Term
| What is the difference between torture, shock death, and capital punishment |
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Definition
Torture, shock death are types of corporal punishment. Capital punishment
is basically the death penalty. |
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Term
| What was the congregate-and-silent system and where did it begin? |
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Definition
| The "congregate and silent" operation of prisons, in which inmates were allowed to work together during the day, but had to stay separate and silent at other times. The Auburn Prison in New York in 1817 |
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Term
| What was the separate-and-silent system and where did it begin? |
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Definition
| The "separate and silent" system of prison operations emphasizing reformation and avoidance of criminal contamination. In 1829, the state of Pennsylvania opened Eastern State Penitentiary |
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Term
| What was the ticket-of-leave system, why was it important, and who started it? |
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Definition
| A ticket of leave was a document of parole issued to convicts who had shown they could now be trusted with some freedoms. Developed by Sir Walter Crofton |
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Term
| What were the pre-prison economic punishments and what is the difference between them? |
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Definition
a. The Galley – This was basically punished by doing labor
b. Workhouses -
c. Exile and transportation -banishment |
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Term
| What is a total institution and what are some examples? |
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Definition
| A prison is a total institution in which everything is tightly controlled and structured. A penitentiary, city jail, etc. |
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Term
| What is the difference between specific and general deterrence? |
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Definition
a. Specific deterrence focuses on the individual in question. The aim of these punishments is to discourage the criminal from future criminal acts by instilling an understanding of the consequences.
b. General deterrence focuses on general prevention of crime by making examples of specific deviants. The individual actor is not the focus of the attempt at behavioural change, but rather receives punishment in public view in order to deter other individuals from deviance in the future. |
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Term
| List Syke’s five pains of imprisonment and describe each. |
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Definition
a. Isolation - from the larger community;
b. lack of material possessions;
c. blocked access to heterosexual relationships;
d. reduced personal autonomy;
e. reduced personal security. |
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Term
| List and describe Syke’s inmate roles. |
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Definition
wolves, punks, and fags—governing prison sexual relationships.
1. Wolves were older, physically tough inmates who played the aggressive, masculine role;
2. punks were their younger and weaker victims. Wolves and punks were heterosexuals before confinement; Sykes argued that their homosexuality was a situational adjustment to heterosexual deprivation within prison.
3. Fags were homosexuals on the streets, and simply continued this behavior once incarcerated. |
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Term
| Review the text of the 8th and 14th Amendments and know which parts pertain to corrections. |
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Definition
a. 8TH Amendment - "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."
b. 14th - "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
c. 14th –due process – The courts determined in Wolff v. McDonnell (1974) that inmates are allowed some level of due process.
d. 14th – equal protection - racial and gender-based discrimination in the prison. Discrimination prohibited in society is not permitted in correctional institutions.
Constitutional expectations of privacy are only partially available to inmates.
The inmate's body is a point of contention. |
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Term
| Review the two riots. List when each happened and for Attica explain why it was unique; for New Mexico State Prison, explain what it lead to and why. |
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Definition
a. The Attica Prison riot occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in Attica, New York, United States in 1971. The riot was based upon prisoners' demands for political rights and better living conditions. On September 9, 1971, responding to the death of prisoner George Jackson, a black radical activist prisoner who had been shot to death by corrections officers in California's San Quentin Prison on August 21, about 1,000 of the Attica prison's approximately 2,200 inmates rebelled and seized control of the prison, taking 33 staff hostage.
b. The Penitentiary of New Mexico Prison Riot, which took place on February 2 and 3, 1980, in the state's maximum security prison south of Santa Fe. Led to reforms of the correctional system and included implementation of the Bureau Classification System |
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Term
| List and describe Lombardo’s seven variations of a correctional officer’s job assignment. |
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Definition
a. Block officers
b. Work-detail supervisors
c. Industrial shop and school officers
d. Yard officers
e. Administrative building assignments
f. Wall posts
g. Relief officers |
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Term
| List and describe the four functions of correctional officers and know the difference between the 7 variations and the 4 functions of correctional officers. |
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Definition
Block officers
Work-detail supervisors
Industrial shop and school officers
Yard officers
Administrative building assignments
Wall posts
Relief officers
Correctional guard functions …
Human services
Order maintenance
Security
Supervision |
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Term
| What are some of the gang symbols of the Mexican Mafia? |
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Definition
| Mexican Mafia symbols include images of a black hand. The gang's primary symbol, which is often used in tattoos by members, is the national symbol of Mexico (eagle and a snake) atop a flaming circle over crossed knives. Street gangs that are aligned with the Mexican Mafia often use the number 13 as a gang identifier, as the letter "M" is the 13th letter of the modern Latin-derived alphabet |
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Term
| What are some of the gang symbols of La Nuestra Familia? |
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Definition
| Members of Nuestra Familia are known to wear red bandanas to identify themselves. Other symbols include use of the number 14 or XIV, as the letter "N" is the 14th letter of the English alphabet. Nuestra Familia members often use the image of a sombrero with a machete as their gang symbol |
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Term
| What are some of the gang symbols of the Black Guerrilla Family? |
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Definition
• Crossed Sabers, Machetes, Rifles, Shotguns with the letters ( B G F ) or ( 2.7.6.)
• A Black dragon |
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Term
| What are some of the gang symbols of the Aryan Brotherhood? |
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Definition
| Symbols: Nazi symbols, Vikings and Shamrocks with 666, 88, 12 |
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Term
| What happened in Cooper v. Pate (1964) and why is the case important |
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Definition
was a U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court ruled for the first time that state prison inmates have the standing to sue in federal court to address their grievances under the Civil Rights Act of 1871
Cooper v. Pate (1964) began a new era in prison litigation |
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Term
| What are the arguments FOR and AGAINST private prisons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does labeling theory say, and how does the theory relate to diversionary programs? |
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Definition
| Labeling Theory is relatively to the point. He says labels, for example a deviant drug addict, once he/she is called a drug addict and the label placed on the individual or group, then there behaviors tend to steer them towards making the labels fit. |
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Term
| List and describe the three parts of a probation officer’s job. |
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Definition
Investigation
Supervision
Service |
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Term
| List and describe the three impediments to probation officers giving good services to probationers. |
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Definition
High caseloads
The number of probation and/or parole clients assigned to one probation or parole officer for supervision
Uncooperative offenders
Unwilling to cooperate
Sparse resources |
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Term
| What are the three criminal justice system goals that pertain to corrections (and what does each mean)? |
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Definition
Incapacitation
Attempts to identify the potentially most dangerous criminals with the goal of selectively removing them from society. Releasing nonviolent offenders from custody.
Retribution
something done or given to somebody as punishment or vengeance for something he or she has done
Rehabilitation
Rather than punishing the harm out of a criminal, rehabilitation would seek, by means of education or therapy |
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Term
| What is a presentence investigation report and who prepares it? |
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Definition
The probation officer collects information about two important aspects of the case
Legal history
Social history |
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Term
| What is intensive supervision probation? |
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Definition
Intensive supervision probation is used for dangerous offenders.
at least 5 face-to-face contacts with probation officer each week |
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Term
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Definition
| The offender receives a bogus incarceration sentence. After a few weeks of incarceration, the sentence is converted to probation. |
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Term
| List and describe the four issues that boot camp is designed to address. |
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Definition
Identity
Discipline
Cost
Punishment |
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Term
| List and describe the four differences between probation and parole. |
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Definition
Probation instead, parole after
Governing authority
Parolees & probationers are different
Probation & parole officers have different jobs |
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Term
| List the five considerations that parole decisions are based on. |
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Definition
Time served
Prison adjustment
Preparole plan
Offender interview
Victim impact statements |
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Term
| List and describe the three obstacles to successfully re-entering society after being in prison (and to completing parole) |
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Definition
Prisonization
Weakened social ties
Stigmatization |
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Term
| What is an intermediate sanction? List some examples. |
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Definition
Intermediate sanctions are criminal sentences that fall between standard probation and incarceration
Shock probation, shock incarceration, mixed sentence, intensive supervision, and community service. |
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Term
| What kind of offenders can get intermediate punishments as sentences? |
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Definition
| The sentences are usually reserved for non-violent crimes and for people who do not have a long history of Criminal history |
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Term
| What two types of individuals get put into a jail, and who runs the local jails? |
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Definition
| Confinement facility administered by a local or county government; holds individuals serving a court imposed sentence and those awaiting adjudication. |
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Term
| Which is the most common form of corrections; probation, parole, or prison? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of parolees make it through the program successfully, and is that percentage higher than the percentage of probationers that make it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do prison inmates enjoy any constitutional rights, why or why not? |
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Definition
Yes..
5th, 8th and 14th amendment
Due Process
Humane Conditions
Parole
Excessive Bail
Equal Protection |
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