Term
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Definition
| Arousal occurs when a great deal of blood flows into the blood vessels in a region, as a result of the dilation of the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles contract in genitals and whole body during sexual arousal |
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Term
| Sexual Response cycle: Masters & Johnson |
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Definition
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution |
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Term
| What occurs during the excitement stage of sexual arousal in females? |
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Definition
-Vasocongestion, uterus elevates in pelvic cavity
-clitoris increases in diameter
-lubrication of vagina + engorgement of corpora cavernosa and labia minora. This process can take from 1 minute to several hours
-Oxytocin levels increase
-pulse, blood pressire, and respiration inceases
-parasympathetic stimulates muscle relaxation to permit vasocongestion |
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Term
| This stimulates the muscle relaxation that permits vasocongestion during excitement phase of sexual arousal.... |
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Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What happens during the "excitement" stage of sexual arousal for males? |
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Definition
-nerve impulses caused by stimulation of penis travel to a SPINAL REFLEX ARC (the returning reflex stimulates release of GMP that causes smooth muscles to relax.
-higher reflex arc generates erections
-increase heart rate, scrotum thickens, spermatic cord shortens |
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Term
| what generates erections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the Plateau phase of sexual arousal in men? |
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Definition
-vasocongestion reaches its peak
-penis is completely erect, glans swells, testes pulled higher and close to body, tightening and thickening of scrotum
-Cowper's glands secrete
-sex tension flush on various areas of skin |
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Term
| What happens during the plateau phase of sexual arousal for women? |
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Definition
orgasmic platform: tightening of outer 1/3 vagina
-elevation of clitoris; tent effect: uterus is elevating, tightening of lower
-sex flush; reddening of upper torso |
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Term
| ejaculatory inevitability |
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Definition
| ejaculation cannot be stopped |
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Term
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Definition
-sharp increase in pulse, b.p., breathing
- muscle contractions in urethral bulb and penis
-pelvic muscles, back muscles, hands, feet |
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Term
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Definition
-main feeling begins around clitoris and spreads outwards through whole pelvis
-orgasmic platform contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| lower 1/3 of vagina that tightens during plateau stage |
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Term
| resolution phase of sexual arousal |
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Definition
-body returns physiologically to unaroussed state.
-Refractory period for men |
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Term
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Definition
-men
-incapable of being aroused again |
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Term
| Masters & Johnson: difference between clitoral and vaginal orgasms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| located on the top side of vagina, 1/2 way between pubic bone and cervix. female prostate gland (skene's gland) |
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Term
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Definition
-ejaculation into bladder
-try to stop ejaculation when it is inevitable |
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Term
| Criticisms of Masters & Johnson's model |
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Definition
-focus entirely on physiological aspects; ignored emotional and cognitive factors
-did not include sexually dysfunctional patients; created a norm for orgasm expectation |
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Term
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Definition
-triphasic model of sexual response
1. sexual desire: limbic system + frontal lobes; stimulated to seek out partner
2. Vasocongestion: parasympathetic activity
3. Reflect muscular contractions of orgasm; sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Vasocongestion: sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflex muscular contractions: sympathetic or parasympathetic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cognitive approach to understanding the psychology of human sexuality; how we feel depends on what we're thinking.
-the brain is the most important sex organ
perception: perception of stimulas as being sexual |
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Term
| what is the basic physiological process that occurs during the excitement phase of sexual arousal? |
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Definition
| vasocongestion: produces erections in males and lubrication in the vagina |
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Term
| what happens when a man has an erection? |
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Definition
1. erection produced by direct physical stimulation of the genitals, by stimulation of another body part, of by erotic thought
2. vasocongestion: corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa fill up with blood.
3. as a man becomes more aroused, the Cowper's Gland releases fluid that contains little sperm, |
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Term
| What neurotransmitters are involved when a man has an erection? |
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Definition
-Nitric Oxide (NO)
-Dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
-makes an erection go away
-epinephrine and norepinephrine are involved
-occurs in resolution phase |
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Term
| How does the vagina become lubricated? |
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Definition
-Vasocongestion: capillaries in walls of vagina dilate and blood flow increases
-fluid seeps through semipermeable membranes of the vaginal walls |
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Term
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Definition
-the bulbospongiosum (muscle around vaginal entrance) tightens
-occurs during the excitement stage of sexual arousal |
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Term
| why do nipples become erect during the excitement phase? |
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Definition
| -contractions of the myotonia muscle fibers surrounding nipple |
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Term
| what occurs during a male orgasm: 2 stages? |
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Definition
-Stage 1: vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate contract and force the ejaculate into the bulb at the base of the urethra
-stage 2: urethral bulb and penis contract at the same time and force the semen through the urethra and out the opening at the tip of penis |
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Term
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Definition
1. first loss of erection resulting from an empty corpora cavernosa
2. result of slower emptying of corpus spongiosum and the glans |
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Term
| What did Freud think about females having orgasms? |
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Definition
| -Freud thought that little girls masturbated and had clitoral orgasms + upon sexual maturation had vaginal orgasms |
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Term
| Dual Control Model of Sexual Response |
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Definition
2 processes of arousal:
1. excitement: responding with arousal to sexual stimuli
2. Inhibition: inhibiting sexual arousal
ex: people high on excitement + low on inhibition may participate in high-risk sexual behaviors
ex: people low on excitement and high on inhibition may develop sexual dysfunctional disorders, like erectile dysfunction |
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Term
| 3 basic components of a reflex |
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Definition
1. receptors
2. transmitters
3. effectors |
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Term
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Definition
| -sensory neurons that detect stimuli and send message to spinal cord |
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Term
| spinal reflex: transmitters |
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Definition
| -centers in the spinal cord that receive message, interpret it, and send out a message to produce appropriate response |
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Term
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Definition
| - neurons or muscles that respond to the stimuli |
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Term
| How does spinal reflex produce erections? |
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Definition
erection center is located in the bottom portion of the spinal cord.
-penis is filled with receptor neurons that send message to erection center.
the erection center also sends out a signal via parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
-muscles relax, arteries expand, erection happens |
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Term
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Definition
-2 ejaculation centers located in spinal cord
-the parasympathetic and sympathetic n.s are both involved
-muscle contractions are triggered by stimulation |
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Term
| what are the three main problems of ejaculation in men? |
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Definition
1. premature ejaculation
2. retrograde ejaculation
3. male orgasmic disorder (retarded ejaculation) |
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Term
| retrograde ejaculation: causes |
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Definition
-ejaculate empties into bladder, instead of going out the tip of the penis
-2 sphincters involved in ejaculation (1 closes off bladder, and the other opens pathway to allow semen to leave penis)
-in retrograde ejaculation, sphincters are reversed... |
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Term
| what structures are included in the limbic system? |
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Definition
-amygdala
-hippocampus
-hypothalamus
-cingulate gyrus
-septum |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone effects that cause a permanent change in the organization of some structures (example: sexual differentiation) |
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Term
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Definition
-hormones that activate or deactivate certain behaviors
ex: remove testes in rats = no sex behavior
give testosterone supplements = sex |
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Term
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Definition
| vomernosal organ (olfactory pathway, phereomone sensor) |
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Term
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Definition
same periods between women that are in close contact
-due to pheromones |
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Term
| differences between fantasies in men + women |
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Definition
men: focus more on activity
women: focus more on their relationship with the other individual + their role |
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Term
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Definition
| man's penis moves inbetween partner's thighs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Masters & Johnson: difference in sex between heterosexual and homosexual couples |
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Definition
| homosexuals' sex was less goal-oriented; they took their time |
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Term
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Definition
substance (food, drink, perfume, drug, etc) that excites sexual desire
-do not really exist |
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Term
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Definition
-relaxes the spinchter muscles; used during anal sex to make it less painful + to heighten orgasm
-Dangerous because can cause dizziness, headaches fainting, and death |
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Term
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Definition
"rush, locker room, or Climax"
--heightens sexual pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that diminish sexual desire |
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Term
| Some common anaphrodisiacs |
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Definition
-cold showers
-potassium nitrate (no evidence of decreasing sexual pleasure, but acts as a diuretic)
-Cyproterone acetate: antiandrogen |
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Term
| the protestant ethic: sex as work |
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Definition
-set standards for sexual performance
-achieving orgasms - not "having orgasms"
-care more about efficiency |
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Term
| what hormone makes you think about sex? |
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Definition
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Term
| dilemmas of desire, by Tolmann |
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Definition
researched adolescent girls
-girls do not take ownership of sexual desire; keep it a secret.
sexuality = danger (high risk behaviors)
more vulnerable to coercion |
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Term
| Sexuality during infancy (0-2 years) |
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Definition
-infants can get erections
-reflex erections occur in male fetus months before birth
-vaginal lubrication occurs in females 24 hours after birth |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs in infancy
-rhythic stimulation of genitals does not occur until 2.5 years old
-survey of sexual behavior concluded that if boys/girls were not stopped from self-stimulating,then they would engage in rhythmic masturbation by age of 6 |
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Term
| infant-infant sexual encounters |
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Definition
-egocentric, so do most things by self
-may kiss, stroke, hug, pat others |
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Term
| Early childhood (3-7 years): masturbation |
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Definition
| -children learn that masturbation is something that should be done in private |
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Term
| Early childhood (age 3-7): heterosexual behavior |
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Definition
-may "play doctor" and look at each othesrs genitals
-hugging
-fondling |
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Term
| When is the concept of marriage formed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what age do children know about genital differences between sex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Preadolescence (8-12 years) |
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Definition
-Freud: Latency
-sexual urges go underground to work on other skills
-age 9 or 10: puberty begins
-may question sexual orientation |
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Term
| Preadolescence (8-12 years): Masturbation |
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Definition
-boys begin masturbating earlier than females do
-boys are told about masturbation by male peers
-females learn about masturbation through accidental self-discovery |
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Term
| Preadolescence (8-12 years): heterosexual behavior |
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Definition
-they learn about sexual intercourse during this period
-talk about sex, look at porn |
|
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Term
| when does gender segregation begin? |
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Definition
preadolescence
-age 8, and peaks around 10-12
--sexual exploration with same sex is common because of this |
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Term
| when does dating usually begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| criteria for "sexualization" occurring |
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Definition
1. person's value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior
2. a person is held to a standard that equates physical attractiveness with being sexy
3. a person is sexually objectified
4. sexuality is inappropriately imposed upon a person |
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Term
| Adolescence (13-19 years): masturbation |
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Definition
-surge of sexual interest
-sharp increase for boys 13-15, more common in boys than girls |
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Term
| Adolescence (13-19 years): Same-gender sexual behavior |
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Definition
| -develop sexual relationships from close friendsships during adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| -high expectations of first intercourse are not met |
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Term
| multi-orgasms, who discovered? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| stigmatization of people not in a relationship |
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