factors that affect plant growth and yield |
|
Definition
-rain
-temp
-light
-wind
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| collect soil samples in this container |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| color and odor of Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) |
|
Definition
| Black solution with H2S odor |
|
|
Term
| color of potassium chloride |
|
Definition
| Red if not refined; white if highly refined |
|
|
Term
| composition of 2:1:1 clay minerals in acid soils |
|
Definition
| interlayer Al hydroxide sheet in addition to the 2:1 structure |
|
|
Term
| composition of 2:1:1 clay minerals in basic soils |
|
Definition
| interlayer Mg hydroxide sheet in addition to the 2:1 structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about half urea and half ammonium nitrate |
|
|
Term
| compost has a 30:1 ratio, but what's the disadvantage? |
|
Definition
| it breaks down quickly in the soil |
|
|
Term
| conditions in which Mn toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
-low pH
-waterlogged soils |
|
|
Term
| conditions in which Zn toxicity occurs |
|
Definition
-Generally occurs at concentrations above 150 - 200 ppm
-Most common at low pH |
|
|
Term
| conditions in which measuring SO42- is not reliable and why |
|
Definition
| humid regions because of leaching |
|
|
Term
| conditions under which B deficiency can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conditions under which Ca deficiency symptoms are more common |
|
Definition
| drought conditions (reduces transpiration) |
|
|
Term
| conditions under which severe Mo deficiencies can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conditions when calcium phosphates are not soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| coprecipitation of S as CaSO4 mainly happens when... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corn does better on fumigated or unfumigated soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| countries with significant amounts of rock phosphate |
|
Definition
-USA
-Morocco
-Russia
-S.Africa
-China |
|
|
Term
| country with the most rock phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| criteria for importance of nutrients in plant life cycle |
|
Definition
1: importance in plant growth and development
2: involved in the a plant’s biochemical or physiological process |
|
|
Term
| critical concentration of a nutrient in a plant may depend on... |
|
Definition
| weather and cropping conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nutrient concentration in the plant below which a yield response to added nutrients occurs |
|
|
Term
| critical relative humidity (CRH) |
|
Definition
| relative humidity at which urea dissolves |
|
|
Term
| crop K2SO4 is commonly used on |
|
Definition
| -Cl- sensitive crops, like tomatoes and tobacco
-tree fruits and veggies |
|
|
Term
| crop factors that affect plant growth and yield |
|
Definition
-variety
-planting date
-pests
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| crops in which B is important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| current estimates state that ______% of future crop production increases will come from ______ compared to ______. |
|
Definition
90%
intensification
expansion of cropland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| deficiencies of these nutrients can cause chlorosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the concentration of an element is low enough to severely limit yield and distinct deficiency symptoms are visible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrate turning into nitrogen gas or nitrous oxide
2NO3- + 2H+ --> N2 + 21/2 O2 + H2O |
|
|
Term
| depiction of 2ndary active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Ca transport in plant cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Exchangeable and Non-Exchangeable K in illite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Exchangeable and Non-Exchangeable K in mica |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of N fixation using nitrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Nitrogen movement and assimilation at the whole-plant level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of Primary Active Transport in Plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a Long-Distance Feedback Mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a Sodium-proton antiporter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a stomatal closing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of a stomatal opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of cells in the endodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of combination strategy of Fe uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of ectomycchoriza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of endomycchoriza |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of field scanning of electrical conductivity |
|
Definition
[image]
the currents traveling between the disks that are further apart go deeper into the soil |
|
|
Term
| depiction of flow of P in United States after WW2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of flow of P in United States before WW2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of forms of K in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how Ca helps bind proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how S is mined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how phosphate is incorporated into ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of how plants take up HPO42- and H2PO4- through a symporter in secondary active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of interaction of fertilizer with soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of ion movement in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of micronutrient being sequestered by polyphosphates or pyrophosphates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of nodule formation on legume roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of passive transport across membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of phospholipid structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of phytate synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of primary active transport across membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of primary active transport in plants |
|
Definition
| see slide 7 of the powerpoint titled "Nutrient Uptake - II", but be sure to remove that white block |
|
|
Term
| depiction of proteoid roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of signaling that uses Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of strategy 1 of Fe uptake in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of strategy 2 of Fe uptake in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Effect of P-solubilizing Bacteria on Yield compared to chemical fertilizers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the P cycle in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the challenge of P fertilization in soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the difference between roots under nutrient deficiency and roots not under nutrient deficiency |
|
Definition
| see slide 16 of the powerpoint titled "Nutrient Uptake - II" |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the global P cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the process of recovering P from broiler litter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the shaft mining process of mining potash |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the solution mining process of mining potash |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth of 1 acre furrow slice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth to sample in pastures and no-till |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth to sample in tilled fields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of intergrade 2:1 minerals |
|
Definition
-similar to smectites and vermiculites except the interlayer area contains discontinuous "islands" of chlorite
-non-expansive and exhibit a much lower CEC than than vermiculites and smectites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goes from surface to soultion |
|
|
Term
| details about testing fresh tissue in the field |
|
Definition
-tests for specific nutrients (N, P, K)
-quick and often not very accurate |
|
|
Term
| details about total analysis of plant tissue |
|
Definition
-tests for lab analysis of overall nutrient concentrations of tissues
-takes longer, but accurate |
|
|
Term
| deveolpment of mycorrhizae can be inhibited by some nutrients such as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagram of potential and active adidity in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| different labs use different ______ to analyze soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diffusability of Mg2+ in plants |
|
Definition
| About 70% of Mg2+ is diffusible (often associated with organic acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low solubility ions move only by random thermal motion; this is very slow, only 1-2 cm/season |
|
|
Term
| diffusion as a mechanism of nutrient movement to roots |
|
Definition
| low solubility ions move only by random thermal motion |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of K vs. diffusion of P |
|
Definition
| -potassium diffuses much faster than phosphorus |
|
|
Term
| diffusion of these Fe ions occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| direction of transport in the xylem |
|
Definition
| unidirectional (roots to shoots for nutrients) |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of Slow release N fertilizers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of using chlorophyll meters |
|
Definition
| does not tell you which nutrient is causing the low chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of using manure to supply Cl |
|
Definition
| Cl is easily leached from manures, just like K |
|
|
Term
| dispersiveness of the clay vs. hydraulic conductivity |
|
Definition
| the more dispersive the clay, the less the hydraulic conductivity |
|
|
Term
| distribution of nutrients in plants |
|
Definition
| may differ among different parts of the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bonds of --S--S-- between polypeptide chains within a protein causing the protein to fold |
|
|
Term
| do animals have mechanisms to manage ammonium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do this to the critical listed pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do this with lime for a faster rxn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does P2O5 exist in fertilizer or soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does hydroponics use silicon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does hydroponics use silicon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does sulfur have an atmospheric part? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does the presence of CaCO3 alone induce Fe deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| doing this can cause B deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.05 N HCl + 0.025N H2SO4 |
|
|
Term
| dry weight content of plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of K deficiency on growth |
|
Definition
| Reduced leaf, stem, and fruit growth |
|
|
Term
| effect of K deficiency relating to drought |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leaves a yellow streak where it burned it, but didn‘t kill it; disappears soon after |
|
|
Term
| effect of adequate K on crop yield and resistance to disease and insect infestation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually no significant effect on K availability |
|
|
Term
| effect of disulfide bridge |
|
Definition
| has effect on shape and properties of protein |
|
|
Term
| effect of humic acid on K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Cu2+ in soil decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on Fe2+ c'tration in soil solution |
|
Definition
| with each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Fe2+ decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on Fe3+ c'tration in soil solution |
|
Definition
| with each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Fe3+ decreases 1000-fold |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on Mg uptake |
|
Definition
| Uptake of Mg reduced at low pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for each unit of pH increase, the amount of Mn2+ decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on Zn2+ in solution |
|
Definition
| with each unit of pH increase, the c'tration of Zn2+ decreases 100-fold |
|
|
Term
| effect of pH on availability of B |
|
Definition
| B availability decreases as pH increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what’s actually working in the soil |
|
|
Term
| effects of SO42- in vacuoles |
|
Definition
| Usually does not have toxic effects |
|
|
Term
| effects of Se in humans and animals |
|
Definition
| Has well-documented health benefits to people and animals; small amounts have anti cancer properties and large amounts seem to have the opposite effect |
|
|
Term
| efficiency of iron transport from roots to shoots |
|
Definition
| Iron not efficiently transported from roots to shoots |
|
|
Term
| elemental S occurs beneath... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extends surface area of roots; penetrates plant cells (widespread)
-helps move the nutrients inside the cell |
|
|
Term
| environmental conditions that are often associated with Fe chlorosis |
|
Definition
| cool, rainy weather when soil moisture is high and soil aeration is poor |
|
|
Term
| enzyme used to reduce nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quantity that will release, react with, or be equivalent to 6.02 x 1023 hydrogen ions (H+) |
|
|
Term
| essential macronutrients in order of abundance in plants |
|
Definition
1: H
2: C
3: O
4: N
5: K
6: Ca
7: Mg
8: P
9: S |
|
|
Term
| essential micronutrients in order of abundance in plants |
|
Definition
1: Cl
2: Fe
3: B
4: Mn
5: Zn
6: Cu
7: Ni
8: Mo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient needed to complete life cycle |
|
|
Term
| essential role of Ca in plant cells |
|
Definition
| it's essential to cell wall membrane structure and permeability |
|
|
Term
| essential role of Ca in plant nutrition |
|
Definition
| essential for translocation of carbohydrates and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| essentiality of V in higher plants |
|
Definition
| Essentiality not established in higher plants (but may stimulate growth) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of how Ca regulates cation uptake |
|
Definition
| K and Na are taken up in roughly equal amounts in the absence of Ca, but when Ca is present, K uptake greatly exceeds Na uptake |
|
|
Term
| example of how K source can affect leaching |
|
Definition
| K bonded to SO42- better retained than K bonded to Cl- |
|
|
Term
| example of isomorphic substitution in the octahedral layer |
|
Definition
| Mg2+ or Fe2+ replacing Al3+ |
|
|
Term
| example of isomorphic substitution in the tetrahedral layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of Adaptations in Nutrient Uptake |
|
Definition
-Adaptations in Nutrient Uptake
-Regulation of Nutrient Uptake
-Increase in nutrient transporters in roots under nutrient deficiency |
|
|
Term
| examples of regulation of uptake in plants |
|
Definition
-High N uptake rates result in high N levels in the leaves
-Leaves contain high levels of amino acids
-Amino acids are transported back to the roots
-Amino acids inhibit nitrogen uptake by the roots |
|
|
Term
| excessive nutrient concentration can cause this, which can also influence yield |
|
Definition
| an imbalance in other essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the concentration of essential or other elements is high enough to reduce plant growth and yield |
|
|
Term
| external factors plants have to deal with |
|
Definition
| -CO2 c'tration
-light
-heat
-water
-nutrients |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting plant growth and yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| factors of Root morphology and architecture that have an effect on nutrient uptake |
|
Definition
-Root length, thickness
-Branching |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect hydrolysis of phosphates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Fe-S protein in the chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| ferredoxin produced as a result of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein in which lots of iron can be stored |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precipitation or adsorption |
|
|
Term
| for which type of clay is pH more important? 1:1 or 2:1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forages in which Mo levels are higher |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms of Fe that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
-mineral Fe
-soil solution Fe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-primary minerals
-non-exchangeable K
-exchangeable K
-solution K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. P in Soil Solution
2. Organic P
3. Inorganic P |
|
|
Term
| forms of P that are taken up by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms of Reduced Inorganic S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -organic matter
-sulfate salts such as gypsum (CaSO4)
-Some S as pyrite in coal mining and swamps (FeS2)
-Mineral form of S taken up by plants is sulfate: SO42- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-solution K
-exchangeble K
-nonexchangeable K
-mineral K |
|
|
Term
| forms that clay minerals exist in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for Sul-Po-Mag (langbeinite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for diammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for phosphoric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for potassium nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for potassium sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for pyrophosphoric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula for single superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| formula of potassium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pumps hydrogen ions across the plasmalemma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No biochem function identified yet |
|
|
Term
| function of K in carbohydrate transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of K in stomatal movement |
|
Definition
| helps with opening and closing |
|
|
Term
| function of Mn in p'synth |
|
Definition
| Involved in photosynthetic reactions (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| function of V in algae and maybe some plants |
|
Definition
| function isn’t clear, but promotes photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| function of nitrate reductase (NR) |
|
Definition
| Catalyzes the reduction of nitrate to nitrite |
|
|
Term
| function of nitrite reductase (NiR) |
|
Definition
| Catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonium (light dependent) |
|
|
Term
| function of the GS-GOGAT cycle |
|
Definition
| used to incorporate ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrients can be taken up into the symplast |
|
|
Term
| function of the endodermis |
|
Definition
barrier for uncontrolled uptake; kinda limits the uptake of unneccessary substances
also limits leakage of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| function of the pericycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport from the shoot (flows down) |
|
|
Term
| function of the root hairs (epidermis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport to the shoot (flows up) |
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Cu in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Fe in plants |
|
Definition
-Chlorophyll synthesis
-Redox reactions photosynthesis/respiration |
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Mn in plants |
|
Definition
-Enzymes
-photosynthesis
-respiration |
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Ni in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function(s) of Zn in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-New cell development in meristems; important for cell division; important for cell wall; important for pectin
-Pollination; you need B at the right amount for pollen growth
-Involved with translocation of sugar, starch, N, and P; better transport in phloem when complexed w/ B |
|
|
Term
| functions of Mn in plants |
|
Definition
-Similar to Mg2+ (can replace each other in some cases); Mn can act as a cofactor
+Can form ATP bridges between ATP and enzymes
-Activates enzymes in the respiratory pathway (as well as other enzymes)
-Involved in photosynthetic reactions (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorite w/ an Al hydroxide layer |
|
|
Term
| gradual release of K from the inside surfaces of hydrous mica results in the formation of... |
|
Definition
| hydrous mica and eventually vermicullite |
|
|
Term
| grass tetany aka hypomagnesia |
|
Definition
| an abnormally low level of blood Mg |
|
|
Term
| great risks caused by agricultural expansion |
|
Definition
-biodiversity
-soil erosion
-other factors impacting ecosystem health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grey spots on the lower part of the leaves |
|
|
Term
| group of molecules Fe is an important structural component of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth of root hairs affected by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| guard cells on leaves open when ______ with water and close when ______ with water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heating soil does this to the edges of 2:1 minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high fertilization with this nutrient can make B deficiency worse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high levels of these cations can reduce Ca uptake and translocation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how 2:1 minerals fix ammonium |
|
Definition
| ammonium gets stuck in between the sheets of 2:1 minerals binding to the CEC sites |
|
|
Term
| how Al and Fe oxide minerals can adsorb H2PO4- |
|
Definition
| thru rxns that result in chemical bonds that are non-electrostatic |
|
|
Term
| how B deficiency can affect fruit |
|
Definition
| Fruit growth may be inhibited; may be smaller fruit |
|
|
Term
| how B gets released from B minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how B helps keep the plant together |
|
Definition
| B helps to keep cell wall material intact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boron bridges some kinds of bonds; helps keep units intact in pectin |
|
|
Term
| how B is important for nutrient transport |
|
Definition
| Involved with translocation of sugar, starch, N, and P; better transport in phloem when complexed w/ B |
|
|
Term
| how B is important for plant growth |
|
Definition
-New cell development in meristems
-important for cell division
-important for cell wall
-important for pectin |
|
|
Term
| how B is important for pollination |
|
Definition
| you need B at the right amount for pollen growth |
|
|
Term
| how B toxicity happens when B is not mobile |
|
Definition
| Where not mobile, B stays in same place and builds up to toxic levels |
|
|
Term
| how CEC affects Ca and Mg availability |
|
Definition
| higher CEC means higher Ca and Mg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Provides stability and integrity to membranes (leaky with low calcium, which interacts with polar phosphate heads of lipids)
-Important component of cell walls (forms cross-links between negatively-charged groups)
-Because of the importance in cell walls and membranes, Ca is needed for cell elongation |
|
|
Term
| how Ca can impede other cations |
|
Definition
| competes with Mg2+ for binding sites on proteins |
|
|
Term
| how Ca causes malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
Definition
| accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves, which decreases carbohydrate content of stems and roots, which impairs normal root function (i.e. water and nutrient absorption) because of low energy supply, thus causing malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
|
Term
| how Ca deficiency affects roots |
|
Definition
| accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves, which decreases carbohydrate content of stems and roots, which impairs normal root function (i.e. water and nutrient absorption) because of low energy supply, thus causing malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
|
Term
| how Ca deficiency causes tip burn in lettuce |
|
Definition
| Collapse of cells as a result of Ca deficiency causes this |
|
|
Term
| how Ca exists in the soil solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Ca helps hold the plant together |
|
Definition
| Ca in sufficient amounts helps with the pectin substances and holding the cell wall together |
|
|
Term
| how Ca helps with messages |
|
Definition
| Ca helps to amplify particular signals |
|
|
Term
| how Ca moves in the xylem |
|
Definition
| moves w/ transpirational water in the xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-as Cl-
-Taken up with a chloride/H+ co-transporter against an electrochemical gradient (low pH promotes uptake) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Co is beneficial to plants |
|
Definition
| it is essential for microorganisms that fix nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| how Cu becomes toxic to sheep |
|
Definition
| gets into forage and such |
|
|
Term
| how Cu is kinda similar to Fe |
|
Definition
| has cupric (Cu2+) form and Cuprous (Cu+) form |
|
|
Term
| how Cu is transported in plants |
|
Definition
| Transported in xylem as part of an anionic complex (Maybe with amino acids) |
|
|
Term
| how Degree of P saturation affects P fixation |
|
Definition
| Less saturation, more adsorption |
|
|
Term
| how EC and exchangeable Na affect plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Fe deficiency causes interveinal chlorosis |
|
Definition
| lack of iron leads to chlorophyll degradation |
|
|
Term
| how Fe in solution is buffered |
|
Definition
| Fe minerals dissolve to buffer reductions in solution Fe caused by plant uptake |
|
|
Term
| how Fe occurs when it moves in the plant |
|
Definition
| When iron does move in the plant, it’s often in some kind of a complex with citric acid |
|
|
Term
| how Fe sulfates must be applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Fe, Zn, Cu chelates must be applied |
|
Definition
| soil or foliar applications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HCl + H2O <--> H3O+ + Cl-
HCl is the acid and H2O is the base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not part of any biochem compounds in the plant, but exists solely in solution or bound to negative charges on tissue surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| K moves into cell because of electrochemical gradient, Cl- is co-tranposrted together with H+ |
|
|
Term
| how K helps cell elongation |
|
Definition
-Accumulation of potassium in cells brings in water.
-Provides the turgor pressure needed for cell elongation. |
|
|
Term
| how K is metabolized in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how K is stored in plants |
|
Definition
-Potassium is present in the cytosol (~100 mM)
-At high concentrations, potassium can be stored in the vacuole
-Vacuolar potassium represents storage for future use (luxury consumption) |
|
|
Term
| how K is transported in plants |
|
Definition
| Transported from roots to shoots through the xylem |
|
|
Term
| how K occurs in manures and sewage sludge |
|
Definition
| primarily as soluble inorganic K+ |
|
|
Term
| how K should be applied in soils where K leaching can be a problem |
|
Definition
| using small annual or split applications |
|
|
Term
| how K+ and NH4+ interact in soil |
|
Definition
| they behave similarly in soil, so they can block each other in the clay layers |
|
|
Term
| how Mg exists in the soil solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Mg is transported in plants |
|
Definition
-Transported as Mg2+ in the xylem from roots to shoots
-Also very phloem-mobile: efficient transfer to fruits and other rapidly growing tissue |
|
|
Term
| how Mn chelates must be applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Mo deficiency causes necrotic spots on leaves in the presence of high NO3- |
|
Definition
| by causing nitrate to get toxic due to no longer being assimilated |
|
|
Term
| how Mo is taken up by plants |
|
Definition
| Taken up as MoO42- (molybdate) |
|
|
Term
| how Mycorrhizae can make nutrients more available to plants |
|
Definition
| by using organic forms of nutrients and converting them to inorganic forms, thus making more nutrients available to plants |
|
|
Term
| how N in soil has to get to the plants and bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how N moves inside plants |
|
Definition
| Translocated from older to younger tissues |
|
|
Term
| how NAD+ turns into NADP+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how NADP+ turns into NAD+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Na is beneficial to plants |
|
Definition
| it is important for turgor and growth |
|
|
Term
| how Na stimulates p'synth of C4 plants such as corn |
|
Definition
| seems to be cofactor for some enzymes regarding this |
|
|
Term
| how Ni can inhibit enzyme activity |
|
Definition
| Like Cu and Co, it can replace other metal ions in plants, inhibiting enzyme activity |
|
|
Term
| how Ni deficiency causes mouse ear disorder |
|
Definition
| by way of lack of urease, which leads to urea buildup in leaves, which stunts growth |
|
|
Term
| how OM decreases P fixation |
|
Definition
| by coating the clays such that the P can’t attach to the clays |
|
|
Term
| how OM influences Fe availability |
|
Definition
| additions of OM to well-drained soils can improve Fe availability |
|
|
Term
| how P gets close to the roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how P is transported in plants |
|
Definition
| -Transported as Pi in the xylem from roots to the shoot
-Pi is highly phloem mobile
+Can be re-translocated from leaves to fruits, and from older leaves to younger leaves |
|
|
Term
| how P isotopic dilution can be done |
|
Definition
| Use 32P or 33P (both radioactive) so that you can measure the amount of radioactive P as a percent of total P such that you can measure how much went from organic to inorganic |
|
|
Term
| how P was being cycled in the US before WW2 |
|
Definition
| Before ww2, we had regional farms, such that the manure from the animals was fertilizing the crops |
|
|
Term
| how Polymer-coated compounds (Osmocotes) release fertilizer |
|
Definition
by osmotic exchange with moisture from the soil
-Water moves in, dissolves N, N goes into soil
-Bacteria decompose the plastic coat |
|
|
Term
| how Rhizobium often exists in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfur compounds are responsible for much of the flavor in onions, cabbages, and mustard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| S0 is oxidized by microorganisms to SO42- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high levels of it in the atmosphere can be toxic to plants |
|
|
Term
| how SO2 is transported into cell in plants |
|
Definition
| Co-transported across plasmalemma (into cell) with 3 H+ (symporter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how Si is beneficial to plants |
|
Definition
| it is present in the structure of cell walls; helps provide structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Probably taken up as H2SiO3 (= H4SiO4, silicic acid) |
|
|
Term
| how Urea-Ammonium nitrate (UAN) is produced |
|
Definition
| Dissolve ammonium nitrate and urea in water |
|
|
Term
| how Zn can be involved with DNA |
|
Definition
| Zn can be involved in transcription proteins that bind to DNA |
|
|
Term
| how Zn, Cu, Mn sulfates must be applied |
|
Definition
| soil or foliar applications |
|
|
Term
| how a soil test is classified |
|
Definition
| classified into low, medium, high, and very high |
|
|
Term
| how absence of K affects cotton |
|
Definition
| Cotton fiber elongation is greatly reduced in the absence of potassium. |
|
|
Term
| how active acidity is measured |
|
Definition
| measured by pH in soil-water mixture |
|
|
Term
| how alum (Al2(SO4)3) can be used with poultry litter |
|
Definition
| can be mixed in with poultry litter to tie up the phosphorus so that it don’t run off |
|
|
Term
| how ammonia can lead to soil acidification |
|
Definition
| ammonia gets into the atmosphere, reacts with water, becomes ammonium, and acidifies soil |
|
|
Term
| how applications of organic waste should increase Fe availability |
|
Definition
| by improved soil aeration due to improved soil structure |
|
|
Term
| how bicarbonate (HCO3-) forms in calcareous soils |
|
Definition
| CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| how biological tests to evaluate plant health are done |
|
Definition
-strip tests in the field
-applying fertilizer rates to different parts of the field
field uniformity is important |
|
|
Term
| how calcium fixes clay dispersiveness in saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
| by neutralizing the negative charges and causing aggregation |
|
|
Term
| how chlorophyll is measured in leaves |
|
Definition
| a chlorophyll meter is clipped onto the surface of a leaf |
|
|
Term
| how chlorophyll is related to crop yield |
|
Definition
| chlorophyll is related to the p'synth capacity (and thus yield) of a crop |
|
|
Term
| how chlorosis caused by S deficiency occurs in plants |
|
Definition
| occurs on the younger leaves first |
|
|
Term
| how chlorosis occurs when there's Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| Interveinal chlorosis, followed by general chlorosis and necrosis in severe cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Well is drilled over deposit
-Heating plant over well to heat water
-Hot water injected into well
-Molten S raised to surface |
|
|
Term
| how energy is released from ATP |
|
Definition
| by breaking phosphate bonds |
|
|
Term
| how essentiality of nutrient is studied |
|
Definition
| by withholding it in typically hydroponic solution and such |
|
|
Term
| how ethylene occurs in plants |
|
Definition
| it's a gaseous plant hormone |
|
|
Term
| how excessive quantities of elements can reduce plant yield directly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how excessive quantities of elements can reduce plant yield indirectly |
|
Definition
| reducing concentrations of other nutrients below their critical ranges |
|
|
Term
| how fast the oxidation of pyrite decreases the pH |
|
Definition
| very fast, such that it’ll kill everything there |
|
|
Term
| how fertilization must be done when doing the soil test calibration |
|
Definition
| fertilize plot with different rates of the nutrient of interest at different soil levels (from low to high) |
|
|
Term
| how flooding affects P fixation |
|
Definition
| -Change from Fe3+ to Fe2+
-P availability increases
-When ferric changes to ferrous, phosphate is released |
|
|
Term
| how gypsum remediates saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, lead, and uranium get into plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how high Ni can harm the plant |
|
Definition
| High Ni can inhibit uptake of other nutrients and be pretty toxic to the plant |
|
|
Term
| how high P can cause Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
| may decrease uptake in plants; not completely clear on how this happens |
|
|
Term
| how high levels of P can induce Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
-P causes Zn to precipitate
-P suppresses Zn uptake |
|
|
Term
| how hydroponics can be used to determine which nutrients are essential |
|
Definition
| eliminating one nutrient at a time helps identify essential nutrients |
|
|
Term
| how hydroxy Al ions reduce CEC |
|
Definition
| by combining to form large polymers, which are so big, that they're non exchangeable |
|
|
Term
| how increasing K supply influences stomatal function |
|
Definition
| 1: increases CO2 absorption
2: increases RuBP carboxylase enzyme activity responsible for combining ribulose biphosphate and CO2 to produce 3-phosphoglycerate, the first product of CO2 fixation in leaves
3: decrease dark respiration |
|
|
Term
| how inorganic P in solution gets to plant root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how inorganic sources of Cl must be applied |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how inorganic sources of Mo have to be applied |
|
Definition
| Soil, seed, or foliar applied |
|
|
Term
| how larger amounts of Zn can affect other nutrients |
|
Definition
| Zn in larger quantities can interfere with other nutrients with similar properties |
|
|
Term
| how liming of acidic soils increases K availability |
|
Definition
| the reduction in exchangeable Al+3 reduces competition with K+, enabling K+ to compete with Ca+2 for exchange sites |
|
|
Term
| how long adsorption rxns take |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long field has to be flooded to make Mn and other nutrients more available |
|
Definition
| several days, maybe a week |
|
|
Term
| how long it naturally takes eutrophication to occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long it takes eutrophication to occur with such excessive N inputs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long it takes to see the effect of calcium carbonate |
|
Definition
| about 6 months after application |
|
|
Term
| how long precipitation rxns take |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how management to improve crop N recovery and to reduce the risks of environmental loss will vary |
|
Definition
-geographically
-site-specifically
-the N source used |
|
|
Term
| how manures can contribute to soil being salty |
|
Definition
| manures have a lot of salt, so if there’s little or no rain with the manure there, the soil could become saline |
|
|
Term
| how microbes help in the causing of hypoxia |
|
Definition
| they use oxygen to feed on stuff |
|
|
Term
| how mineral K gets into soil solution |
|
Definition
| goes from mineral K to nonexchangeable K to exchangeable K to soil solution |
|
|
Term
| how mineralizeable N is tested in Georgia |
|
Definition
| there is no such test in Georgia |
|
|
Term
| how most K exists in soils |
|
Definition
| Most K in soils is in nonexchangeable form or in the parent materials |
|
|
Term
| how movement occurs within the phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much N legume residues can supply to soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of our atmosphere is N? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the ammonium in fertilizer can be fixed in certain soils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the root surface area is root hairs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the soil N is inorganic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the world's N the U.S. uses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the world's fertilizer use is ammonium nitrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of world fertilizer use is ammonium chloride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much proteoid roots increase the root surface area |
|
Definition
| They produce their own lateral roots, which produce their own lateral roots, and so on, increasing the root surface area |
|
|
Term
| how much root interception contributes to Mg uptake compared to Ca uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much the N immobilizes depends on... |
|
Definition
| the microbial biomass that’s there |
|
|
Term
| how much the P moves in soil |
|
Definition
| in most soils, not much more than an inch |
|
|
Term
| how mycorrhizae can make more nutrients available to plants |
|
Definition
| by using organic forms of nutrients and converting them to inorganic forms, thus making more nutrients available to plants |
|
|
Term
| how nitrate uptake increases the pH of soil |
|
Definition
| Nitrate is taken up together with H+
This increases the pH of the soil or growing medium. Ammonium has the opposite effect |
|
|
Term
| how nitrogenase helps in the N fixation process |
|
Definition
| Nitrogenase enzyme used to break N≡N bond under anaerobic conditions |
|
|
Term
| how nonexchangeable K contributes to the maintenance of exchangeable K |
|
Definition
| a portion of nonexchangeable K becomes available as solution and exchangeable K+ are removed by cropping, but this is too slow to meet crop demand during the growing season |
|
|
Term
| how nutrients can get out of soil other than by plant uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how often K is replenished during a growing season |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how organic materials such as manure may increase micronutrient solubility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how organic matter adds negative charge to soil |
|
Definition
dissociation of carboxylic acid and phenolic acid
each acid has its own dissociation constant |
|
|
Term
| how other substrates can be used to analyze nitrogenase |
|
Definition
| can use other substrates, like acetylene to see how much ethylene is released |
|
|
Term
| how oxygen inactivates the nitrogenase enzyme |
|
Definition
| oxygen interferes with electron exchange process, making this enzyme less active |
|
|
Term
| how pH influences Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| high pH results in Fe deficiency |
|
|
Term
| how pH influences Mn availability |
|
Definition
| high pH decreases Mn availability |
|
|
Term
| how phytosiderophore-Fe complexes enhance Fe transport to root surfaces and absorption by root cells |
|
Definition
| using phytosiderophore-Fe complexes to release amino acids called phytosiderophores w/ a high affinity for Fe+3 |
|
|
Term
| how plants acidify the root zone |
|
Definition
| by excreting H+ and/or organic acids |
|
|
Term
| how plants bring P into the cells |
|
Definition
| Movement of the protons is coupled with the movement of the phosphates |
|
|
Term
| how plants bring Pi into the cell |
|
Definition
| using ATP to send protons outside of the cell so they can bind with Pi so the Pi can come into the cell
this is an example of a symporter |
|
|
Term
| how plants can take in organic forms of N |
|
Definition
| some microbial enzymes help the plant do this |
|
|
Term
| how plants get Na+ out of their cells |
|
Definition
| pumping protons out of their cells so they can reenter and cause the Na+ to leave |
|
|
Term
| how plants get around the zone of low P c’tration |
|
Definition
| by extending roots beyond the depletion zone |
|
|
Term
| how plants get most of their carbon |
|
Definition
| carbon being fixed in the form of CO2 |
|
|
Term
| how plants get nutrients from the soil |
|
Definition
| by absorbing them from the soil solution by plant roots |
|
|
Term
| how plants modify the rhizosphere to absorb Fe |
|
Definition
| roots use proton pumps to reduce the pH to increase the solubility of iron, allowing more of it to be in the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| how plants modify the root zone to make iron uptake more efficient |
|
Definition
-Acidify the root zone (excrete H+ and/or organic acids)
-Excrete chelating agents (group of molecules called phytosiderophores) to make Fe more soluble; bind to certain forms of iron
-Use reducing agents to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ |
|
|
Term
| how plants respond to nutrient excess |
|
Definition
| plants respond to nutrient excess by slowing down uptake or storing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how plants that can sequester heavy metals in their vacuoles can be used |
|
Definition
| can be used to remediate soils (phytoremediation) |
|
|
Term
| how plants use chelates to absorb Fe3+ |
|
Definition
| 1: plant sends chelate into soil solution
2: Fe3+ binds to the chelate
3: Fe3+ bound to the chelate goes to root
4: Fe3+ dissociates from the chelate
5: Fe3+ enters root and chelate returns to solution, both in response to c'tration gradient
6: repeat |
|
|
Term
| how polymers of glutathione can occur |
|
Definition
| in the form of phytochelatins |
|
|
Term
| how potassium acts in many of the processes in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how remote sensing can be useful |
|
Definition
| can be used for precision ag (adjust fertilizer rates based on real-time measurements) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| remote sensors detect how much visible and near infrared light is being reflected off of the leaf so that the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) can be calculated (you want this number high) |
|
|
Term
| how roots add negative charge to the soil |
|
Definition
| carboxylic acid dissociation |
|
|
Term
| how roots have to be regarding Ca |
|
Definition
| they have to be self-sufficient, which means they have to get their Ca from the soil |
|
|
Term
| how sodium tetraborate is applied |
|
Definition
| Broadcast, banded, or foliar |
|
|
Term
| how soil Mg can be increased |
|
Definition
-thru application of dolomitic lime, if liming is advisable
-Mg containing fertilizers |
|
|
Term
| how soil S can occur in arid regions |
|
Definition
| significant amounts of sulfate salts such as gypsum (CaSO4) |
|
|
Term
| how soil fertility can be improved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how soil fertility is measured |
|
Definition
- directly (concentration of nutrients)
- indirectly (productive capacity) |
|
|
Term
| how soil fertility is measured directly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how soil fertility is measured indirectly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how soil productivity is measured |
|
Definition
| in terms of yield/biomass |
|
|
Term
| how soil test calibration is done |
|
Definition
1: selecting sites with different soil test levels
2: replicating plots with and without addition of sufficient amount of the nutrient of interest
3: measuring yield response
4: plotting relative yield vs. soil test level
5: determining the critical level |
|
|
Term
| how soil test correlation is determined |
|
Definition
1: developing extractant
2: growing plants in controlled conditions in soils with different levels extracted by the proposed test
3: determining statistical relationship between the soil test and plant response
4: if there's a good correlation, the test can be evaluated under field conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broadcast, banded, or foliar |
|
|
Term
| how some species can tolerate high Cu |
|
Definition
-they have mechanisms of uptake to sequester Cu into the vacuoles
-Cu can even be sequestered by binding to phytochelatins
-some plants seem to be able to make phytochelatins better than other plants |
|
|
Term
| how source of K can affect the amount of K leached |
|
Definition
| SO4-2 and PO4-3 sources exhibit greater anion adsorption to positive exchange sites, such that there's fewer anions in solution available for leaching, so less K is leached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. H+ pumps stop.
2. K+ and Cl- diffuse out of cell.
3. Malate degraded.
4. As osmotic potential increases, H2O moves out of cell, and stomate closes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. In response to stimulus (e.g. light), H+ pumped out of guard cells.
2. K+ diffusion into guard cell.
3. Malate (organic anion) produced in cytosol of guard cell.
4. Buildup of osmotica (K+, Cl-, malate) causes influx of H2O.
5. Guard cell volume increases, and stomate opens. |
|
|
Term
| how sulfuric acid has been used to acidify soil |
|
Definition
| has been used in midwest where there are some very calcareous soils |
|
|
Term
| how symporter creates proton motive force |
|
Definition
| using energy from the ATP to move protons across the membrane to create a proton motive force |
|
|
Term
| how temp and moisture contribute to Fe stress |
|
Definition
| root development and nutrient absorption are reduced under cool, wet conditions, which contribute to Fe stress |
|
|
Term
| how the K minerals are mined in Carlsbad, New Mexico |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the P-solubizing bacteria, such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Aspergillus, help to solubize P |
|
Definition
| -Exudate H+ and organic acids
-Produce phosphatase and phytase |
|
|
Term
| how the amount of P is often expressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how the plant and Rhizobium communicate to form the nodules |
|
Definition
-plant can send out signals into the rhizosphere using C based compounds that diffuse into the soil and attract the free living Rhizobium; bacteria also presents its own set of signaling compounds; the structure of the molecules has to be recognized by the plant; signature has to be recognized by the plant
-plant and bacteria have to recognize each other's chemicals in order to form an association; mutual recognition allows the bacteria to migrate towards the roots |
|
|
Term
| how the plant and bacterium recognize each other's chemical signals |
|
Definition
| there's receptor proteins that help the plant and the bacterium recognize chemicals |
|
|
Term
| how the probe can affect the pH reading |
|
Definition
| because the soil particles interact with how the probe works |
|
|
Term
| how the type of N a plant gets affects Fe stress |
|
Definition
| plants receiving NO3- are more likely to develop Fe stress than those receiving NH4+ |
|
|
Term
| how they get the K out of the mines in Saskatchewan, Canada |
|
Definition
| Shaft mining and solution mining |
|
|
Term
| how to avoid ammonia loss after applying urea |
|
Definition
| Irrigate (0.5 to 1 inch) after surface application to incorporate and avoid NH3 losses; this much irrigation needed to make it go down and make it not volatilize |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate available P |
|
Definition
| Available P = Water-soluble + Citrate-soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to do field average sampling |
|
Definition
-zig-zag
-several samples, composite
-obtain average value for field |
|
|
Term
| how to do the water in hydroponics |
|
Definition
| mix specific amounts of nutrients in solution with water |
|
|
Term
| how to fix dispersiveness of clay in saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
| by replacing the sodium with calcium |
|
|
Term
| how to remediate saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
| add gypsum (CaSO4) and leach |
|
|
Term
| how to remediate the effects of saline soils on plants |
|
Definition
| leach with low-salt water |
|
|
Term
| how to sample the band proportionally |
|
Definition
S = 8 x (row spacing (cm)/30)
S = # of out of band samples/# of in band samples |
|
|
Term
| how triple superphosphate is made |
|
Definition
| by mixing rock phosphate with phosphoric acid |
|
|
Term
| how urea is often taken in to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how ureides are transported in plants |
|
Definition
| in xylem from roots to shoots |
|
|
Term
| how variations in root architrture can affect nutrient uptake |
|
Definition
| increasing root surface area |
|
|
Term
| how well boron is stored in plants |
|
Definition
| boron typically doesn’t get stored very well |
|
|
Term
| how yellow stripe (YS) got its name |
|
Definition
| so named because yellow stripes here developed in a corn mutant as a result of iron deficiency; turns out the YS is a ferric transporter; in the mutant, the YS was not being used by the plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the quantity of adsorbed P (or other ion or compound) is greater than that which can be desorbed |
|
|
Term
| if there’s lotta ammonium in ______, there’s lotta ammonium in CEC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you don’t control the ______, nitrification stops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you have this soil, you’ll have leaching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| illustration of the importance of mycchorizae to corn |
|
Definition
[image]
-left w/ mycorrhizal associations
-right w/o mycorrhizal associations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium being converted to organic form |
|
|
Term
| importance of K in water relations |
|
Definition
-provides much of the osmotic "pull" that pulls water into plant roots
-stomata open when there is an increase in turgor pressure in the guard cells surrounding each stoma, which occurs by an influx of K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important in determining 3D-structure of DNA, and needed for enzymes that synthesize and repair DNA |
|
|
Term
| importance of Mg in chlorophyll |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| importance of N in nucleic acids |
|
Definition
| helps form the nitrogenous bases |
|
|
Term
| importance of N to amino acids |
|
Definition
| each amino acid has significant amount of N |
|
|
Term
| important functions of Cl in plants |
|
Definition
-important osmoticum
-Involved in stomatal opening
-helps in the process of breaking down water, releasing O and such
-Essential for photosynthesis (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| important mechanism for AEC in many soils of tropics and subtropics |
|
Definition
| displacement of OH-, often from Al and Fe hydroxides |
|
|
Term
| important role of Zn in plants other than enzymes |
|
Definition
| the signaling of auxin and auxin transport |
|
|
Term
| in Georgia, you need at least ______% Calcium Carbonate equivalent to sell it as lime |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in acidic soils, elevated levels of these exchangeable cations can create an unfavorable envoironment for nutrient uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in acidic soils, this controls the solution P |
|
Definition
| Al-P and Fe-P
AlPO4 dissolves to resupply Al to soil solution |
|
|
Term
| in because it’s 3 molecules, the true peptide bond is between... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in chlorite, the interlayer space is occupied by... |
|
Definition
| Mg(OH)x in basic soils and Al(OH)x in acid soils |
|
|
Term
| in soil, Ca can accumulate here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in soils with too much ______, nitrification stops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the elongation zone, there’s less ______ and more ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| initial S deficiency appears as... |
|
Definition
| light green leaves, ultimately turning yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Sodium Tetraborate (Na2B4O7.5H2O)
-Solubor |
|
|
Term
| ion exchange in soil occurs where? |
|
Definition
| on the surfaces of clay and other minerals, organic matter (OM), and plant roots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Fe a micro or macronutrient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is Mo always assimilated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is SO4-2 uptake inhibited by other anions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is fineness factor measured in Georgia? |
|
Definition
no
not even given a weight |
|
|
Term
| is iron limiting factor in soil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is it easier for ammonia or ammonium to get into plant cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is luxury consumption of Mg possible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is manure a sufficient supply of S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is nitrification chemical or biological? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the acidification rxn of Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) chemical or biological? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the amount of B supplied by manure sufficient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the amount of Mo from manure sufficient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the oxidation of S0 chemical or biological? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there enough Fe in the soil solution to meet plant requirements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cation replacement in minerals, predominantly in 2:1 minerals and very little in 1:1 minerals
occurs during the formation of these minerals |
|
|
Term
| key nutrient uptake mechanism for corn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral roots develop from the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lateral roots start forming from ______, not the ______ |
|
Definition
the inside of the pericycle
epidermis |
|
|
Term
| leachability of SO42- compared to that of NO3- |
|
Definition
| Can be leached, but doesn’t leach as much as NO3- |
|
|
Term
| legumes form these to house N fixing bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short, rarely reaching lengths of 1mm |
|
|
Term
| life of US phosphate reserves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life of phosphate reserves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| life of potasium reserves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lightning's role in nitrogen |
|
Definition
| fixing it, which later comes down as rain |
|
|
Term
| liming materials have to produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) in the root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when they fall down, especially when it’s top heavy |
|
|
Term
| longitudinal section of the root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lots of plants tend to do better on (ammonium or nitrate) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low Ca uptake combined with this causes distinct symptoms in fruit and veggie crops |
|
Definition
| limited translocation of carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbtion by the plant that does not influence yield |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series that shows cations in order of how strongly they are adsorbed onto CEC sites
Al3+ > H+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ = NH4+ > Na+ |
|
|
Term
| lyotropic series for cations |
|
Definition
| Al3+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+=NH4+>Na+ |
|
|
Term
| main P form in grain and seeds, such as chicken feed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| management of Anhydrous NH3 and Aqua NH3 |
|
Definition
- Knife into the soil
- Preferably moist soil
- Apply several weeks before planting
- Observe safety recommendations |
|
|
Term
| many fertilizers have a(n) (acidic or alkaline) solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many proteins need this for high activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| map showing places in the world with calcerous soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soluble ions move to root with soil water |
|
|
Term
| mass flow vs. transpiration |
|
Definition
| mass flow increases as transpiration increases |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms nutrient uptake may follow |
|
Definition
| single- or a multi-phasic mechanism |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms of Primary active transport (PAT) |
|
Definition
-ATP hydrolysis generates energy
-Energy used for ion/solute transport |
|
|
Term
| mechanisms of Secondary active transport |
|
Definition
-Special proteins (Integral membrane proteins)
-Co-transport involved
-Energy indirectly derived from PAT |
|
|
Term
| mechinazation led to an increase in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meeting future food and fiber demand, while protecting environmental health, will require this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane potential relating to K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| meristematic region helps the root do this |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| methods by which to measure active acidity |
|
Definition
-Electrometric method (pH meter)
-Dye methods (pH indicator)
-Test probe (not reliable) |
|
|
Term
| methods of determining lime requirement |
|
Definition
1. Titration
2. Buffer Solution |
|
|
Term
| microbes tend to prefer ______ for immobilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbial activity is dependent on... |
|
Definition
-adequate energy supply from organic C, such as crop residues
-inorganic ion availability
-numerous environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
| microbial efficiency refers to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micronutrient cations that decrease in availability 100-fold for every unit of increase in pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| micronutrient cations that decrease in availability 1000-fold for every unit of increase in pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mineral in which K becomes exchangeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mineral solubility represents... |
|
Definition
| the ion c'tration maintained in the soil solution by a specific mineral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic S being converted to inorganic S |
|
|
Term
| mineralization of S leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minerals in order from releasing K the fastest to releasing K the slowest |
|
Definition
| Biotite > muscovite > feldspars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B not very mobile in most plant systems, but mobility depends on species |
|
|
Term
| mobility of Ca in the phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some mobility in the phloem (but slow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly phloem-mobile, allowing transport to fruits and retranslocation from older leaves; it can move around freely |
|
|
Term
| mobility of Mg vs. mobility of Fe |
|
Definition
| Mg is a lot more mobile in the plant than Fe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mn kinda in between in terms of its mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| somewhat low; slower compared to that of other nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also phloem-mobile; fairly mobile in plant system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (moles of solute)/(liter of solution) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms, molecules) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of a molecule in amu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smallest unit of compound or element with stable, independent existence.
Example: N2 (N gas), NH3 (ammonia) |
|
|
Term
| moloecule in some plants that helps w/ B transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the exchangeable cations in soils are plant nutrients except for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the lime we use in Ga is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most residues contain this much C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| much of the iron in cells that's not in chloroplasts is in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mycorrhizae do this for plants |
|
Definition
-contribute greatly to nutrient uptake in most plants (>80% of plants)
-increase surface area |
|
|
Term
| natural organic chelates in soils are products of... |
|
Definition
-microbial activity
-degradation of soil OM and plant residues |
|
|
Term
| nitrate (does or doesn't) always have to be sent to the shoots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrate reductase (NR) activated by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nitrate reduction occurs in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium turning into nitrite that then turns into nitrate
NH4+ + 3/2 O2 --> NO2- + 2H+ + H2O
NO2- + ½ O2 --> NO3-
only the first rxn acidifies soil |
|
|
Term
| nitrification is very sensitive to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Nitrate or intermediate product
- Carbon source
- Anoxic conditions (no oxygen)
- Temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium being converted to nitrate |
|
|
Term
| nitrite reductase (NiR) is dependent on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal charge inside cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal charge outside cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (equivalents of solute)/(liter of solution) |
|
|
Term
| number of subsubunits in Fe protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| number of subsubunits in MoFe protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nutrient levels in plant tissue must be kept in this range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moving P and other nutrients outside of watershed where it’s sensitive to P |
|
|
Term
| nutrients in plant tissue must be kept above this range |
|
Definition
| the critical nutrient range |
|
|
Term
| one form in which organic nitrogen can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one hypothesis about silicon |
|
Definition
| says that silicon provides mechanical strength to the plants |
|
|
Term
| one important nutrient management principle discussed throughout the book |
|
Definition
| the importance of maximizing crop productivity to increase the quantity of applied nutrient recovered by the crop |
|
|
Term
| one of the main functions of S in plants |
|
Definition
| the formation of disulfide (--S--S--) bonds between polypeptide chains within a protein causing the protein to fold |
|
|
Term
| one of the main roles of Cu |
|
Definition
| being part of plastocyanin |
|
|
Term
| one of the symptoms of Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one possible advantage of roots taking up thiosulfate (S2O3-2) instead of sulfate |
|
Definition
| may require less energy to convert it to S-2 and amino acids |
|
|
Term
| one possible use of fluorescence in plants |
|
Definition
| to detect where a particular protein is present |
|
|
Term
| one problem with Zn in the SE |
|
Definition
| Zn deficiency in pecan happens quite a bit in the SE |
|
|
Term
| one reason Ca is not very effectively translocated within the phloem tissue |
|
Definition
| I guess because of the problem with callose blocking sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
| one reason N is important for p'synth |
|
Definition
| Nitrogen is an important component of chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| one reason it's important to maintain pH |
|
Definition
| because the pH at which there's no charge means no nutrient retention |
|
|
Term
| one use of composted sludge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way Ca can be used in plants |
|
Definition
| Ca can be used as a signaling molecule |
|
|
Term
| one way high Cl in soils can harm plants |
|
Definition
| by limiting water uptake, and thus leaf expansion |
|
|
Term
| one way stomates can become turgid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way to measure P mineralization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one way to reduce P fixation |
|
Definition
| Minimize contact with Fe oxides and clays by banding it; putting it in bands instead of mixing it all together |
|
|
Term
| one way to see K diffusion |
|
Definition
| can be seen from autoradiographs by using 86Rb, which closely resembles K |
|
|
Term
| opening and closing of stomata determined by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic compounds that can be synthesized from simple carbohydrates |
|
Definition
-amino acids
-sugars
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-other organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organic sources of micronutrients are important for this regarding uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than chlorosis, Zn deficiency can cause this in leaves |
|
Definition
| Small leaves (‘little leaf’ in fruit trees) |
|
|
Term
| other than soil, denitrification can occur in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other than water, ammonia can also be absorbed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidation rxn that lowers pH |
|
Definition
| FeS2 + H2O + 7/2 O2 --> Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 2H+ |
|
|
Term
| pH at which B availability is limited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which B toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which CaCO3 starts to precipitate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which H2PO4- < HPO42- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which H2PO4- > HPO42- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which H2PO4- ≈ HPO42- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH at which Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) has no ammonia loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of CaCO3 and other liming materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Does not affect pH (except self-liming) |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Diammonium phosphate (DAP) on pH of the soil |
|
Definition
| 1 mole N makes pH go down 1.5 units |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) |
|
Definition
| 1 mole N causes soil pH to decrease 2 units |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of N mineralization |
|
Definition
| 1 mole N increases pH 1 unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 mole of NH3 decreases pH by 1 unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 mole N increases pH 1 unit |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of SO4-2 uptake |
|
Definition
| 1 mole S increases pH 2 units |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Single and triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of Sul-Po-Mag (K2SO4.MgSO4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of a rxn consuming H+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of ammonia volatilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of ammonium chloride |
|
Definition
| 1 mole N causes pH to decrease by 2 units |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of ammonium uptake |
|
Definition
| pH decreases 1 unit for each mole of N |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of chemical oxidation of pyrite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of denitrification |
|
Definition
| 1 mole N increases pH 1 unit |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of denitrification |
|
Definition
| 1 mole of N raises the pH by 1 unit |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of diammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of immobilization of N |
|
Definition
| pH decreases 1 unit for each mole of N |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of mineralization of S |
|
Definition
| pH decreases 1 unit for each mole of S |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of monoammonium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of nitrification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of nitrification of N |
|
Definition
| pH decreases 2 units for each mole of N |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of phosphoric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of pyrite oxidation |
|
Definition
| 1 mole pyrite oxidized produces 2 moles of H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decrease soil pH (negatively charged soils)
-increase soil pH (positively charged soils) |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of single superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of solid phase rxns of sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of suspended particles |
|
Definition
-decrease soil pH (negatively charged soil)
-increase soil pH (positively charged soil) |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of triple superphosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of urea decomposition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH effect of urea hydrolysis |
|
Definition
| 1 mole N increases pH 1 unit |
|
|
Term
| pH effect of volatilization of N |
|
Definition
| pH decreases 1 unit for each mole of N |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sodic soils tend to be very basic |
|
|
Term
| pH of soil vs. negative charge |
|
Definition
| increasing the pH of the soil causes more negative charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH vs Availability of Nutrients |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the higher the pH, the less available the B |
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|
Term
| pH vs. depth here in Georgia |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pH where AlPO4 and FePO4 dominate |
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Definition
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Term
| pH where boric acid is the dominant form of B |
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Definition
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|
Term
| pH where rock phosphate is effective in soil |
|
Definition
| only on acid soils (pH<6) |
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|
Term
| pH where rock phosphate is not soluble |
|
Definition
| not soluble at pH above 7.5 |
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|
Term
| pH where there's maximum availability of P |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pH where you don't wanna add CaCO3 and other liming materials |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| pH where you start developing AEC |
|
Definition
| below the point of zero charge |
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|
Term
| pH where you start developing CEC |
|
Definition
| above the point of zero charge |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pH where half of the acid is dissociated |
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Term
| part of the acidity tolerance is... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| particle size vs. rate of pH decrease in response to SO42- |
|
Definition
| large particle size slows down the release |
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|
Term
| particle size vs. release rate |
|
Definition
| the bigger the particle size, the lower the release rate |
|
|
Term
| parts of the plant that can have high pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parts of the plant that can have low pH |
|
Definition
-lumen
-intermembrane space
-vacuole |
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|
Term
| parts of the plant that take up nutrients |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| passive vs. active transport |
|
Definition
-Passive transport occurs along concentration and electrical (electrochemical) gradients
-Active transport requires energy, and can occur against electrochemical gradients. |
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Term
| peat moss, being 50:1, draws down a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer such that it won't hurt the plant, but what's an advantage of it? |
|
Definition
| it lasts for years in the soil |
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Term
|
Definition
| percentage of weight made up by element or compound of interest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fairly mobile in the phloem and retranslocated |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| phosphate content of ammonium polyphosphate |
|
Definition
- 75% Polyphosphate
- 25% Orthophosphate |
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Term
| phosphate transporter mostly in these zones of the root |
|
Definition
| mesomatic and elongation zones |
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|
Term
| phosphoric acid can be applied directly to soils, but why does it require special equipment? |
|
Definition
| because it's a caustic liquid |
|
|
Term
| phosphoric acid mostly used for... |
|
Definition
| making triple superphosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
| addition of phosphate groups to other molecules; happens in metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of energy rich H2PO4- molecules from ATP to energy requiring substances in the plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| p'synthetic transfer of radiant energy into chem energy thru production of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| using plants to remove pollutants from soil or atmosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| some chelating agents used to make Fe more soluble they bind to certain forms of iron |
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Term
| picture of calcareous soil |
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Definition
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|
Term
| places in Canada that have potash mines |
|
Definition
-Saskachewan
-New Brunswick |
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|
Term
| places in the US that have potash mines |
|
Definition
-Carlsbad, NM
-Utah
-Michigan |
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Term
| plant available Fe is governed primarily thru... |
|
Definition
| mineral and organic fractions in soils |
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Term
| plant can do this with nitrate |
|
Definition
| transport it or assimilate it in the roots |
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Term
| plant dry weight content of Mg |
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Definition
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|
Term
| plant families that require the most S in order, most to least |
|
Definition
1: Cruciferae
2: Leguminosae
3: Gramineae |
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|
Term
| plant nutrients that are not considered mineral nutrients |
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Definition
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|
Term
| plants Na is essential for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants don’t make many mycchorrizal associations when... |
|
Definition
| there’s lots of nutrients avilable |
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|
Term
| plants in which strategy 1 of Fe uptake happens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants limit Ca transport to... |
|
Definition
-fruits
-storage organs
-young roots |
|
|
Term
| plants make proteoid roots in response to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| plants make this in response to Pi defficiency |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| plants remobilize nutrients thru the... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| plants require this N:P ratio |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| plants seem to be able to take up this form of organic N from the soil by themselves |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| plants take up HPO42- and H2PO4- through... |
|
Definition
| a symporter, similar to NO3- |
|
|
Term
| plants that are more vulnerable to chronic symptoms of S toxicity |
|
Definition
| trees more sensitive than herbaceous plants |
|
|
Term
| plants that have both HATS and LATS |
|
Definition
| so far, this is all plants that have been categorized |
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Term
| plants that might require large amounts of K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plants that need Mo to utilize N |
|
Definition
| Plants supplied solely with NO3- |
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|
Term
| plants that need little or no Mo |
|
Definition
| Plants supplied with NH4+ |
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Term
| plants that tend to be more vulnerable to problems related to inadequate Ca uptake |
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Definition
| those that have very small root systems, (i.e. tubers) |
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|
Term
| plants that use GS-GOGAT cycle |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the pH at which there's no charge on the clay particles |
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Term
|
Definition
| two or more orthophosphate ions combined together |
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Term
|
Definition
| chain of phosphate molecules |
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|
Term
| polyphosphate can be mixed with urea to form... |
|
Definition
| urea-ammonium phosphate (UAP) |
|
|
Term
| popularity of diammonium phosphate in the US |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| population could be 9 billion by ______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| population could be ______ by 2060 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potassium chloride (KCl) aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potassium nitrate (KNO3) is an excellent source of fertilizer N and K, but the disadvantage is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potassium phosphate is a good alternative for ______, but more expensive than ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potassium phosphate is good for crops that are sensiiive to... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| potassium phosphate used in... |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potential acidity vs. lime requirement |
|
Definition
| the higher the potential acidity, the higher the lime requirement |
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|
Term
| predicted increase for meat consumption over the next 4 decades |
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Definition
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|
Term
| predicted increase in cereal consumption for food over the next 4 decades |
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Definition
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|
Term
| preferred pH for blueberries |
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Definition
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|
Term
| prevalence of mouse ear disorder in pecan |
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Definition
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|
Term
| primary mechanism by which nitrate is taken in |
|
Definition
| 2ndary active transport, in the form of a symporter |
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Term
| primary mechanism for movement of Ca in soil |
|
Definition
| mass flow, that is, carried to plant root with water |
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|
Term
| primary mechanism for movement of Ca in soil |
|
Definition
| mass flow, that is, carried to plant root with water |
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Term
| primary mechanism for movement of Mg in soil |
|
Definition
| mass flow, that is, carried to plant root with water |
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Term
| primary mechanism of of Mg uptake in plants |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| primary mechanisms of Ca transport to the root surface |
|
Definition
-mass flow
-root interception |
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Term
| primary points where roots absorb nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| problem in soils with 2:1 clay minerals |
|
Definition
| fixed NH4+
this is called ammonium fixation |
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|
Term
| problems with saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
| -bad physical properties
-dispersed clay
-toxic levels of Na+ and Cl- |
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Term
| properties of proteins for which disulfide bonds are important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clustered roots or bottlebrush roots |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| rate of Mg uptake depressed by... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| rate of diffusion of solution S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rate of mass flow of solution S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistant to decomposition |
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|
Term
| recent trend in global fertilizer use |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| reduction of nitrate depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regulation of calcium inside plant cells |
|
Definition
| the c’tration of Ca in the plant cells is tightly regulated and kept pretty low |
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|
Term
| relative K availability from K-bearing minerals depends on... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| removal of this nutrient results in the greatest increase in root hair density |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| helps in N acquisition capacity and such |
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Term
|
Definition
| activates 40+ different enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Helps to drive chemical reactions for which electrons are needed (i.e. reductions); provides electrons
-Carbon reactions of photosynthesis
-Works together with many different enzymes |
|
|
Term
| role of Na in halophytic plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increases strength
-provides protection against pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| Essential catalytic component of over 300 enzymes |
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Term
| root branching can be influenced by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| root growth in Ca deficient soils |
|
Definition
| Roots grow very poorly in Ca-deficient soils |
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Term
|
Definition
| outgrowths of epidermal cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| root hair grows until it can reach ions and exchange then takes place |
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Term
| rxn of elemental S that acidifies soil |
|
Definition
| S + H2O + 3/2 O2 → 2H+ + SO4-
-biological rxn
-Thiobacillus sp.
-sulfur oxidizes and forms sulfuric acid
-you need the bacteria for this reaction to occur |
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Term
| rxn that forms pyrophosphoric acid |
|
Definition
| H3PO4 + H3PO4 --> H4P2O7 + H2O |
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Term
| rxn that happens to P fertilizer in acidic soils |
|
Definition
| MCP --> DCP --> AlPO4 or FePO4 |
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Term
| rxn that happens to P fertilizer in basic soils |
|
Definition
| MCP --> DCP --> OCP --> TCP --> HA |
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Term
| rxn that happens with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in calcareous and sodic soils |
|
Definition
| H2SO4 + CaCO3 –> H2CO3 + CaSO4 |
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Term
| rxn to make phosphoric acid |
|
Definition
| Rock Phosphate + H2SO4 --> H3PO4 + CaSO4 |
|
|
Term
| salt content of sodic soils |
|
Definition
| sodic soils don't have much salt |
|
|
Term
| seed depends on this when it's germinating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| series of rxns of Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) |
|
Definition
| Al2(SO4)3 –> 2Al3+ + 3SO42-
Al3+ + H2O –> Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O –> Al(OH)2+ + H+ |
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|
Term
| series of rxns of aluminum hydrolysis |
|
Definition
| Al3+ + H2O → Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O → Al(OH)2+ + H+
Al(OH)2+ + H2O → Al(OH)3 + H+
Al(OH)3 + H2O → Al(OH)4- + H+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of ions from one side of the membrane to the other |
|
|
Term
| soemthing Ca deficiency does to legumes |
|
Definition
| causes poor nodulation by N fixing bacteria on legume roots, where nodule tissues are white to grayish green compared to the pink/red color found in normal legume nodules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
represents the total quantity of - surface charges on minerals and OM available to attract cations in solution
expressed in meq/100g oven dried soil |
|
|
Term
| soil extractants are selected based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil factors that affect plant growth and yield |
|
Definition
-fertility
-structure
-texture
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| soil factors that may affect %BS |
|
Definition
-BS of cultivated soils higher for arid than for humid regions
-BS of soils formed from limestone or basic igneous rock is greater than that of soils formed from sandstone or acidic igneous rock |
|
|
Term
| soil fertility is a component of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil fertility is relative to... |
|
Definition
| the plant being considered, that is, how the plant interacts with the nutrients |
|
|
Term
| soil in which mineralization from inorganic fertilizer and mineralization from poultry litter can be the same |
|
Definition
| sandy soil with very little organic matter |
|
|
Term
| soil in which solution Fe+2 < Fe+3 |
|
Definition
| well-drained, oxidized soil |
|
|
Term
| soil moisture vs. K availability |
|
Definition
| the higher the soil moisture, the more K that's available |
|
|
Term
| soil productivity depends in part on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil productivity depends on... |
|
Definition
| adequate moisture and soil nutrients, as well as favorable climate (temperature, rainfall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| identifies low, medium, high, and very high categories for each nutrient and determines amount of nutrient to apply for each nutrient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correlates test with plant uptake in greenhouse |
|
|
Term
| soil tests are these indices instead of ______ |
|
Definition
empirical indices
mechanistic indices |
|
|
Term
| soil water content at which S mineralization/immobilization is optimum |
|
Definition
| Optimum at 60% field capacity |
|
|
Term
| soils contain how much N? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soils containing these minerals contain more K |
|
Definition
-vermiculite
-montmorillonite
-mica |
|
|
Term
| soils for which the direct application of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) works |
|
Definition
-calcareous soils
-sodic soils (SW USA) |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Ca deficiency can occur |
|
Definition
| highly leached, unlimed acid soils |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Cu can be deficient |
|
Definition
-neutral
-calcareous
-high OM |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Fe can be deficient |
|
Definition
| neutral and calcareous soils |
|
|
Term
| soils in which K leaching can be a problem |
|
Definition
| coarse textured and organic soils in humid regions or under irrigation |
|
|
Term
| soils in which Mn can be deficient |
|
Definition
-neutral
-calcareous
-high OM |
|
|
Term
| soils in which S volatilization may be insignificant |
|
Definition
| Volatilization insignificant in low OM soils |
|
|
Term
| soils in which S volatilization may be significant |
|
Definition
| volatilization may be significant in high OM soils |
|
|
Term
| soils in which flooding and submergence can increase Fe2+ c'tration |
|
Definition
| soils where HCO3- formation is of no concern |
|
|
Term
| soils in which gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) has a self-liming effect at depth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most of the world's soils are low in P |
|
|
Term
| soils that can have B deficiencies |
|
Definition
-neutral
-calcareous
-sandy (low OM) |
|
|
Term
| soils that tend to be low in Mo |
|
Definition
| Soils high in amorphous Fe/Al oxides |
|
|
Term
| soils where AEC is greatest |
|
Definition
acid soils containing 1:1 clays and those containing Fe and Al oxides
exception: soils that contain hydroxyl-Al vermiculites common to the SE US |
|
|
Term
| soils where Fe deficiencies occur less frequently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soils where Fe deficiencies occur more frequently |
|
Definition
| high pH and calcerous soils |
|
|
Term
| soils where the coprecipitation is important |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soils with ______ can supply nutrient cations to plants at a much lower BS than soils with ______ |
|
Definition
large amounts of OM or 1:1 clays
2:1 clays |
|
|
Term
| soils with which type of clay require higher Ca and Mg saturations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solubility of potassium phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solubility vs. chain length |
|
Definition
| Solubility increases with decrease in chain length |
|
|
Term
| soluble Fe+2 increases significantly when soils become... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solution Fe can be complexed by... |
|
Definition
| organic compounds in the soil soution |
|
|
Term
| solution Fe can be immobilized by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solution K+ c'tration for optimum plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Anorthite
-Pyroxenes
-Amphiboles
-Calcite
-Dolomite
-Gypsum |
|
|
Term
| some Fe/Al P secondary minerals that occur in acidic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some Fertilizers containing only nitrate |
|
Definition
-calcium nitrate
-potassium nitrate
-sodium nitrate |
|
|
Term
| some Important Potassium Minerals |
|
Definition
-sylvite
-sylvinite
-carnallite
-langbeinite
-kainite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Biotite
-Dolomite
-Hornblende
-Olivine
-Serpentine
-Epsomite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-nitrate leaching
-denitrification
-runoff and erosion
-ammonia volatilization
-crop harvest |
|
|
Term
| some P-solubizing bacteria |
|
Definition
| -Bacillus
-Pseudomonas
-Aspergillus |
|
|
Term
| some Symptoms of Mo deficiency |
|
Definition
-Interveinal mottling
-Marginal chlorosis
-Leaf curling
-Necrotic spots (with high NO3-); this is when nitrate gets toxic due to no longer being assimilated |
|
|
Term
| some Synthetic Inorganic sources of S |
|
Definition
| -Elemental Sulfur
-Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
-Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)
-Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3)
-Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx)
-Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3]
-Potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
-Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] |
|
|
Term
| some anatomical features roots have to regulate nutrient uptake |
|
Definition
-root hairs (epidermis)
-cortex
-endodermis
-pericycle
-phloem
-xylem |
|
|
Term
| some anion effects that Affect P Fixation |
|
Definition
| -Competition by other anions, both organic and inorganic
-Inorganic (SO42-, OH-) compete w/ phosphate for adsorption |
|
|
Term
| some anions in saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some anions that can interfere with Cl and cause Cl deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some beneficial elements that have not been proven as essential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some cations get ______ to the phytate molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some cations in saline and sodic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some cations that can interact with Fe to induce Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| metal cations, such as Cu |
|
|
Term
| some climate factors that affect crop yield potential |
|
Definition
| -precipitation
-air temp
-relative humidity
-light
-altitude
-latitude
-wind
-CO2 concentration |
|
|
Term
| some common P minerals in acidic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some common P minerals in neutral and calcerous soils |
|
Definition
-dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)
-dicalcium (DCP)
-octacalcium phosphate (OCP)
-β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP)
-hydroxyapatite (HA)
-fluorapatite (FA) |
|
|
Term
| some common primary and 2ndary Fe minerals |
|
Definition
-olivine
-siderite
-hematite
-geothite
-magnetite |
|
|
Term
| some compartments Ca can be moved into |
|
Definition
-vacuole
-plastids
-the leumen of the ER |
|
|
Term
| some compounds that can be involved in S volatilization |
|
Definition
| -Volatile S compounds (microbial activity)
-Dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3)
-Carbon disulfide (CS2)
-Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH)
-Dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3) |
|
|
Term
| some conditional details about ammonia volatilization |
|
Definition
-Important at pH > 7.5 and surface application
-Slow at < 5°C
-N source (contains or generates NH4+)
-Increases with temp
-Increases with wind speed |
|
|
Term
| some crop factors that affect crop yield potential |
|
Definition
-crop species
-variety
-seeding rate
-geometry
-seed quality
-evapotranspiration
-water availability
-nutrition
-pests
-harvest efficiency
-crop sequence or rotation
-
- |
|
|
Term
| some details about Anhydrous NH3 |
|
Definition
- 82% N
- about 6% of world N fertilizer use |
|
|
Term
| some details about Aqua NH3 |
|
Definition
- 20 to 25% N
- not used much in Midwest |
|
|
Term
| some details about gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) |
|
Definition
-Directly mined
-Will not produce acidity |
|
|
Term
| some details about proteoid roots |
|
Definition
-they are dense clusters of lateral roots, but very short, about 1-2mm long
-they can form tertiary roots
-these roots can send out certain enzymes to change rhizosphere and increase P uptake |
|
|
Term
| some details about the Symbiotic relationship between legume and rhizobia |
|
Definition
–Occurs in root nodules on legumes
–Legume plant gets N from rhizobia
–Rhizobia get carbohydrates and other nutrients from legume |
|
|
Term
| some devices in plants that are known to take up Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some disadvantages of phytoremediation |
|
Definition
-low biomass
-pollutants still in the plant
-ash needs to be disposed or stored (landfill)
-re-extraction of metals is costly and/or difficult
-volatilization may introduce the pollutant into the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| some disorders that are associated w/ Ca deficiency |
|
Definition
-bitter rot
-blossom end rot |
|
|
Term
| some effects of K defficiency |
|
Definition
-Reduced photosynthesis (before visual symptoms, often undetected)
-More susceptible to drought
-Reduced leaf, stem, and fruit growth
-Occurs initially in the margins of older leaves (chlorosis followed by necrosis)
-Weak stems and increased lodging in grains
-another one can be enzymes not working as efficiently |
|
|
Term
| some environmental factors that affect K availability |
|
Definition
-soil moisture and temperature
-soil aeration
-soil pH |
|
|
Term
| some factors affecting Fe availability |
|
Definition
-soil pH and bicarbonate
-excessive water and poor aeration
-soil OM
-interactions w/ other nutrients
-plant factors |
|
|
Term
| some factors that affect K availability |
|
Definition
-clay minerals and CEC
-exchangeable K
-environment
-K leaching |
|
|
Term
| some factors that affect P fixation |
|
Definition
| -Fe/Al oxides -> high adsorption
-The more amorphous the Fe oxides -> more adsorption
-1:1 clays adsorb more P than 2:1 clays
-CaCO3 |
|
|
Term
| some factors that affect which cations are preferentially adsorbed onto mineral surfaces |
|
Definition
-mineral type
-solution pH
-dominant anions present
-electrical potential of the charged surface
-other factors beyond the scope of this text |
|
|
Term
| some factors that affects ammonia volatilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some fast processes in the P cycle in soil |
|
Definition
| Adsorption and desorption |
|
|
Term
| some fertilizer sources of Ca |
|
Definition
| -CaCO3 and other liming materials
-CaSO4
-Single and triple superphosphate |
|
|
Term
| some fertilizer sources of Mg |
|
Definition
| -Dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3)
-Sul-Po-Mag (K2SO4.MgSO4)
-MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 |
|
|
Term
| some forms of Ca and Mg in soil |
|
Definition
-Primary Minerals with Ca and Mg
-Soil Solution Ca and Mg
-Exchangeable Ca and Mg |
|
|
Term
| some forms of K that enter soil K |
|
Definition
-crop residue
-manure
-fertilizer
-exchangeable K |
|
|
Term
| some forms of inorganic P in soils |
|
Definition
-primary minerals
-secondary minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some forms of organic P in soils |
|
Definition
- Inositol phosphates (10-50%)
- Phospholipids (1-5%)
- Nucleic acids (0.2-2.5%) |
|
|
Term
| some functions for which K is required |
|
Definition
-p'synth and energy relations
-enzyme activation
-translocation of assimilates
-water relations |
|
|
Term
| some functions of Ca in plants |
|
Definition
-Provides stability and integrity to membranes (leaky with low calcium, which interacts with polar phosphate heads of lipids)
-Important component of cell walls (forms cross-links between negatively-charged groups)
-Because of the importance in cell walls and membranes, Ca is needed for cell elongation
-Calcium affects many metabolic processes in plants
-This is mediated by small proteins named calmodulins (in the cytoplasm)
-Calmodulin is only active when associated with four Ca2+ ions |
|
|
Term
| some functions of P in plants |
|
Definition
-Phosphorylation
-Phospholipids (membranes)
-Energy metabolism (AMP, ADP, ATP, NADPH)
-Genetic materials (RNA, DNA)
-Enzyme function |
|
|
Term
| some functions of the cortex |
|
Definition
-nutrients can be taken up into the symplast
-can also act as storage; nutrients can be stored in the vacuoles of cortical cells |
|
|
Term
| some functions thru which K is essential for p'synth |
|
Definition
| -ATP synth
-production and activity of specific p'synth enzymes, such as RuBP carboxylase
-CO2 absorption thru leaf stomates
-maintenance of e'negativity during photophosphorylation in chloroplast |
|
|
Term
| some heavy metals that can accumulate in the soil |
|
Definition
-zinc
-cadmium
-copper
-selenium |
|
|
Term
| some human modifications to the P cycle |
|
Definition
1: Mining P for fertilizers
2: Applying P fertilizers
3: Transporting food
4: Accelerating erosion |
|
|
Term
| some info about non-essential elements regarding plants |
|
Definition
-Certain minerals can have definite positive effects on plants (or the animals that eat them)
-But these elements have not (yet) been proven to be essential for plants
+Some of these may play very specific roles |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic K fertilizers |
|
Definition
-potassium chloride
-potassium sulfate
-potasium magnesium sulfate
-potassium nitrate
-potassium phosphates
-potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium hydroxide
-potassium thiosulfate and potassium polysulfide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ammonia
-Urea
-Ammonium Nitrate
-Ammonium Sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-rock phosphate
-Phosphoric Acid
-Calcium Orthophosphates
-Ammonium phosphates
-Ammonium Polyphosphate
-Potassium Phosphate |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic sources of Cl |
|
Definition
-Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) 66% Cl
-Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) 65% Cl
-Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) 74% Cl
-Potassium Chloride (KCl) 47% Cl |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic sources of Mo |
|
Definition
-Ammonium Molybdate (54% Mo)
-Sodium Molybdate (39% Mo)
-Molbdenum frits (fritted glass 1-30% Mo) |
|
|
Term
| some inorganic sources of micronutrients |
|
Definition
-Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn sulfates
-Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn chelates |
|
|
Term
| some ions that inhibit SO4-2 uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Ca
-Mg oxides
-hydroxides
-carbonates
-silicates |
|
|
Term
| some limitations of plant analysis |
|
Definition
-it may be too late to prevent problems
-the crop may respond to a specific nutrient during a specific growth stage |
|
|
Term
| some metabolic functions of Ca in plants |
|
Definition
-Calcium affects many metabolic processes in plants
-This is mediated by small proteins named calmodulins (in the cytoplasm)
-Calmodulin is only active when associated with four Ca2+ ions |
|
|
Term
| some methods used to test for P |
|
Definition
-Bray 1
-Olsen
-Mehlich 1
-Mehlich 3 |
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients get adsorbed by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some micronutrients that are currently known to be essential |
|
Definition
-iron
-manganese
-zinc
-copper
-molybdenum
-boron
-chlorine
-nickel |
|
|
Term
| some minerals that can fix ammonium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some minerals that contain B |
|
Definition
-Shales
-Tourmaline (main mineral) |
|
|
Term
| some natural chelate compounds that can help plants take up more Fe |
|
Definition
-citric acid
-oxalic acid
-malonic acid
-malic acid
-tartaric acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-manure
-compost
-legume residues
-sewage sludge
-feather meal
-blood meal
-bone neal |
|
|
Term
| some organic forms of N plants can take up |
|
Definition
-Amino acids
-Amides
-Ureides |
|
|
Term
| some organic forms of N that can be taken up |
|
Definition
| amino acids; small proteins (peptides) |
|
|
Term
| some organic sources of Cl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some organic sources of K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some organic sources of Mo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some organic sources of P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some other elements that may be essential to some plants |
|
Definition
-silicon
-cobalt
-vanadium
-sodium (essential for some plants)
-aluminum |
|
|
Term
| some other methods of plant analysis |
|
Definition
-chlorophyll meters
-remote sensing
-biological tests |
|
|
Term
| some pests that can affect crop yield potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some places that tend to be high in K and why |
|
Definition
| Vermont and the Midwest because of parent material |
|
|
Term
| some plant symptoms caused by Ni deficiency |
|
Definition
| Mouse ear ‘disorder’ in pecan and river birch was recently shown to be caused by a nickel deficiency |
|
|
Term
| some plants that require lots of K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some plants that seem to prefer ammonium over nitrate |
|
Definition
| -Ericaceous plants, such as blueberries, azaleas, rhododendron
-rice
-Chenopodium album (lambsquarters) |
|
|
Term
| some plants with high acidity tolerance |
|
Definition
-Azalea
-Blueberry
-Cranberry
-Rhododendron |
|
|
Term
| some plants with moderate acidity tolerance |
|
Definition
-Peanut
-Rice
-Strawberry
-Watermelon |
|
|
Term
| some plants with very low acidity tolerance |
|
Definition
-Alfalfa
-Cotton
-Soybean
-Spinach |
|
|
Term
| some poisonous molecules that can result from glucosinolate |
|
Definition
-isothiocyanate
-thiocyanate
-cyanide |
|
|
Term
| some pollutants that plants selected for phytoremediation should be able to tolerate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cytochromes
-hemes
-hematin
-ferrichrome
-leghemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| some possible symptoms of Cl toxicity |
|
Definition
-leaf burn on tips and margins
-chlorosis
-leaf abscission |
|
|
Term
| some primary minerals that release K into the soil |
|
Definition
-Feldspars (orthoclase, microcline)
-Micas (muscovite, biotite) |
|
|
Term
| some problems phytoremediation can be used for |
|
Definition
-Heavy metal accumulation in soils
-Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air
-Toxic metals can enter the food chain |
|
|
Term
| some processes that use redox rxns of Cu |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some reasons why basing nutrient deficiency on visual symptoms is not very reliable |
|
Definition
-may be caused by more than one nutrient
-some symptoms are hard to differentiate
-some symptoms may be similar to damage caused by other factors (abiotic or biotic factors)
-symptoms may e due to toxicity ofanother nutrient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some slow processes in the P cycle in soil |
|
Definition
| Precipitation and dissolution |
|
|
Term
| some soil components that influence nutrient concentration in the soil solution |
|
Definition
-nutrient uptake
-soil air
-OM/microbes
-rainfall evaporation/drainage management
-mineral solubility
-surface exchange (that is, in the surface of soil particles) |
|
|
Term
| some soil conditions that limit root growth and therefore root access to Ca and induce deficiency |
|
Definition
-Al toxicity
-P deficiency
-pests
-diseases |
|
|
Term
| some soil factors that affect crop yield potential |
|
Definition
-organnic matter
-texture
-structure
-CEC
-pH
-base sat
-slope and topography
-soil temp
-soil management factors
-depth (root zone)
-nutrient supply (soil test)
-element toxicity |
|
|
Term
| some soil management factors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some soil sampling approaches |
|
Definition
-field average sampling
-zone sampling (select zones)
-site-specific sampling (grid) |
|
|
Term
| some sources of potential acidity |
|
Definition
| - Al3+ in soil solution (all species)
- Hydroxy-Al polymers
- H+ and Al3+ in exchange sites
- H+ in broken edges of clays, oxides
- H+ in organic matter (ROOH, ROH) |
|
|
Term
| some sources of soil acidity |
|
Definition
1. Acids in Precipitation
2. Dissociation of H+ from Soil Organic Matter
3. Dissociation of H+ from broken edges
4. Al and Fe hydrolysis
5. Microbial respiration
6. Nutrient Transformations |
|
|
Term
| some species of Cu that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some species of Mn that can be found in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of Ca deficiency |
|
Definition
-Membranes may become leaky
-Cells lose structural integrity |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of K defficiency |
|
Definition
-chlorosis, necrosis, and/or white spots on leaves
-weakening of stalks and stems, which causes lodging and stalk breakage, severely reducing harvestable yield |
|
|
Term
| some symptoms of Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
-Low chlorophyll content
-Magnesium is mobile, so symptoms appear first in older leaves
-Interveinal chlorosis, followed by general chlorosis and necrosis in severe cases
-In cotton, leaves may turn reddish purple |
|
|
Term
| some techniques used to assess nutrient status in plants |
|
Definition
-Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms of plants
-Plant Analysis
-Biological tests |
|
|
Term
| some things produced by plant metabolism |
|
Definition
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids
-oils
-vitamins
-other compounds essential for crop productivity and quality |
|
|
Term
| some things that can be caused by Zn toxicity |
|
Definition
-Reduced root and shoot growth
-General leaf chlorosis (similar to S)
-chlorosis
-necrosis |
|
|
Term
| some things that can happen as a result of Cu deficiency |
|
Definition
-Reduced photosynthesis
-Chlorosis
-growing tip may die
(symptoms vary greatly among species, but generally in younger plant parts) |
|
|
Term
| some things that may enhance Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
-irrigation water
-bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
|
|
Term
| some things that requires Cu as a cofactor |
|
Definition
-The receptor that binds to ethylene requires Cu as a cofactor
-Cu important as a cofactor for some protein complexes |
|
|
Term
| some things the Green Revolution brought to ag |
|
Definition
-fertilizers
-high yielding varieties
-pesticides |
|
|
Term
| some things tissue tests for specific nutrients can be used for |
|
Definition
-following nutrients throughout the growing season
-detecting decreases in tissue nutrients before deficiencies occur |
|
|
Term
| some tools used in soil sampleing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some transformations of N that cause soil acidity |
|
Definition
| -immobilization
-nitrification
-volatilization
-NH4+ uptake |
|
|
Term
| some transformations of N that increase soil pH |
|
Definition
| -mineralization
-denitrification
-urea hydrolysis
-NO3- uptake |
|
|
Term
| some types of potasium fertilizers |
|
Definition
-potassium chloride
-potassium sulfate
-Sul-Po-Mag (langbeinite)
-potassium nitrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-plant uptake
-leaching
-erosion |
|
|
Term
| some ways K stress increases crop damage |
|
Definition
-bacterial and fungal diseases
-insect and mite infestation
-nematode and virus infection |
|
|
Term
| some ways humans release SO2 into the atmosphere |
|
Definition
-industries
-combustion of fossil fuels |
|
|
Term
| some ways potassium sulfate (K2SO4) is made |
|
Definition
| -reacting KCl with SO4 containing salts or H2SO4
-recovery from natural brines |
|
|
Term
| some ways remote sensing can be done |
|
Definition
-tractor
-plane
-satellite
-UAV's? |
|
|
Term
| some ways site specific sampling can be done |
|
Definition
| point or cell sampling by grid sampling and zone sampling |
|
|
Term
| some ways to collect a soil sample when the band location is unknown |
|
Definition
-sample randomly
-take more core~ 150% |
|
|
Term
| some ways to do zone sampling (selected zones) |
|
Definition
-soil map, topography
-aerial photography (remote sensing)
-yield maps
-field scanning (EC, pH, NIRS)
-define management zones |
|
|
Term
| something Ca deficiency can do to the distribution of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
| accumulation of carbohydrates in leaves, which decreases carbohydrate content of stems and roots, which impairs normal root function (i.e. water and nutrient absorption) because of low energy supply, thus causing malformation of storage tissues in many fruits and veggie crops |
|
|
Term
| something Cl fertilization can be used for other than to supply nutrients |
|
Definition
| Cl fertilization is sometimes used for disease suppression; sometimes used to control fungi |
|
|
Term
| something Co is needed for |
|
Definition
| nitrogen fixation (but only in extremely small amounts) |
|
|
Term
| something Cu has in common w/ Fe |
|
Definition
| can occur in two redox states (Cu2+ + e- -----> Cu+ |
|
|
Term
| something K deficiency can do to stems |
|
Definition
| Weak stems and increased lodging in grains |
|
|
Term
| something Mg deficiency can cause in forage crops, particularly grasses |
|
Definition
| grass tetany (hypomagnesia) |
|
|
Term
| something Mn deficiency does in cereals |
|
Definition
| Grey speck in cereals (grey spots on the lower part of the leaves) |
|
|
Term
| something S is required for the synthesis of in plants |
|
Definition
| the synth of the S containing amino acids cystine, cysteine, and methionine, which are essential components of a protein that comprises about 90% of S in plants |
|
|
Term
| something V seems to be essential in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something about manure as an organic K source |
|
Definition
| -0.2 to 2.0% K
-Mainly present as K+
-Rapidly available |
|
|
Term
| something additional fertilizer recommendations are provided on |
|
Definition
| method and timing of fertilizer application |
|
|
Term
| something bad that can happen with pollutants when doing phytoremediation |
|
Definition
| they can sometimes volatilize |
|
|
Term
| something caused by Zn deficiency that can cause some stunting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something containing sulfur that can change the shape of a protein |
|
Definition
| A disulfide bridge between 2 cysteine molecules changes the shape of a protein |
|
|
Term
| something else Cu is important for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something excess Ca can do w/ organic matter |
|
Definition
| Excess Ca can complex with organic acids, forming complexes that can crystallize |
|
|
Term
| something found in humans and animals that can be used as a source of P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something humans do that can cause chloride toxicity |
|
Definition
| salt applications to roads in winter time; too much NaCl in the soil |
|
|
Term
| something humans do that can lead to Cu toxicity |
|
Definition
| Some Cu based fungicides, when applied in excess amounts, can lead to Cu toxicity |
|
|
Term
| something in plants that B deficiency can affect |
|
Definition
| Development of meristematic tissues (root tips, shoot meristems) |
|
|
Term
| something in the roots Cu toxicity can lead to |
|
Definition
| inhibition of root growth |
|
|
Term
| something inside plasmodesmata that might help regulate traffic thru them |
|
Definition
| plasmodesmata have some amount of endoplasmic reticulum in there and plasmodesmata are pretty tightly controlled; there’s regulatory mechanisms inside plasmodesmata |
|
|
Term
| something legumes need Mo for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something many legumes do with Ni |
|
Definition
| convert it to ureides before being transported from roots to shoots |
|
|
Term
| something nitrate reductase does |
|
Definition
| converts nitrate to nitrite |
|
|
Term
| something produced by plants that are able to complex micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something sulfuric acid can be used for |
|
Definition
| can be used to acidify soil for azaleas and such |
|
|
Term
| something that S is not part of, but is required for the synth of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that affects Ca and Mg availability at low pH |
|
Definition
| At low pH Al3+ competes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ for space on the CEC; kicks out the Ca and Mg such that the Ca and Mg get leached out |
|
|
Term
| something that affects Ca and Mg availability at low pH |
|
Definition
| At low pH Al3+ competes with Ca2+ and Mg2+ for space on the CEC; kicks out the Ca and Mg such that the Ca and Mg get leached out |
|
|
Term
| something that also characterizes S deficiency in rapeseed |
|
Definition
-paler than normal blossoms
-severely impaired seed set |
|
|
Term
| something that can be formed in the oxidation process of S0 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can cause Mo deficiencies |
|
Definition
| strong adsorption to Al/Fe oxides |
|
|
Term
| something that can cause Zn deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that can depress Mg absorption by the animals that eat the grass, especially cattle |
|
Definition
| high protein content of ingested forages and other feeds |
|
|
Term
| something that can happen as a result of K toxicity |
|
Definition
| high K+ can inhibit Ca2+ and NH4+ uptake by affecting their movement |
|
|
Term
| something that can happen in severe cases of Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| whole leaves or flowers can turn white |
|
|
Term
| something that can happen to roots under inadequate Ca |
|
Definition
-slow development
-dark color
-death |
|
|
Term
| something that can result from reduced Mg availability |
|
Definition
| (grass tetany/cattle); cattle can suffer from hypomagnesia |
|
|
Term
| something that can result from reduced Mg availability |
|
Definition
| (grass tetany/cattle); cattle can suffer from hypomagnesia |
|
|
Term
| something that happens in leaves when there's S deficiency; this reduces food quality |
|
Definition
| NO3- accumulates in leaves, reducing food quality |
|
|
Term
| something that mineralizes to release inorganic S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that seems to improve carbohydrate translocation in the plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that's a cofactor for nitrate reductase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something that's greatly reduced in the absence of potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| something unique about Vidalia onions other than mild flavor |
|
Definition
| they have very specific genotypes that don’t take up much S |
|
|
Term
| speed at which B minerals weather to release B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| speed at which stored SO42- is released |
|
Definition
| slowly (too slow to support new growth) |
|
|
Term
| speed of diffusion as a mechanism of nutrient movement to roots |
|
Definition
| very slow, only 1-2cm/season |
|
|
Term
| stages of the natural P cycle |
|
Definition
1: Tectonic uplift
2: Erosion/weathering
3: Transport to lakes/oceans
4: Sedimentation |
|
|
Term
| states in the US with significant amounts of rock phosphate |
|
Definition
-Florida
-North Carolina
-Tennessee
-Idaho |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| such a large amount of N going into the water so quickly can lead to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sufficiency of solution Fe in soil over the normal soil pH range |
|
Definition
| over the normal soil pH range, total solution Fe is not sufficient to meet plant Fe requirements, even in acid soils |
|
|
Term
| sufficiency range of Fe in plant tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nutrient concentration range in which added nutrient will not increase yield but can increase nutrient concentration |
|
|
Term
| sulfate adsorption vs. nitrate adsorption |
|
Definition
| Sulfate is adsorbed a bit more strongly than nitrate |
|
|
Term
| sulfur as CaSO4 can be coprecipitated with... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| going from SO42- to organic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| going from organic to SO42- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| supply of S to plants depeds on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface application of urea can result in loss of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bronze speckles on leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Symptoms include leaf tip and margin yellowing, followed by necrosis
-Leaves get scorched appearance and will drop prematurely |
|
|
Term
| techniques to sample a field that's had banded fertilizer when the band location is known |
|
Definition
-avoid band; most commonly used
-sample band proportionally |
|
|
Term
| temperature at which S mineralization/immobilization decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature at which S mineralization/immobilization is low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature at which S mineralization/immobilization is optimum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| temperature vs. rate of oxidation of S0 |
|
Definition
| Temperature increases oxidation rate up to 40°C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| texture at which the effect of nutrient source on leaching of K is most noticeable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 1st product of CO2 fixation in leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 approaches to N recommendations |
|
Definition
1: yield goal
2: resonse curve |
|
|
Term
| the 2 proteins that make up the nitrogenase enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 2 steps of N mineralization |
|
Definition
-Aminization
-Ammonification |
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of mycorrhizae that plants form associations with |
|
Definition
-Ectomycorrhiza
-Endomycorrhiza |
|
|
Term
| the 3 forms in which P can be stored in plants |
|
Definition
| -Pi
-Phytate (phytic acid), especially in grain and seed
-Polyphosphate (chain of phosphate molecules) |
|
|
Term
| the B source and B sink in plants |
|
Definition
| leaf is the source and other parts are the sink |
|
|
Term
| the Bray 1 P soil test was deveoped for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the C/N ratio is based on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the C/S ratio that results in net immobilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the C/S ratio that results in net mineralization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the CEC of most SE soils (ultisols) is mostly ______ while the CEC of most MW soils (mollisols) is mostly ______ |
|
Definition
pH dependent
permanent charge |
|
|
Term
| the CEC of the whole soil is strongly affected by... |
|
Definition
| the nature and quantity of clay minerals and OM in the soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Iron is very common in soils and practically always present in sufficient quantities. |
|
|
Term
| the Fe that really gets transported within the plant |
|
Definition
| Fe complexed with something |
|
|
Term
| the Fe uptake strategy that modifies the rhizosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Feedback system of regulation that regulates N uptake |
|
Definition
-High N uptake increases N levels in leaves
-Leaves contain high levels of amino acids
-Amino acids are transported back to the roots
-Amino acids inhibit nitrogen uptake by the roots |
|
|
Term
| the K minerals that are mined in Carlsbad, New Mexico |
|
Definition
-Sylvite
-sylvinite
-langbeinite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the K+ from the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| the K that's available to plants |
|
Definition
| -exchangeable K+
-solution K+ |
|
|
Term
| the K that's not available to plants |
|
Definition
| -primary minerals
-nonexchangeable K+ |
|
|
Term
| the K+ ions on mica and vermiculite that are exchangeable |
|
Definition
| the ones on the planar (i) positions |
|
|
Term
| the K+ ions on mica and vermiculite that are nonexchangeable |
|
Definition
| the ones in the internal (i) positions and edge (e) positions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that crop yield is proportional to the amount of the most limiting nutrient |
|
|
Term
| the Most common nutrient limiting crop growth and yield |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the N-P-K nutrients in order of greatest consumption to least consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the P minerals that predominate in acid soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the P minerals that predominate in neutral and calcerous soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Q10 for most biological rxns and physical rxns |
|
Definition
| consistently around 2 for most biological rxns, but physical rxns tend to have higher number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relationship between exchangeable K+ (quantity, Q) and solution K+ (intensity, I) |
|
|
Term
| the UGA method for measuring pH avoids... |
|
Definition
| the seasonal variation in pH caused by differences in the soil’s salt content |
|
|
Term
| the acidification rxn of Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) is biological, so you can’t use it in ______ soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the actively absorbing tissue of plant roots |
|
Definition
| the young tissue near the plant tips |
|
|
Term
| the adsorption strength of cations with similar charges is determined by... |
|
Definition
| the size or radii of the hydrated cation |
|
|
Term
| the amount of - charge on 2:1 clays that's pH dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of Fe you need in the soil to be sufficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of K diffusion by mass flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of K replenishment by diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of P in soil that is organic P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of S in the Earth's crust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of SO42- adsorbed is really a function of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of SO42- that gets to soil per year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of micronutrients in organic fertilizers |
|
Definition
| 100 to 1000 mg/kg Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn |
|
|
Term
| the amount of negative charge on 1:1 clays that's pH dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ash left over from burning plant dry matter contains all the elements except ______ because ______. |
|
Definition
C, H, O, N, & S
they are volatilized as gases |
|
|
Term
| the bacteria that oxidize S0 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the biological N fixation by legumes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the biologically active form of N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dissolved organic matter |
|
|
Term
| the bulk of the phosphate reserves are in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bulk of the phosphate reserves are in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the c'tration of Fe in the soil solution depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the c'tration of solution Fe and Fe transported to the root by diffusion can be greatly increased thru... |
|
Definition
| natural organic chelate-Fe complexes in soil |
|
|
Term
| the c'trations of Ca in plant cell cytoplasm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the cations in the rhizosphere that are taken up more efficiently |
|
Definition
| the ones that are more abundant |
|
|
Term
| the channels involved in Cu uptake |
|
Definition
| Nonspecific cation channels involved in uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the charge on clay minerals that's unaffected by solution pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the charge on our soil here in Georgia |
|
Definition
| here in Georgia, we have lotta positive soil in the profile |
|
|
Term
| the chemicals used in the Bray 1 P soil test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the chemicals used in the ICP analysis of the Mehlich 1 extract |
|
Definition
| 0.05 N HCl + 0.025N H2SO4 |
|
|
Term
| the chemicals used in the Mehlich 1 soil test |
|
Definition
| 0.05 N HCl + 0.025N H2SO4
aka "double acid" |
|
|
Term
| the chemicals used in the Mehlich 3 soil test |
|
Definition
| 0.25 N NH4NO3 + 0.2 N CH3COOH + 0.015 N NH4F + 0.013 N HNO3 + 0.001 M EDTA |
|
|
Term
| the chemicals used in the Olsen P soil test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the color cotton leaves may turn when there's Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the composition of 2:1 clays |
|
Definition
| Al octahedral layer between 2 Si tetrahedral layers |
|
|
Term
| the composition of aluminosilicate minerals |
|
Definition
| sheets of layers of silica tetrahedra and alumina octahedra |
|
|
Term
| the conditions flooding creates regarding Fe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the country that produces the most potash |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the difference between chlorosis caused by Fe deficiency and chlorosis caused by Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| Fe deficiency symptoms start in younger leaves and Mg deficiency symptoms start in older leaves |
|
|
Term
| the difference between storage and sequestration |
|
Definition
| storage is when it’s intended to be used later, but sequestration is dead end for it |
|
|
Term
| the direction in which the xylem transports nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the direction the ammonia volatilization rxn goes at higher temperatures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant Zn species below pH 7.7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of B in the soil solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of Fe in waterlogged soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of Fe in well drained soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant form of Mn in the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant species of Cu in soil below 6.5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dominant species of Mo in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of Cu deficiency on p'synth can depend on... |
|
Definition
| mobility in the plant system |
|
|
Term
| the effect of pH on MoO42- in soil |
|
Definition
| for each unit of pH increase, the solubility of MoO42- increases 10-fold |
|
|
Term
| the effects of weakened cell membranes in plants |
|
Definition
-increased permeability
-loss of cell contents
-failure of nutrient-uptake mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| the electrical conductivity of a soil can be used to make a map that can be used for... |
|
Definition
| selecting sampling zones for pH and lime requirement |
|
|
Term
| the environment nitrogenase needs to be put in |
|
Definition
| an environment free of oxygen |
|
|
Term
| the enzyme that helps with P mineralization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the equation of microbial respiration |
|
Definition
| CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 ←→HCO3- + H+ |
|
|
Term
| the exchange that takes place between legumes and bacteria within the nodules, such as Rhizobium |
|
Definition
| bacteria gives plant useable nitrogen and plant gives bacteria carbohydrates and other useable forms of carbon |
|
|
Term
| the extent of desorption depends on... |
|
Definition
| the nature of the adsorption mechanism at the mineral surface |
|
|
Term
| the fastest growing source of N inputs into the Mississippi River basin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fertilize the soil approach to P and K recommendations |
|
Definition
-periodic soil testing
-building and maintaining the soil for the long term |
|
|
Term
| the fertilizer consumption that seems to be going up the quickest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the fertilizer placement that results in the best seedling emergence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first organic S containing molecule generated in S reduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first stable compound in the p'synthetic electron transport chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first stable product of S reduction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the force used to bring nitrate into the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 is used in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 is used in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Ca that's absorbed by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Cl in solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Co used by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of K that plants absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Mo that's transported in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Na used by plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of P plants most readily take up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of S plants take up |
|
Definition
| mineral form, which is sulfate (SO42-) |
|
|
Term
| the form of S that enters the air in volatilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of S that occurs in solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the form of Si plants use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ca10(PO4)6(X)2 where X = F-, OH-, or Cl- |
|
|
Term
| the function of Mn in enzymes |
|
Definition
| some enzymes that require Mn as a cofactor |
|
|
Term
| the function of callose synthase |
|
Definition
| synthesizes polysac that basically forms callouses |
|
|
Term
| the function of leghemoglobin |
|
Definition
| transports oxygen to bacteria |
|
|
Term
| the function of phytosiderophore-Fe complexes |
|
Definition
| to release amino acids called phytosiderophores w/ a high affinity for Fe+3 to enhance Fe transport to root surfaces and absorption by root cells |
|
|
Term
| the general cycle of micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the goal of soil sampling |
|
Definition
| to obtain a representative sample |
|
|
Term
| the goals of plant analysis |
|
Definition
-Detect deficiencies before symptoms develop
-Confirm deficiency
-Determine whether the soil supplies adequate nutrients
-determining whether or not fertilization affects the nutrient status of the plant
-determining the relationship between nutrient status and crop performance |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Cu regarding ethylene |
|
Definition
| The receptor that binds to ethylene requires Cu as a cofactor |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Fe in electron transport |
|
Definition
| There’s a variety of iron sulfur clusters used in electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Glutathione |
|
Definition
| it's a pretty important antioxidant |
|
|
Term
| the importance of Mg for enzymes |
|
Definition
| Crucial in many enzymatic reactions (binds ATP to proteins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Definitely beneficial, perhaps essential (especially in monocots)? |
|
|
Term
| the importance of ferretin |
|
Definition
-Ferritin is a protein in which lots of iron can be stored
-it can store 2000-4000 atoms of iron inside of it, often in reduced form
-the protein shell keeps the iron from reacting
-this protein is an effective way to store iron
-therefore, it’s a good idea to increase the ferritin content in plants, especially the edible parts; theres been lots of research to improve the ferretin content in plants
-if you consume that stored iron, it can become available to humans |
|
|
Term
| the importance of porphyrin molecules |
|
Definition
| they are involved in redox rxns in resp and p'synth |
|
|
Term
| the key to oxisols and why |
|
Definition
| increasing organic matter because it increases the CEC |
|
|
Term
| the kind of plants that need to be selected for phytoremediation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the largest source of N inputs into the Mississippi River basin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the last micronutrient that has been accepted as being essential for plant growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the leaves that first show signs of K defficiency |
|
Definition
the lower leaves, progressing towards the upper leaves (newer ones)
can also occur in the young leaves of high yielding, fast maturing crops, such as cotton and wheat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorous
-Potassium
-Calcium
-Sulfur
-Magnesium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main conducting part of the sieve tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main enzyme that helps with N fixation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main form of N that gets made available to the plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main form of sulfur taken up by plant roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main process that acidifies soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the majority of global emissions of non-CO2 GHGs are from... |
|
Definition
| nitrous oxide from soils and methane from enteric fermentation and livestock |
|
|
Term
| the majority of plant nutrient uptake is thru... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the makeup of bone meal in terms of % of nutrients |
|
Definition
-Ca: 8.63%
-K: 0.66%
-Mg: 0.24%
-N: 9.3%
-P: 4.2%
-S: 0.48%
the point: bone meal is a pretty good source of P |
|
|
Term
| the meristematic tissue (shoot and root tips), fruits, and storage organs are mainly supplied by... |
|
Definition
| the phloem (low transpiration) |
|
|
Term
| the mica that releases K the fastest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Iron
-Zinc
-Boron
-Molybdenum
-Copper
-Manganese
-Chloride
-Nickel |
|
|
Term
| the minerals in soil that are the least soluble |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the minerals that dont fix K+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mobility of N in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most abundant protein in plants and the most aboundant protein on Earth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common 2:1 clays |
|
Definition
-mica (aka illite)
-smectite (aka montmorillonite)
-vermiculite |
|
|
Term
| the most common K fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common P in our soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common forms of P in soil solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common source of error in soil test results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common type of 1:1 clay |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common visual symptoms of P deficiency |
|
Definition
-overall stunting of the plant
-darker green coloration of the leaves |
|
|
Term
| the most commonly used inorganic source of B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important family of bacteria for N2 fixation (symbiosis with legumes) |
|
Definition
| Rhizobium
species specific |
|
|
Term
| the most important volatile compound in S volatilization |
|
Definition
| Dimethyl disulfide (CH3SSCH3) (55-100%) |
|
|
Term
| the most reliable pH meter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most surefire way to differentiate between S and N deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the number of subunits in nitrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the occurance and essentiality of slicon in plants |
|
Definition
| Silicon occurs in substantial amounts in plants, but its essentiality has not been determined |
|
|
Term
| the older part of the roots don’t do very much... |
|
Definition
| nutrient and water uptake |
|
|
Term
| the only enzyme that can take in inert N and convert it into ammonium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only known proteins that directly use primary active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only known role of Ni in plant systems |
|
Definition
| urease requires Ni as a cofactor; cofactor for urease, which breaks down urea |
|
|
Term
| the order in which limiting factors should be minimized |
|
Definition
1: the most limiting factor
2: the 2nd most limiting factor
3: so on and so forth |
|
|
Term
| the order of adsorption strength for anions |
|
Definition
| H2PO4- > SO4-2 > NO3- > Cl- |
|
|
Term
| the oxidized form of glutathione |
|
Definition
| 2 glutathiones bonded by disulfide bridge |
|
|
Term
| the pH at which the Olsen P soil test is conducted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pH dependent relationship for Fe+3 |
|
Definition
| Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ <--> Fe+3 + 3H2O |
|
|
Term
| the pH-dependent charge on clay minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pHa of microbial respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pKa of the ammonia volatilization rxn |
|
Definition
| about 9.3; above it, you got mostly ammonia, below it, you got mostly ammonium |
|
|
Term
| the part of clay charge that's pH dependent |
|
Definition
| the charge along the broken edges |
|
|
Term
| the part of polyphosphate that retains a certain amount of reactivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the plant tissue test interpretation that is hard to establish precisely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the parts of the roots that do the bulk of the nutrient and water uptake |
|
Definition
| maturation zone and younger |
|
|
Term
| the parts of the roots that don't do very much nutrient and water uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the path taken thru the field in rock phosphate mining |
|
Definition
| they snake their way thru the field as they mine |
|
|
Term
| the phosphates plants can absorb directly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plant P content where toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plant leaves with the most cumulative N mineralized after 160 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the plant tissue to be tested in total analysis of plant tissue |
|
Definition
| often recently full-grown leaves from the upper canopy or petioles, stem sections, leaf midribs, but you're best off checking with the lab that will do the analysis |
|
|
Term
| the point of zero charge for our soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pre sidedress nitrate test (PSNT) reading that means no need for N fertilizer |
|
Definition
| PSNT > 20-25 mg N/kg --> no need for N |
|
|
Term
| the predominant cations in neutral and basic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presence of CaCO3 doesn't necessarily induce Fe deficiency, but... |
|
Definition
| its interaction w/ certain soil environmental conditions is related to Fe stress |
|
|
Term
| the primary N fertilizer in the US |
|
Definition
| urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions |
|
|
Term
| the primary anion adsorbed in most soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary causes of soil degradation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary inorganic forms of N in most plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the principal N fertilizer used in most of the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the principal cations in acid soils |
|
Definition
| -Al3+
-H+
-Ca2+
-Mg2+
-K+ |
|
|
Term
| the principal factors contributing to higher crop yields |
|
Definition
include:
-development of improved varieties and hybrids
-nutrient and pest management
-soil and water conservation
-cultural practices |
|
|
Term
| the problem w/ Fe supply in soil |
|
Definition
| The problem is not the presence or absence of Fe, but the AVAILABILITY of Fe! |
|
|
Term
| the process of sulfur assimilation can follow alternate pathways depending on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the purpose of ponds in rock phosphate mining |
|
Definition
| to let the very fine particles settle |
|
|
Term
| the quantity of K transported to the root surface by diffusion and mass flow is related to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the quantity of Mg uptake compared to the uptake of Ca or K |
|
Definition
| the uptake of Mg is usually much less than the uptake of Ca or K |
|
|
Term
| the rate at which we're using P |
|
Definition
| faster than it can be replenished |
|
|
Term
| the rate of nonexchangeable K release is largely governed by... |
|
Definition
| weathering of K-bearing micas and feldspars |
|
|
Term
| the raw material for P fertilizers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the reason for the spike in phosphate use after WW2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the reason urea releases N so quickly |
|
Definition
| because the bond in urea between the C and the ammonium is a single bond |
|
|
Term
| the recommended pH is usually... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the redox rxn that happens with Fe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the relation betwen BS and cation availability is modified by... |
|
Definition
| the nature of the soil colloids |
|
|
Term
| the role of Fe containing cytochromes in chloroplasts |
|
Definition
| function in p'synthetic processes where ferredoxin, an Fe-S protein, is an electron acceptor |
|
|
Term
| the role of Mg in carbohydrate metabolism |
|
Definition
| Mg is needed for maximum activity of almost every phosphorylating enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism |
|
|
Term
| the role of Mg in ribosomes |
|
Definition
| Mg serves as a structural component in ribosomes, stabilizing them in the configuration necessary for protein synth |
|
|
Term
| the role of Mg regarding ATP |
|
Definition
| most rxns involving phosphate transfer from ATP require Mg |
|
|
Term
| the role of in p'synthetic reduction processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of phosphate in DNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the role of reduced ferredoxin in N fixation using nitrogenase |
|
Definition
| reduced ferredoxin acts as an electron donor |
|
|
Term
| the rxn that causes water to become more acidic after being exposed to air |
|
Definition
| H2O + CO2 ←→ H2CO3 ←→ H+ + HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| the rxn that leads to the formation of HCO3- is promoted by... |
|
Definition
| accumulation of CO2 in excessively wet and poorly drained soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CO2 + S0 + ½ O2 + 2H2O --> CH2O + SO42- + 2H+ |
|
|
Term
| the soil test that's used in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soils that tend to have higher K+ c'trations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soils the Olsen P soil test was developed for |
|
Definition
| neutral and calcareous soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the species of Zn that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the steps of soil testing |
|
Definition
1: sampling
2: analysis
3: interpretation
4: recommendation |
|
|
Term
| the strain of bacteria that works best at any given pH |
|
Definition
| the strain that’s best adapted to that pH |
|
|
Term
| the strength of adsorption is directly proportional to... |
|
Definition
| the charge on the cations (>charge>adsorption strength)
exception: H+ |
|
|
Term
| the structure of a silica tetrahedra |
|
Definition
| one Si+4 cation bonded to 4 O-2 anions |
|
|
Term
| the structure of the Al octahedra |
|
Definition
| one Al+3 cation bonded to 6 OH- anions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the superphosphate that's no longer sold in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the superphosphate that's no longer sold in the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the temperature effect on K uptake is due to... |
|
Definition
| changes in both K diffusion and root growth, that is, more K diffusion and root growth at higher temperatures |
|
|
Term
| the transition of ammonium to ammonia depends on... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the transport plants use to take in P |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the transporter that seems to be doing the bulk of the intake of S |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of gradient ammonium toxicity can affect |
|
Definition
| can dissipate pH gradients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of isomorphous substitution that contributes to montmorillonite having such a high CEC ad the ability to readily expand and contract based on moisture |
|
Definition
isomorphous substitution in the octahedral layer instead of the tetrahedral layer
this is the only isomorphous substitution that occurs in montmorillonite |
|
|
Term
| the type of rxns Cu is involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of transport done by HATS and LATS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of transporter used to transport Mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of K minerals that are mined in Saskatchewan, Canada |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of chlorosis that can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of clays in oxic soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of extractable sulfate |
|
Definition
| water or CaCl2- extractable sulfate |
|
|
Term
| the types of transporters used depending on c'tration of S |
|
Definition
| You have LATS for S at higher c’trations and HATS at lower c’trations |
|
|
Term
| the weight of 1 mole of atoms |
|
Definition
| atomic weight of the atom |
|
|
Term
| the world's largest fertilizer N consumer |
|
Definition
| east Asia, followed by S. Asia and N. America |
|
|
Term
| there's clays that can fix K such that... |
|
Definition
| it becomes nonexchangeable |
|
|
Term
| there's little of this consumption for B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there's lots of calcerous soils that need better management for stuff such as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there's lots of calcerous soils that need better management for stuff such as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there's lots of this at the sieve tube plates |
|
Definition
| plasmodesmatal connections |
|
|
Term
| there’s bacteria that have the ability to switch to nitrification when... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these 2 factors affect how strongly an ion is held |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these factors have an effect on nutrient uptake |
|
Definition
-Root morphology and architecture
-Root surface area |
|
|
Term
| these hydrolyse polyphosphates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these increase as you add gypsum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these nutrients are not considered mineral nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these nutrients are not considered mineral nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these parts of the roots do the bulk of the nutrient and water uptake |
|
Definition
| maturation zone and younger |
|
|
Term
| these plants have a relatively higher S content |
|
Definition
| Brassicaceae (e.g. Cabbage) |
|
|
Term
| these proteins can be gated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these proteins have a higher transport rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these proteins have to undergo more changes than channel proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| things that can happen to young tissue when there's B deficiency |
|
Definition
-Misshapen young leaves, which may be chlorotic and brittle
-Growing point may die off |
|
|
Term
| this accounts for most of the plant water use |
|
Definition
| transpiration thru stomata |
|
|
Term
| this amount of Zn becomes toxic to peanuts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can be used to supplement the diet to reduce grass tetany |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this can cause soils to become saline or sodic |
|
Definition
-Water evaporation
-salt accumulation |
|
|
Term
| this can replace Mn in chelate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this controls solution P in acidic soils |
|
Definition
Al-P and Fe-P
acids dissolve P from Al and Fe minerals |
|
|
Term
| this controls solution P in neutral and calcareous soils |
|
Definition
Ca-P controls the solution P
Ca-P dissolves to resupply P |
|
|
Term
| this cycle used to incorporate ammonium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this determines how much the pH goes up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this displacement mechanism in soil is an important mechanism for anion exchange |
|
Definition
| displacement of OH from hydrous Fe and Al oxides |
|
|
Term
| this form of N can be used to determine pH |
|
Definition
| ammoniacal nitrogen (ammonium and ammonia) |
|
|
Term
| this gives some swamps the smell of rotten eggs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this happens when Rhizobium get inside plant cell |
|
Definition
-cell wall here gets disintegrated so that the bacteria can establish itself in roots
-cell membrane not yet damaged |
|
|
Term
| this happens when ions bind to carrier proteins |
|
Definition
| they change shape to bind to ions |
|
|
Term
| this influences the ease with which cations can be replaced or exchanged with other cations |
|
Definition
| cations being adsorbed to the CEC with different adsorption strengths |
|
|
Term
| this is a big problem in ammonium nitrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is a very c'trated K fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is basically the matrix all the cell wall material sits in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is critical to sustaining ecosystem diversity and health |
|
Definition
| maintaining and enhancing natural land areas |
|
|
Term
| this is found between companion cells and sieve tube elements |
|
Definition
| very extensive plasmodesmatal connections |
|
|
Term
| this is important for the function of Ca |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is not yet differentiated in meristematic region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is probably a major reason for crop responses to band-applied K with early season crops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is responsible for the characteristic taste and smell of mustard and onions |
|
Definition
| certain volatile S compounds |
|
|
Term
| this is used to extract B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is used to extract Cl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is used to measure Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in the Midwest |
|
Definition
extraction with chelating agents, such as...
-DTPA
-EDTA
-EDDHA |
|
|
Term
| this is used to measure Zn and Mn in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is used to test for Ca and Mg in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is used to test for Ca and Mg in the Midwest |
|
Definition
| 1M NH4OAC (ammonium acetate) |
|
|
Term
| this is used to test for K in Georgia |
|
Definition
| ICP analysis of Mehlich 1 extract |
|
|
Term
| this is used to test for K in the Midwest |
|
Definition
| 1M NH4OAC (ammonium acetate) |
|
|
Term
| this is when deficiencies can occur for many micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this isn used to express the purity of liming material |
|
Definition
| Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) |
|
|
Term
| this leads to more mineralization of S |
|
Definition
| organic matter accumulation in the soil |
|
|
Term
| this led to an increase in farming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this may be lost when there's Ca deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this may be the reason for Ni deficiency in pecan |
|
Definition
| use of ZnSO4 and Cu-containing fungicides |
|
|
Term
| this may happen when UAN ius applied to surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this might cause seasonal variations in the soil's pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this might stunt plant growth |
|
Definition
| severe nutrient deficiency |
|
|
Term
| this must be determined when doing the soil test calibration |
|
Definition
| the recommendations for the different soil test levels |
|
|
Term
| this needs to happen in the soil solution for the plant to get enough P |
|
Definition
| Soil solution must be replenished many times per day to meet plant needs |
|
|
Term
| this part of soil contributes the most in terms of increasing CEC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this part of the fruit furthest from vascular connectivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this precipitates above pH 7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this reduction is an energy intensive process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this regarding Fe provides the electrochemical potential for many enzymatic transformations in plants |
|
Definition
| transfer of electrons between organic molecules and Fe |
|
|
Term
| this regulates P uptake in plants |
|
Definition
| feedback regulation system |
|
|
Term
| this releases the chelated nutrients from the phytate molecule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this starts to appear when you drop the pH of the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this starts to appear when you drop the pH of the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this usually happens to ammonium before transport |
|
Definition
| generally incorporated into organic molecules before transport |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| add a base and measure pH |
|
|
Term
| too much ______ decreases Ni uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basically the difficulty of a path; length can be a factor |
|
|
Term
| total S in soil vs. total P in soil |
|
Definition
| Similar to total P but much more available than P |
|
|
Term
| total reserves of phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total reserves of phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total reserves of potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total reserves of potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| toxic contaminant in urea fertilizer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bidirectional, although mainly from leaves to growing plant parts (roots, fruits, meristems, young leaves)
-From old, senescing leaves to younger plant parts (retranslocation)
-Mobility of nutrients in the phloem varies |
|
|
Term
| transport systems involved in P uptake |
|
Definition
| High affinity and low affinity |
|
|
Term
| trend in U.S. fertilizer use |
|
Definition
| might be increasing, but might be leveling off |
|
|
Term
| two different approaches P and K recommendations can be based on |
|
Definition
-fertilize the crop
-fertilize the soil |
|
|
Term
| type of fertilizer ammonium polyphosphate is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of soil that has no Ca in solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of topography caused by calcareous soils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of Calcium Orthophosphates |
|
Definition
-single superphosphate
-triple superphosphate |
|
|
Term
| types of active transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of ammonium phosphates |
|
Definition
-Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)
-Diammonium phosphate (DAP) |
|
|
Term
| types of anion exchange that can occur in soil |
|
Definition
-Fe/Al oxides
-clay edges
-Positive charges on OM (at low pH) |
|
|
Term
| types of inorganic N in the soil |
|
Definition
| -NH4+ (ammonium)
-NO2- (nitrite)
-NO3- (nitrate) |
|
|
Term
| types of organic N in soil |
|
Definition
-amino acids
-proteins
-complex compounds |
|
|
Term
| types of plant tissue tests |
|
Definition
-testing fresh tissue in the field
-total analysis of plant tissue |
|
|
Term
| types of proteins that can facilitate passive transport |
|
Definition
| channel and carrier proteins |
|
|
Term
| types of solute transport mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| typical S concentration in plants |
|
Definition
| 0.1 to 0.5% (1 – 5 mg/g; depends on family) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type of transporter that is specifically for ammonium; this is a passive process based on e'chem gradient |
|
|
Term
| up to 90% of Fe in leaves occurs with... |
|
Definition
| lipoprotein in chloroplasts and mitochondria membranes |
|
|
Term
| uptake of Cl can be limited by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urea turning into nitrate |
|
|
Term
| use of Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) |
|
Definition
| Used in nursery crops to acidify soils |
|
|
Term
| use of Slow release N fertilizers |
|
Definition
| mainly used by turf industry, horticulture, high-value crops |
|
|
Term
| use of proteins in plants |
|
Definition
| Proteins are essential for almost all enzymatic reactions in plants |
|
|
Term
| uses for Polymer-coated compounds (Osmocote) |
|
Definition
| Used in turf, floriculture, high-value crops |
|
|
Term
| uses of rubisco in plants |
|
Definition
| -Calvin cycle
-CO2 conversion |
|
|
Term
| using ethanol as fuel in the future will require this |
|
Definition
| use of lignocellulose feedstocks, such as crop residues, forest products, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of positive or negative charges on an ion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ammonium being converted to ammonia |
|
|
Term
| water in soils moves from ______ negative to ______ negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ways roots can modify themselves |
|
Definition
-Altered root hair density
-Proteoid root formation |
|
|
Term
| what ATPase does with hydrogen |
|
Definition
| pumps hydrogen ions across the plasmalemma, against normal gradient and uses energy |
|
|
Term
| what Al does for hydrangea |
|
Definition
| I think it gives them a blue color |
|
|
Term
| what Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) is incompatible with and why |
|
Definition
| Incompatible with P-containing solutions because it causes precipitation |
|
|
Term
| what Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] forms in the soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Ammonium thiosulfate [ATS; (NH4)2S2O3] is compatible with |
|
Definition
| -N solutions
-Aqua NH3
-Ammonium phosphates |
|
|
Term
| what B deficiency can do to marigold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what B deficiency can do to peanuts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Ca and other cations do in plant cell metabolism |
|
Definition
| neutralize organic acids formed during normal cell metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what Ca compartmentation is acheived by |
|
Definition
| a variety of Ca-transporters, including ATP pumps, anti-porters, and channels |
|
|
Term
| what CaCO3 does with sulfur |
|
Definition
| reacts with sulfur to form gypsum |
|
|
Term
| what Cu toxicity can do to leaves |
|
Definition
| this can lead to burning of edges and tips of leaves |
|
|
Term
| what Cu toxicity does to other nutrients |
|
Definition
| inhibits the uptake of other nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what Diammonium phosphate (DAP) can do to seeds |
|
Definition
| Can cause seed germination damage because of high pH (NH3 damage) |
|
|
Term
| what EDTA does in the Mehlich 3 soil test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what F does in the Bray 1 P soil test |
|
Definition
| complexes with Al3+ and Fe3+ in solution to make them precipitate out of the solution |
|
|
Term
| what Fe helps with in chloroplasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Fe is needed for in mitochondria |
|
Definition
| needed for oxidation – reduction reactions that are part of respiration |
|
|
Term
| what Fe solubility and availability are favored by |
|
Definition
| the acidity that develops when NH4+ is used by plants |
|
|
Term
| what HCO3- causes in the Olsen P soil test |
|
Definition
| HCO3- causes CaCO3 precipitation |
|
|
Term
| what HCl does in the Bray 1 P soil test for P |
|
Definition
| dissolves Ca-P in minerals |
|
|
Term
| what HNO3 does in the Mehlich 3 soil test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what K competes with regarding forages |
|
Definition
| K competes with the uptake of Mg by forages |
|
|
Term
| what K competing with the uptake of Mg by forages can lead to |
|
Definition
| hypomangesia, such that beef cattle don’t get enough Mg |
|
|
Term
| what K deficiency influences in plants |
|
Definition
| metabolic processes, primarily related to p'synth, and synth and translocation of enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what K does for quality of fruits and vegetables |
|
Definition
| enhances fruit size, color, taste, and peel thickness |
|
|
Term
| what K+ can be replaced by |
|
Definition
| Can be replaced to some extent by NH4+ and Rb+ (approximately the same size when hydrated, but both are toxic, that is, lethal for that particular enzyme) |
|
|
Term
| what LATS seems to be more involved in regarding S |
|
Definition
| LATS seems to more involved in putting sulfate into the xylem |
|
|
Term
| what Mehlich 1 soil test does other than extract P |
|
Definition
| extracts cations in addition to P |
|
|
Term
| what Mn can do in redox rxns |
|
Definition
| Mn can undergo various oxidation reduction states |
|
|
Term
| what Mn deficiency does to plant leaves |
|
Definition
| Results in disruption of chloroplasts, and yellow spots or interveinal chlorosis in younger leaves (similar to Fe deficiency) |
|
|
Term
| what Mn does in the respiratory pathway |
|
Definition
| Activates enzymes in the respiratory pathway (as well as other enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| what Mn does to ATP and enzymes |
|
Definition
| Can form ATP bridges between ATP and enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what Mn toxicity does to leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Mo deficiency does to plants |
|
Definition
| Mo deficiency can make the plant unable to do much with nitrate |
|
|
Term
| what NH4F does in the Mehlich 3 soil test |
|
Definition
| complexes Al3+ and Fe3+ in solution |
|
|
Term
| what Na can do regarding K |
|
Definition
| Can partially substitute for K (but not nearly as effective) |
|
|
Term
| what Na does for C4 plants such as corn |
|
Definition
| Stimulates photosynthesis; seems to be cofactor for some enzymes regarding this |
|
|
Term
| what Na does for sugar beet |
|
Definition
| improved drought resistance |
|
|
Term
| what Ni uptake is similar to |
|
Definition
| kinda similar to Cu and other cations |
|
|
Term
| what P does in In Basic and Neutral Soils when it gets removed from the soil solution |
|
Definition
| -P precipitates as Ca-P secondary minerals (DCP, OCP, TCP)
-P adsorbed on CaCO3 and clay minerals |
|
|
Term
| what P does in acidic soils when it gets removed from the soil solution |
|
Definition
-P precipitates as Fe/Al P secondary minerals (variscite, strengite)
-P adsorbed on Fe/Al oxides and clay minerals |
|
|
Term
| what P gets adsorbed onto in acidic soils |
|
Definition
| Fe/Al oxides and clay minerals |
|
|
Term
| what P in manure does for soil |
|
Definition
| leads to buildup of soil P |
|
|
Term
| what PHT1 transporters are involved in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what SO42- can be transported thru |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what SO42- gets adsorbed onto |
|
Definition
| Anion exchange (positive sites) |
|
|
Term
| what Sul-Po-Mag (K2SO4.MgSO4) is used in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Sul-Po-Mag (K2SO4.MgSO4) is used in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what Urea-Ammonium nitrate (UAN) does in soil |
|
Definition
| behaves as ammonium nitrate and urea |
|
|
Term
| what a Nutrient Recovery Facility does with nutrients |
|
Definition
| Precipitates nutrients so that it can be used to produce granular fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| what a high Q:I ratio means |
|
Definition
| a good buffering capacity |
|
|
Term
| what a lower C:N ratio means for plants |
|
Definition
| Lower ratios mean the supplement is very stable and will not draw down nutrients from the soil that plants need to grow. |
|
|
Term
| what a quick field test analyzes |
|
Definition
| basically analyzes the sap from crushed plant tissue |
|
|
Term
| what a soil analysis indicates |
|
Definition
| the amount of a nutrient that is available to the crop over the course of the growing season; this is not an absolute amount |
|
|
Term
| what a soil test should extract |
|
Definition
| an amount of the nutrient that is related to what will be available to the crop |
|
|
Term
| what addition of gypsum can mean for root development |
|
Definition
| improved root development |
|
|
Term
| what adequate K does to p'synth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what an increase of negative charge on soil particles can mean for cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what buffer does when the pH is too high |
|
Definition
| some of the conjugate acid becomes part of the conjugate base, making the conjugate acid decrease and the conjugate base increase |
|
|
Term
| what buffer does when the pH is too low |
|
Definition
| some of the conjugate base becomes part of the conjugate acid, making the conjugate acid increase and the conjugate base decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can happen as a result of N defficiency |
|
Definition
-one of the results of N deficiency is yellowing of leaves
-N defficiency also results in reduction in growth
+rubisco needs N, so if there's not enough N, there's not enough C getting fixed
-there's other causes of yellowing of leaves |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if Ca c'trations in plant cell cytoplasm is too high? |
|
Definition
| can precipitate w/ phosphate |
|
|
Term
| what can happen if you have Ca and phosphate in the same cytoplasmic compartment? |
|
Definition
| there can be a precipitate that can be detrimental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can become complexed with other ions in the vacuole |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to ions from fertilizers if they don't remain in solution? |
|
Definition
| some get adsorbed to mineral surfaces and some precipitate as solid minerals |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to leaves under severe Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
| can become uniformly chlorotic to necrotic |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to the –S-H group in cysteine and what it can eventually lead to |
|
Definition
-The –S-H group can be transferred (for example for methionine synthesis)
-This eventually leads to sulfide being incorporated |
|
|
Term
| what can happen to what gets dissolved in soils? |
|
Definition
| can precipitate into secondary minerals |
|
|
Term
| what causes the Steenberg effect? |
|
Definition
| dilution of the nutrient in the plant by rapid plant growth |
|
|
Term
| what charges do we develop on soil particles at low pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what coenzyme A is involved in |
|
Definition
-oxidation and synth of fatty acids
-synth of amino acids
-oxidation of intermediates of the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| what complexing of Fe to citric acid is often used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what compost will do to soil |
|
Definition
| improve the physical conditions of the soil, but won’t give you much N |
|
|
Term
| what cutting the onion does to the cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what dark respiration does to plants |
|
Definition
| the more dark respiration you have, the more it reduces plant growth |
|
|
Term
| what determines the CEC of the roots? |
|
Definition
| the amount of negative charges in the roots; the more negative charges in the roots, the higher the CEC |
|
|
Term
| what excess Ca can do to Mg |
|
Definition
| Ca in excess quantities can interfere with Mg |
|
|
Term
| what fertilizer does to the soil solution |
|
Definition
| increases ion concentration in the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| what fertilizer recommendations are based on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fertilizing the crop does when P and K are below optimum |
|
Definition
| fertilizing for maximum crop yield |
|
|
Term
| what flooding does to Mn and some other nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what growth stage has to do with nutrient requirements |
|
Definition
| the growth stage determines the nutrient requirements; plants don't maintain the same nutrient concentrations throughout their lives |
|
|
Term
| what happens in 2ndary active transport |
|
Definition
| carrier proteins couple the transport of protons with other ions from outside the cell to inside the cell; energy used by proton pump, not nitrogen pump, for example |
|
|
Term
| what happens in plants w/o Mo? |
|
Definition
| nitrate reductase (NR) does not function, and nitrate cannot be reduced and incorporated into biological molecules |
|
|
Term
| what happens in strategy 2 of Fe uptake |
|
Definition
| You don’t have that acidification of the root zone; instead, the plant sends out group of phytosiderophores (PS), which are some kind of acids that serve as chelating agents to get into the rhizosphere to bind to ferric (Fe3+) iron so that it can be brought in |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the maturation zone? |
|
Definition
| cells taking up specific nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what happens to N in Mg deficient plants |
|
Definition
| in Mg deficient plants, protein N decreases while non-protein N increases |
|
|
Term
| what happens to SO2 in plants |
|
Definition
-Goes thru an assimilation process such that it can be used by plants
-Co-transported across plasmalemma (into cell) with 3 H+ (symporter) |
|
|
Term
| what happens to Se in plants |
|
Definition
| Metabolized very much like sulfur (uses the same enzymes, Se can replace S in amino acids); assimilation does take place |
|
|
Term
| what happens to damaged sieve tube elements in plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to ions adsorbed to the surface of clay minerals when the soil solution needs to be buffered? |
|
Definition
| they desorb from these surfaces to resupply the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| what happens to leaves before they fall off |
|
Definition
| N from leaves goes back into plants for next season |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the Cl in MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the Cl in MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ferric form in strategy 2 of Fe uptake? |
|
Definition
| After it gets in, the ferric form is separated from the acid, possibly to be converted to ferrous form |
|
|
Term
| what happens w/ Ca when a signal is perceived? |
|
Definition
| When a signal is perceived, there’s a sudden increase in the amount of Ca in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what happens when urea decomposes in the soil? |
|
Definition
| raises the pH of the soil |
|
|
Term
| what happens with MCP (Ca(H2PO4)2 in acid soil? |
|
Definition
| DCP starts precipitating and Al phosphates start forming; this is on a basis of how much P is in solution |
|
|
Term
| what happens with SO2 in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what has to happen to Fe3+ before absorption |
|
Definition
| it has to be reduced to Fe2+ before absorption |
|
|
Term
| what hemps do inside plant cells |
|
Definition
| move nutrients inside plant cells |
|
|
Term
| what high levels of Al can do to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what high pH can mean for Ca |
|
Definition
| high Ca saturation (maybe 80-90%) |
|
|
Term
| what high pH can mean for Mg |
|
Definition
| high Mg if dolomitic limestone is used |
|
|
Term
| what increasing S nutrition does to the N:S ratio in plants |
|
Definition
| decreases it to the optimum 9:1-12:1 needed for effective N use by rumen microbes |
|
|
Term
| what increasing the soil pH above 7 does to the charges on the clay particles |
|
Definition
| nearly completely removes the the H+ ions from the Al-OH and Si-OH groups |
|
|
Term
| what insects can do to phloem tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is done with plants that are used for phytoremediation? |
|
Definition
| they are harvested and converted into ash |
|
|
Term
| what leaves turn yellow first when the cause is N defficiency? why? |
|
Definition
| older leaves get yellow 1st when it's due to N deficiency because of N going from older to younger leaves |
|
|
Term
| what likely happens to light weight organic P compounds, such as nucleic acids and phytin, before being absorbed by plants |
|
Definition
| likely converted to H2PO4- in the rhizosphere |
|
|
Term
| what makes the H+ ion unique? |
|
Definition
| its very small size and high charge density |
|
|
Term
| what most SO4-2 is reduced to in plants |
|
Definition
| reduced to --S--S and --SH forms |
|
|
Term
| what mycchorrizae help plants access |
|
Definition
| more nutrients than just P; they can help turn organic N into inorganic form |
|
|
Term
| what needs to happen for elemental S to be used by plants? |
|
Definition
| microbial oxidation to oxidize it to SO42- |
|
|
Term
| what nitrate tests are used for |
|
Definition
| to estimate N-supplying power (mainly in midwestern states) |
|
|
Term
| what nutrient uptake by plants causes to happen in the soil |
|
Definition
| several chemical and biological rxns to buffer or resupply these nutrients to the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| what nutrients can be transported in the xylem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organic matter mineralizes into under aerobic conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organic matter mineralizes into under anoxic conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what oxygen can do to the reduction reaction in nitrogen fixation |
|
Definition
| oxygen can interfere with the process of electron exchange, impeding the reduction |
|
|
Term
| what oxygen does to nitrogenase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of molecules referred to as pectin |
|
|
Term
| what pesticides did for ag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breaks down phosphate groups from phytic acid molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essentially stores 6 phosphates |
|
|
Term
| what phytochelatins can do |
|
Definition
| bind to heavy metals like cadmium, zinc, lead, and uranium |
|
|
Term
| what plant cells do to allow nodules to form |
|
Definition
| they expand to allow nodules to form |
|
|
Term
| what plant gives bacteria in exchange |
|
Definition
| some form or organic carbon in exchange, such as sugars or organic acids that the bacterium can use |
|
|
Term
| what plant roots release into the soil solution |
|
Definition
| small quantities of H+, OH-, and HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| what plants can do to improve Fe uptake |
|
Definition
| Plants can modify the root zone to make iron uptake more efficient |
|
|
Term
| what plants can do w/ excess Na |
|
Definition
| Plants have mechanisms to efflux Na back into the soil |
|
|
Term
| what plants do to make more Fe available |
|
Definition
| they exude a chelate that grabs Fe and brings it to the root |
|
|
Term
| what plants do to their carbohydrates when they don't put out root hairs |
|
Definition
| they partition more of the carbohydrates towards the shoots |
|
|
Term
| what plants have to do to sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what plants need to be able to do for phytoremediation to work |
|
Definition
| hyperaccumulate such that it sequesters the contaminants into the vacuoles and onto the phytochelatins and such |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what plants use reducing agents for regarding Fe |
|
Definition
| Use reducing agents to convert Fe3+ to Fe2+ |
|
|
Term
| what polyphosphate can do to Zn |
|
Definition
| it can sequester Zn and maintain it in solution |
|
|
Term
| what polyphosphates do to micronutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium hydroxide are used for |
|
Definition
| primarily for the production of high purity fertilizers for foliar applications and other specialty uses |
|
|
Term
| what residue with a high C:N ratio does |
|
Definition
| soaks up water and nutrients, robbing plants of what they need |
|
|
Term
| what saline soils can do to plants |
|
Definition
-water imbalance in the plant
-ionic imbalance |
|
|
Term
| what soil Ca or Fe can do to Mn in chelate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what soil extractants should be related to and how |
|
Definition
| they should be empirically related to the plant response |
|
|
Term
| what soil testing is used for |
|
Definition
| to make nutrient application recommendations based on estimates of the availability of soil nutrients to the plants |
|
|
Term
| what soil testing labs use to quantify solution and exchangeable K |
|
Definition
| extractants, such as NH4OAc |
|
|
Term
| what soil tests have to be to be practical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what solid phase rxns of sulfate lead to |
|
Definition
-pH increase
-negative charge increase |
|
|
Term
| what some of the B toxicity symptoms may have something to do with |
|
Definition
| Some of this may have to do w/ the mobility of B itself, that is, the redistribution, translocation, and such |
|
|
Term
| what some plants can do with heavy metals such as Zn, Ni, Cd, and so on |
|
Definition
| sequester them in their vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| what sucrose is co-transported with at high pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what sucrose is co-transported with at low pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the ? means in Fe uptake strategy 2 and combination strategy |
|
Definition
| The ? is there because we haven’t been able to identify the protein responsible for the function there, that is, if there’s a protein for it at all |
|
|
Term
| what the Mehlich 1 soil test was developed for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the Mehlich 3 soil test does other than extract P |
|
Definition
| extracts cations in addition to P |
|
|
Term
| what the Q:I ratio is proportional to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the Q:I ratio is used for |
|
Definition
| it is used to quantify K+ buffering in soils |
|
|
Term
| what the Q:I ratio measures |
|
Definition
| the ability of the soil to maintain solution K+ concentration |
|
|
Term
| what the correlation for a soil test is used for |
|
Definition
| to justify the field calibration |
|
|
Term
| what the cracks and karst topography caused by calcerous soils means for application of fertilizer |
|
Definition
| it means that if you not careful with what’s applied at the surface, it’ll contaminate the aquifer |
|
|
Term
| what the cracks and karst topography caused by calcerous soils means for application of fertilizer |
|
Definition
| it means that if you not careful with what’s applied at the surface, it’ll contaminate the aquifer |
|
|
Term
| what the endodermis limits |
|
Definition
-kinda limits the uptake of unnecessary substances
-also limits the leakage of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what the fertilize the soil approach to P and K recommendations does when the P and K levels are below optimum |
|
Definition
| fertilizing to gradually build the soil to the optimum range |
|
|
Term
| what the metal tolerance in metal tolerant plants should be due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the phloem transports |
|
Definition
-water
-sugar
-many nutrients |
|
|
Term
| what the slight negative charge on phytate attracts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the soil testing lab runs all nutrients on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the subscript c in cmolc/kg stands for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what the xylem transports |
|
Definition
-water
-nutrients
-some amino acids |
|
|
Term
| what they're doing in areas where there's already too much P/acre |
|
Definition
they’re saying don’t apply any more manure
some places even doing nutrient trading |
|
|
Term
| what time of day has to do with nitrate content in plants |
|
Definition
| nitrate highest in the morning and decreases until sunset |
|
|
Term
| what to do after the sample is collected |
|
Definition
-mix
-remove debris
-subsample if necessary |
|
|
Term
| what too much callose in the same place can lead to |
|
Definition
| Too much callose in the same place can lead to say, a branch, being cut off |
|
|
Term
| what we do K extraction with |
|
Definition
| Mehlic extract something like that |
|
|
Term
| what you might wanna add to the soil if the pH is 6 or higher |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what you're really seeing when you have Mn toxicity |
|
Definition
| the function of another nutrient being replaced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wheat the external factors of water, nutrients, heat, light, and CO2 c'tration do to the plant |
|
Definition
| regulate plant growth and development |
|
|
Term
| when B is required for cell division in plants |
|
Definition
| B required for early period of cell division |
|
|
Term
| when Cl deficiencies can occur |
|
Definition
| when there is low water-extractable soil Cl- |
|
|
Term
| when Cu2+ is the dominant species of Cu in soil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3) is good to use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Dolomite (MgCO3.CaCO3) is good to use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at high nitrate c'tration |
|
|
Term
| when Zn2+ is the dominant Zn species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a plant needs the most nutrients |
|
Definition
| usually during peak vegetative and reproductive growth |
|
|
Term
| when ammonia in the cytoplasm turns into ammonium... |
|
Definition
| after it gets into the vacuole |
|
|
Term
| when ammonium nitrate causes ammonia loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when ammonium sulfate doesn't cause any ammonia loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when being metabolized, ammonium still has to go thru this. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when correlations for soil tests are valid |
|
Definition
| under controlled conditions, not field conditions |
|
|
Term
| when cotton remobilizes K+ |
|
Definition
| under deficient conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when flooding increases Mn availability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when fruits have a large demand for K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when gibbsite develops negative charge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when interpreting the results of a tissue test, decisions can be made based on... |
|
Definition
-critical concentration
-critical nutrient range
-sufficiency range |
|
|
Term
| when legumes don't form nodules for these Rhizobium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when mycorrhizae are most effective |
|
Definition
| under low nutrient conditions |
|
|
Term
| when nodule formtion is likely to happen |
|
Definition
| only when there's nitrogen defficiency |
|
|
Term
| when nutrient deficiency is usually apparent |
|
Definition
| after economic damage has occurred |
|
|
Term
| when organic matter releases H+ |
|
Definition
| when the soil is a certain pH |
|
|
Term
| when plant uses High Affinity Transport System (HATS) |
|
Definition
| low nutrient concentration |
|
|
Term
| when plant uses Low Affinity Transport System (LATS) |
|
Definition
| high nutrient concentration |
|
|
Term
| when plants don't make many mycorrhizal associations |
|
Definition
| when there's lots of nutrients available |
|
|
Term
| when plants may Increase the number of nutrient transporters in roots |
|
Definition
| under nutrient deficiency |
|
|
Term
| when plants may make more root hairs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when plants remobilize nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when soil develops positive charges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the H+ on broken edges starts to come off |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the charge on clays disappears |
|
Definition
| when it breaks down into its elements |
|
|
Term
| when the concentration of nutrient reaches this range, plant yield is generally maximized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the hypoxic zone on the Louisiana coast shows up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the pH of soil is above 8.5 or 9, this happens to the dissolved organic matter |
|
Definition
| the dissolved organic matter is deposited on the surface |
|
|
Term
| when to use potassium phosphate |
|
Definition
| when you need a good bit of K |
|
|
Term
| when triple superphosphate is preferred |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when undissociated acids release H+ |
|
Definition
| when you try to increase the pH |
|
|
Term
| where B deficiency symptoms often show |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Ca2+ is taken up in plants |
|
Definition
| Taken up in root tips and where lateral roots disrupt endodermis |
|
|
Term
| where Cl is present in plants |
|
Definition
| Present in fairly high concentrations in the vacuole |
|
|
Term
| where Cl mainly comes from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Fe deficiency is most often observed |
|
Definition
| on high pH and calcerous soils in arid regions |
|
|
Term
| where Fe deficiency symptoms first appear in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where Fe toxicities commonly occur |
|
Definition
| in plants grown on acid and/or poorly drained soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| under anaerobic conditions (waterlogged soils) |
|
|
Term
| where K absorption by the roots occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where K can be stored at high c'trations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present mainly in plastids |
|
|
Term
| where PHT1 transporters are found in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where S as pyrite (FeS2) can be found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfur reduction occurs in chloroplasts and plastids in the roots |
|
|
Term
| where S toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where SO42- can accumulate in plant cells |
|
Definition
| can accumulate in large amounts in vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| where Si can be found in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where about 75% of all Fe in cells is |
|
Definition
| the chloroplasts (photosynthesis) |
|
|
Term
| where ammonium transporters are found in plants |
|
Definition
| some present in the root hairs and some functional in the roots |
|
|
Term
| where chlorosis due to Fe deficieny occurs first in plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where chlorosis first appears when there's Mg deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where critical range occurs |
|
Definition
| somewhere between deficient and sufficient |
|
|
Term
| where excess Ca can be stored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where excess Cl may occur |
|
Definition
| irrigated areas (high Cl in irrigation water) |
|
|
Term
| where halophytic plants grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where in the plant SO4-2 may occur |
|
Definition
| plant cell tissues and cell sap |
|
|
Term
| where interveinal chlorosis occurs in the plant (older or younger leaves) in response to Zn deficiency depends on ______ and is influenced by ______ |
|
Definition
| species the mobility of Zn in the plant system |
|
|
Term
| where leaching of K may be significant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where most of the iron remains |
|
Definition
| The bulk of iron that’s taken up often remains in the root system, often staying in apoplastic space of the roots |
|
|
Term
| where most of the pH dependent - charge from soil OM comes from |
|
Definition
-carboxylic acid
-to a lesser extent, phenolic acid groups |
|
|
Term
| where most of the water and nutrients a plant uses comes from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where nitrate can be stored for later use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where nitrogenase is present |
|
Definition
| isn't present in plants, but instead in microbes |
|
|
Term
| where nutrients can be stored if not used right away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where nutrients in plants go when remobilized |
|
Definition
| Many nutrients are removed from senescing leaves and transported to younger leaves or fruits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorbing it from the soil solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where silicon is in plants |
|
Definition
| can sometimes accumulate in the leaves, as much as 10% |
|
|
Term
| where silicon is in plants |
|
Definition
| can sometimes accumulate in the leaves, as much as 10% |
|
|
Term
| where soil test calibration must be done |
|
Definition
| Must be done over wide range of conditions representative of where the soil test will be used. |
|
|
Term
| where symptoms of B toxicity can occur |
|
Definition
| in margins of leaves of species with low B-mobility |
|
|
Term
| where symptoms of K deficiency initially occur and what they are |
|
Definition
| in the margins of older leaves (chlorosis followed by necrosis) |
|
|
Term
| where symptoms of Mo deficiency occur |
|
Definition
| Symptoms often occur in lower and middle leaves |
|
|
Term
| where the Bray 1 P soil test is used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the N defficiency symptoms in plants occur first |
|
Definition
| Deficiency symptoms occur in lower, older leaves first |
|
|
Term
| where the rainfall is <4.3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the strategies of Fe uptake occur |
|
Definition
| plasma membrane of plant roots |
|
|
Term
| where the symptoms of Ca deficiency occur |
|
Definition
| Mainly in meristematic tissue (shoot and root tips), fruits, and storage organs |
|
|
Term
| where to not take a soil sample |
|
Definition
| near fences, trails, or troughs |
|
|
Term
| where to use Ammonium polysulfide (NH4Sx) |
|
Definition
| Use in place where you have enough BC or have to lower pH |
|
|
Term
| which P is most available to plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which happens faster? transfer of K from exchangeable to solution or transfer of K from mineral to more available forms? |
|
Definition
transfer of K from exchangeable to solution
the transfer of K from mineral to more available forms is extremely slow |
|
|
Term
| which leaches faster? K2SO4 or CaSO4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 10?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 11?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 12?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
| plant and animal residues |
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
| soil solution Ca2+ and Mg2+ |
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the Ca and Mg cycle is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
| exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ |
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 1?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 2?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 3?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 4?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 5?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 6?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 7?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 8?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which part of the sulfur cycle is number 9?
[image] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of clay mineral tends to have a higher CEC? 1:1 or 2:1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of clay, 1:1 or 2:1, can supply nutrients to plants at a lower pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why 450 lb P2O5 is such an important number |
|
Definition
| because once you hit 450 lb P2O5, you have about 1ppm P in runoff |
|
|
Term
| why 6.5 is the optimum pH for P |
|
Definition
| -below 6.5, you have insoluble Fe/Al phosphates and adsorption to oxides and clay
-above 6.5, you have insoluble Ca phosphates and adsorption to CaCO3 |
|
|
Term
| why B deficiency can occur in dry conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why B is not well transported in most plants |
|
Definition
| not completely well known |
|
|
Term
| why CO2 concentration in the soil air is greater than in the atmosphere |
|
Definition
| because plant roots and sil organisms use O2 and respire CO2 |
|
|
Term
| why Ca and Mg are somewhat similar |
|
Definition
| Ca and Mg are somewhat similar, since they’re divalent |
|
|
Term
| why Ca is important to N metabolism and protein formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because it reacts very fast |
|
|
Term
| why Cl is essential for p'synth |
|
Definition
| Essential for photosynthesis (splitting of water) |
|
|
Term
| why Cu toxicity may resemble Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| Occurs mainly because Cu replaces other metal ions, and Fe in particular; simply competition for cation channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs mainly because Cu replaces other metal ions, and Fe in particular; simply competition for cation channels |
|
|
Term
| why Diammonium phosphate (DAP) is a very commonly used fertilizer |
|
Definition
because it provides lotsa N and lotsa P
Raises the pH pretty high |
|
|
Term
| why Fe deficiency symptoms occur first in younger leaves |
|
Definition
| because Fe is not very mobile in the plant |
|
|
Term
| why Fe is important for N fixation |
|
Definition
| it's part of the enzyme nitrogenase |
|
|
Term
| why Fe is important for p'synth |
|
Definition
| because several of the enzymes Fe provides the electrochemical potential for are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, and when Fe is deficient, chlorophyll production is reduced, leading to chlorosis |
|
|
Term
| why Fe is used for redox rxns in plants |
|
Definition
| because it has the ability to change oxidation states |
|
|
Term
| why Fe solubility and availability are favored by |
|
Definition
| because wwhen a strong acid anion (NO3-) is absorbed and replaced with a weak acid (HCO3-), the pH of the root zone increases, which decreases Fe availability |
|
|
Term
| why Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn are grouped among the micronutrients |
|
Definition
| because they behave very similarly |
|
|
Term
| why Glutathione is referred to as a tripeptide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why K is important for N fixation |
|
Definition
| -K influences the nitrogenase enzyme in rhizobium
-K enhances carbohydrate transport to nodules for amino acid synthesis so that N2 can be reduced |
|
|
Term
| why K is important in translocation of assimilates |
|
Definition
| -translocation uses ATP, which requires K for its synthesis
-helps maintain electrical balance for NO3- transport in the xylem |
|
|
Term
| why K is important to many crop quality characteristics |
|
Definition
| because of its involvement in synthesis and transport of photosynthates |
|
|
Term
| why K is not exchangeable in in hydrous mica |
|
Definition
| because it’s blocked by bigger ions |
|
|
Term
| why Mg is essential for p'synth |
|
Definition
| because it's part of the chlorophyll molecule |
|
|
Term
| why Mg is important throughout plant metabolism |
|
Definition
because the fundamental process of energy transfer occurs in...
-p'synth
-glycolysis
-Krebs cycle
-respiration |
|
|
Term
| why MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2 has no effect on pH |
|
Definition
| because the nitrate is already oxidized |
|
|
Term
| why Mn chelates must be applied by foliar applications |
|
Definition
| because soil Ca or Fe can replace Mn in chelate |
|
|
Term
| why Mn deficiency decreases p'synth |
|
Definition
| because Mn is essential for p'synth |
|
|
Term
| why Mo can be toxic to cattle and sheep |
|
Definition
| by making some nutrients unavailable in the feed and such |
|
|
Term
| why Mo deficiency is bad for the plant |
|
Definition
| Mo needed for NO3- reduction |
|
|
Term
| why N defficiency can cause chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves |
|
Definition
-Component of chlorophyll
-Deficiency results in low chlorophyll levels |
|
|
Term
| why N is Applied in greater amounts than any other nutrient |
|
Definition
| becaus it's used in such large quantities |
|
|
Term
| why N release from Triazone compounds is slow |
|
Definition
| because of closed-ring structure |
|
|
Term
| why NO3- and SO4-2 can lead to Cl deficiency |
|
Definition
| because they have negative charges |
|
|
Term
| why Ni deficiency has become more of a problem in recent years |
|
Definition
| because fertilizers have become purer, i.e. less ‘contamination’ |
|
|
Term
| why Ni is important for plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why P and K are expressed on an oxide basis in fertilizer grades |
|
Definition
| because back in the day, they had to precipitate it and go a gravimetric measure |
|
|
Term
| why P availability to plants can decrease above pH 7.8 |
|
Definition
| because of HPO4-2 adsorbing to the precipitating CaCO3 |
|
|
Term
| why P deficiency is associated with restricted growth and development |
|
Definition
| because almost every metabolic rxn of any significance involves H2PO4- derivatives |
|
|
Term
| why Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) is limited in use |
|
Definition
| because it’s a bit more expensive |
|
|
Term
| why S accumulates in onions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why S deficiency is bad for the plant |
|
Definition
| S required for synthesis of chlorophyll and many aminoacids |
|
|
Term
| why S may be the next deficiency we need to worry about, particularly in the NE USA |
|
Definition
-No S in fertilizers
-Cleaning up acid rain
-Less S in pesticides |
|
|
Term
| why Si is good for plants |
|
Definition
| Plants grown in low Si environments seem to be more vulnerable to pathogens |
|
|
Term
| why Sul-Po-Mag (K2SO4.MgSO4) has no effect on pH |
|
Definition
| because it’s already oxidized |
|
|
Term
| why Triazone compounds have lower N loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why UAN must not be used with brass nozzles |
|
Definition
| because it'll complex with the copper, leading to plugging up |
|
|
Term
| why Vidalia onions aren’t very pungent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why Vidalia onions tend to have a mild flavor |
|
Definition
| because soils around Vidalia tend to be low in S |
|
|
Term
| why Zn deficiency causes small leaves (‘little leaf’ in fruit trees) |
|
Definition
| may have something to do with interaction of auxins |
|
|
Term
| why a continuous supply of Ca is important |
|
Definition
| since Ca can't be redistributed within the plant, it is critical that a continuous supply of Ca is available for root absorption to support normal growth and fruit development |
|
|
Term
| why a plant root may form proteoid roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why adsorbed Fe contributes little to plant available Fe |
|
Definition
| because negligible amounts of micronutrient cations like Fe are adsorbed on the CEC due to such low c'trations in the soil solution |
|
|
Term
| why advances in ag production technologies must occur |
|
Definition
| to enhance productivity per unit of cropland to ensure world food security |
|
|
Term
| why ammonia can get absorbed by the water |
|
Definition
| because it has a very high affinity for water |
|
|
Term
| why ammonia is bad for plants |
|
Definition
| because it's toxic to roots |
|
|
Term
| why ammonium has to be incorporated into amino acids (or other compounds) immediately |
|
Definition
| because it's highly toxic to plants |
|
|
Term
| why ammonium is metabolized rapidly |
|
Definition
| because it's toxic in large amounts |
|
|
Term
| why ammonium sulfate is a very convenient fertilizer |
|
Definition
| because it has a significant amount of fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| why apples and related plants are better at translocationg B than other plants |
|
Definition
-Apples and related plants transport sorbitol and sucrose
-Sorbitol can complex w/ B, but sucrose can’t; therefore, apple better at distributing B than walnut is; sorbitol helps w/ phloem transport |
|
|
Term
| why are there usually about 2-4 protons entering cell with each phosphate? |
|
Definition
| because these protons aren’t necessarily being bonded to the phosphate |
|
|
Term
| why bicarbonate (HCO3-) may enhance Fe deficiency |
|
Definition
| high pH associated w/ bicarbonate (HCO3-) accumulation |
|
|
Term
| why cation exchange capacity is generally considered to be more important |
|
Definition
| because the CEC is much larger than the AEC |
|
|
Term
| why chelated Fe diffuses to the root surface in response to the c'tration gradient |
|
Definition
| because during plant uptake, the c'tration of chelated Fe or other micronutrients is greater in the bulk solution than at the root surface |
|
|
Term
| why chicken poop contains phytic acid |
|
Definition
| because chickens don’t have the enzyme phytase to break the bonds and release the P in the phytic acid |
|
|
Term
| why chlorophyll meters are a good way to evaluate plant health |
|
Definition
| because nutrient status can affect the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf |
|
|
Term
| why clays that undergo isomorphic substitution have charges on them |
|
Definition
| because each link tries to compensate half a charge |
|
|
Term
| why do lots of plants do better on nitrate than on ammonium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why feldspar releases K more slowly than the micas |
|
Definition
| because it don’t have as much surface area |
|
|
Term
| why ferredoxin is important |
|
Definition
-has a significant role in NO2- and SO4-2 reduction
-has a significant role in N assimilation by N2 fixing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| why fertilizing can be inefficient |
|
Definition
| because plant roots are always competing w/ microbes and minerals for nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why high K fertilization makes B deficiency worse |
|
Definition
| Ca displaced from CEC by K interferes with B absorption |
|
|
Term
| why hydrous mica starts developing CEC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why improved nutrient management technologies are needed |
|
Definition
| to reduce the impact of nutrient use on environmental quality and ecosystem health |
|
|
Term
| why including legumes in the forage program is advised |
|
Definition
| because legumes exhibit higher Mg content than grasses |
|
|
Term
| why is the inside of the nodule pinkish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why isomorphous substitution occurs in both the octahedral and tetrahedral layers in the 2:1 vermiculite |
|
Definition
| because it's commonly weathered from micas |
|
|
Term
| why it might be costly for agriculture to expand into new areas |
|
Definition
-poor soil fertility
-shallow soil depth
-low rainfall
-etc. |
|
|
Term
| why it's essential to understand the origin of the surface charge of soil minereals and OM |
|
Definition
| because ion exchange rxns are very important to plant nutrient retention and availabvility in soil |
|
|
Term
| why it's good to know the amount of N Mineralized in all parts of the field |
|
Definition
| because if you can estimate these numbers, you can use precision ag |
|
|
Term
| why it's hard to measure P mineralization |
|
Definition
| because it gets adsorbed onto clays |
|
|
Term
| why it's hard to sell ammonium nitrate |
|
Definition
| because it can be used to make bombs |
|
|
Term
| why it's important to maximize crop productivity to increase the quantity of applied nutrient recovered by the crop |
|
Definition
| because it reduces the quantity of applied nutrient in the soil after harvest and, thus, reduces the impact of nutrient use on the environment |
|
|
Term
| why it's not a good idea to use Ca(OH)2 as lime |
|
Definition
| because it's caustic such that it burns plants |
|
|
Term
| why labile P is a lot easier to desorb than nonlabile P |
|
Definition
| because labile P has 1 link and nonlabile P has 2 links |
|
|
Term
| why leaves turn yellow when there's not enough N |
|
Definition
| because N is an important part of chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
| why legumes are able to form nodules |
|
Definition
| legumes have a set of genes that enable nodule formation |
|
|
Term
| why lime requirement (LR) is often multiplied by 1.5 |
|
Definition
| because they assume you’re not using pure calcium carbonate |
|
|
Term
| why lots of of the early corns show purplish color |
|
Definition
| because of P deficiency due to the temp being insufficient for diffusion of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| why low Mo can decrease N fixation |
|
Definition
| because it's a component of nitrogenase |
|
|
Term
| why meeting future food and fiber demand, while protecting environmental health, will require ag intensification |
|
Definition
-decreasing available land for cultivation
-maintaining and enhancing natural land areas is critical to sustaining ecosystem diversity and health |
|
|
Term
| why meq is used for CEC instead of mass |
|
Definition
| CEC represents both the meq/100g of - charge and the total meq/100g of cations adsorbed to the CEC |
|
|
Term
| why midwest soil has high potential acidity |
|
Definition
| because it has high buffering capacity and has organic matter that has hydrogen attatched to it |
|
|
Term
| why more dispersive clay has lower hydraulic conductivity |
|
Definition
| when the clay is more dispersive, the hydraulic conductivity declines because small particles clog pores in the soil |
|
|
Term
| why negligible amounts of micronutrient cations like Fe are adsorbed on the CEC in acid soils |
|
Definition
| because solution Fe c'tration is low compared to Al |
|
|
Term
| why negligible amounts of micronutrient cations like Fe are adsorbed on the CEC in saline/sodic soils |
|
Definition
because solution Fe c'tration is low compared to...
-Ca
-Mg
-K
-Na |
|
|
Term
| why neutral and calcareous soils can be Cu deficient |
|
Definition
| Strong adsorption to Fe/Al oxides |
|
|
Term
| why not enough C gets fixed when there's not enough N |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why nutrient supply to plant roots is a very dynamic process |
|
Definition
| because plants adsorb cations and anions and exude H+, OH-, and HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| why nutrient supply to plant roots is a very dynamic process |
|
Definition
| because plants adsorb cations and anions and exude H+, OH-, and HCO3- |
|
|
Term
| why organic matter is critical to increasing CEC |
|
Definition
| because its CEC increases with pH at a faster rate than the CEC of clay does |
|
|
Term
| why our soils here in Georgia don’t expand and contract very much based on wetness |
|
Definition
| because of the H bonds between the sheets of kaolinite |
|
|
Term
| why oxisols have lots of AEC, but not much CEC |
|
Definition
| because all they have left is Fe oxides with lots of positive charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because it helps with the movement of ions and keeps hundreds of enzymes working properly |
|
|
Term
| why per capita cropland assessments are misleading |
|
Definition
| because of the changing distribution of human populations in urban and rural areas |
|
|
Term
| why pericycle can generate lateral roots |
|
Definition
| has new cells that can make lateral root |
|
|
Term
| why phosphate could start reacting inside the vacuole |
|
Definition
| because the vacuole contains other things as well |
|
|
Term
| why phosphate transporters are present in all tissues |
|
Definition
| because the phosphate needs to be transported throughout the plant |
|
|
Term
| why phytate accumulates in chicken manure |
|
Definition
| because chickens can't digests phytate |
|
|
Term
| why phytoremediation for heavy metals in soil isn't really a viable option |
|
Definition
| most plants that do this don’t get enough biomass to make this a viable option |
|
|
Term
| why plant roots are in very close association w/ the soil |
|
Definition
| because most of the water and nutrients comes from the soil |
|
|
Term
| why plants can tolerate high calcium levels without detrimental effects |
|
Definition
| because it can be in vacuole and such |
|
|
Term
| why plants do not absorb all of the nutrients applied |
|
Definition
| because many biological and chemical reactions occur w/ nutrients in soils |
|
|
Term
| why plants need K more during drought |
|
Definition
| as drought severity is enhanced, increased K supply is necessary to maintain p'synth and protect chloroplasts from oxidative damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| because nitrate reductase contains Mo. Without Mo, this enzyme does not function, and nitrate cannot be reduced and incorporated into biological molecules. |
|
|
Term
| why plants receiving NO3- are more likely to develop Fe stress than those receiving NH4+ |
|
Definition
| because when a strong acid anion (NO3-) is absorbed and replaced with a weak acid (HCO3-), the pH of the root zone increases, which decreases Fe availability |
|
|
Term
| why potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and potassium hydroxide are not used very widely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why proteoid roots are formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why remote sensing is good for evaluating plant health |
|
Definition
| because less chlorophyll leads to more light being reflected away |
|
|
Term
| why repeated applications of lime are needed in Southeastern soils |
|
Definition
| to maintain appropriate chemical balances in the soil |
|
|
Term
| why saline and sodic soils have bad physical properties |
|
Definition
| poor structure, resulting in dispersive clay |
|
|
Term
| why sandy soils with a high %BS retain more exchangeable K+ than soils with a low %BS |
|
Definition
| because the added K+ will exchange with Ca+2 easier than in an acid soil with a low %BS |
|
|
Term
| why sequestering micronutrients can be a good thing |
|
Definition
| keeping them in the solution |
|
|
Term
| why sewage treatment around the Oconee river has to be at or below 1ppm P |
|
Definition
| because it’s assumed that at this level, we won’t have much environmental problems |
|
|
Term
| why smaller cations of different charge are adsorbed more strongly |
|
Definition
| because larger hydrated cations can't get as close to the exchange surface as smaller cations |
|
|
Term
| why soil tersting lab uses Ca(OH)2 |
|
Definition
| because it reacts so fast |
|
|
Term
| why soil test results are classified |
|
Definition
| to determine the probability of response to nutrient application |
|
|
Term
| why soil tests are empirical indices instead of mechanistic indices |
|
Definition
| because the soil test extractants must be empirically related to plant response |
|
|
Term
| why soils high in OM can be Cu deficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why soils high in OM can be Mn deficient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why soils high in hydrous oxide clays, such as geothite and gibbsite, have little P available |
|
Definition
| because they have a large surface area and affinity for P; P gets attached to the surfaces such that it’s not very available to the plant |
|
|
Term
| why soils with 2:1 clays require higher Ca and Mg saturations than 1:1 clays |
|
Definition
| because 2:1 have stronger adsorption of Ca |
|
|
Term
| why soils with 2:1 clays require higher Ca and Mg saturations than 1:1 clays |
|
Definition
| because 2:1 have stronger adsorption of Ca |
|
|
Term
| why swamps have to be limed right away |
|
Definition
| because when you drain the wetland, the pyrite is oxidized to produce sulfuric acid, which drops the pH tremendously |
|
|
Term
| why symptoms of S deficiency show up first in he younger parts of the plant |
|
Definition
-because phloem transport from older to younger leaves is slow
-not very easy to remobilize S within the plant |
|
|
Term
| why temp is critical for diffusion of water |
|
Definition
| because the diffusion coefficient for water is temp dependent |
|
|
Term
| why terrestrial systems are getting enriched with nitrogen |
|
Definition
| because the rate of fixation turns out to be greater than the rate of denitrification |
|
|
Term
| why the CEC of chlorites is extremely low |
|
Definition
| because the surface of the hydroxide layers is + charged and is attracted to the - charged tetrahedral surface |
|
|
Term
| why the CEC of soil OM increases as pH increases |
|
Definition
| because some of the H+ ions are neutralized, increasing the - surface charge |
|
|
Term
| why the clay in saline and sodic soils is dispersive |
|
Definition
| because some of the negative charge on the clay pushes against each other |
|
|
Term
| why the continued growth of N fertilizers will increase demand for fossil fuel |
|
Definition
| because natural gas (CH4) is a primary ingredient in the manufacture of N fertilizers |
|
|
Term
| why the direct application of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) works for sodic and calcerous soils |
|
Definition
| -Ca2+ displaces Na+ in sodic soils; this helps deal with sodic soils, but you need water to leach the Na out so you can convert the sodic soil to a normal soil
-Ca sulfate much more soluble than Ca carbonate |
|
|
Term
| why the edge charge becomes more negative when the pH increases |
|
Definition
| because some of the H+ on the clay particles is neutralized |
|
|
Term
| why the edge charge of clay minerals is + under low pH |
|
Definition
| because of the excess H+ ions associated with exposed SiOH and Al-OH groups |
|
|
Term
| why the efficiency of P uptake is pretty low |
|
Definition
| because of P binding with clays |
|
|
Term
| why the ends and the edges of the fruit tend to have less Ca |
|
Definition
| because of distance from vascular system |
|
|
Term
| why the exchangeable K on mica is exchangeable |
|
Definition
| because of the charge on the sides |
|
|
Term
| why the extent of retention of P applies mainly to soils, but not to growing media |
|
Definition
| because growing media doesn’t have clays and oxides |
|
|
Term
| why the ideal C:N ratio isn't always 30:1 |
|
Definition
| because the C:N ratio of 30 is a rule of thumb; it really depends on where the N is in the material |
|
|
Term
| why the influence of pH on CEC is highest in soils high in OM |
|
Definition
| because increasing pH has a greater effect on increasing CEC in the OM fraction in soil compared to montmorillonite, which exhibits little pH dependent charge |
|
|
Term
| why the liming rxn of CaSO4 is important |
|
Definition
| because it allows us to lime subsoil, since CaSO4 is more soluble such that it can go down into the profile |
|
|
Term
| why the optimum N:S ratio of 9:1-12:1 is imporrtant |
|
Definition
| it's needed for effective N use by rumen microbes |
|
|
Term
| why the point of no charge is bad |
|
Definition
| because it means no nutrient retention |
|
|
Term
| why the sylvite (KCl) KCl that’s mined is pinkish instead of white |
|
Definition
| because of impurities and the color of the dust |
|
|
Term
| why the urea usually has to go to the clays |
|
Definition
| because most of the urease is bound to the clays |
|
|
Term
| why there are limits to using field crop residues for ethanol |
|
Definition
| because organic residues returned to soils are critical to sustaining soil and crop productivity |
|
|
Term
| why there's accumulation in tip of leaves of plants where B is not very mobile |
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Definition
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Term
| why there's lots of leaching in calcerous soils |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why there's lots of leaching in calcerous soils |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why there's no nitrate reduction under low light conditions |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why there's severe Mo deficiencies under dry conditions |
|
Definition
| reduced mass flow/diffusion |
|
|
Term
| why too much nitrate is bad |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why too much salt in the soil is bad for plants |
|
Definition
| -too much salt in the soil draws water away from plant roots because salt has so much negative charge on it
-toxic levels of Na+ and Cl- |
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Term
| why undeveloped and developing nations will continue to rely on food imports |
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Definition
| because this is where the majority of future population growth is gonna be and the soil in these areas that could be converted to cropland is substantially less productive than current croplands |
|
|
Term
| why using corn for ethanol is not sustainable |
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Definition
| because using it for ethanol makes it harder for undeveloped and developing countries to meet their basic food needs |
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Term
| why vermiculite has a higher CEC, but lower interlayer expansion compared to smectites |
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Definition
| because although isomorphic substitution (Al+3 for Si+4) is less than in mica, the tetrahedral charge attracts hydrated cations (Ca+2, Mg+2), which limits expansion of the interlayer compared to smectites |
|
|
Term
| why water soluble P is more available to plants |
|
Definition
| because it goes into solution right away |
|
|
Term
| why we have negative charges in the lower levels |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why we now recommend pH 6 instead of pH 6.5 |
|
Definition
| because there’s the chance of overshooting the target pH |
|
|
Term
| why weathered, acidic soils containing hydroxyl-Al vermiculites (ultisols) exhibit strong pH-dependent CEC |
|
Definition
| because of the large quantity of Al(OH)x in the interlayer space of these clays |
|
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Term
| why yellowing of leaves goes from tip to base in corn |
|
Definition
| because the tip of the leaf is older than the base of the leaf |
|
|
Term
| why you can't mix lime with the soil in pasture |
|
Definition
| because it ruins your pasture |
|
|
Term
| why you can, to an extent, manage soil productivity |
|
Definition
| because soil fertility is a component of soil productivity |
|
|
Term
| why you gotta know the C:N if you want to use compost |
|
Definition
| because not all compost will give you the desired N |
|
|
Term
| why you have problems with P |
|
Definition
| because of the solubilities |
|
|
Term
| why you have to wash your equipment after using ammonium chloride |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you must be careful comparing soil test results |
|
Definition
| because different labs use different extractants |
|
|
Term
| why you must use caution when evaluating a visual symptom on a plant |
|
Definition
| because there's lots of things that can cause the visual sumptoms |
|
|
Term
| why you need good soil aeration |
|
Definition
| so that the roots can get enough oxygen |
|
|
Term
| why you should not stack many bags of ammonium nitrate in hot weather |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why you want a soil that's well buffered |
|
Definition
| so the pH don’t change much when you drain it |
|
|
Term
| yearly production of phosphate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| yearly production of potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you get more denitrification from these ecosystems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you need these to produce ferredoxin |
|
Definition
| both ATP and carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| you need this to retain cations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you usually don’t have accumulation of nitrite unless... |
|
Definition
| something inhibits the second rxn, such as lots of ammonia |
|
|
Term
| you want the soil test level to be at or below this level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| zone sampling is guided by... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal section of the root |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomy of a monocot root |
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Term
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Definition
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