Term
| Difference between sex and gender |
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Definition
Sex: Sexual anatomy + sexual behavior
Gender: State of being male or female |
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Term
| Describe the history of sexuality: Prior to the 19th century, during the 19th century, and now |
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Definition
100 years ago: religion provided all information about sexuality
19th century: Scientific study of sex
Alfred kinsey: first surveys about sex
Masters & Johnson: 1st sex investigations |
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Term
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Definition
| first survey studies about sexual behavior |
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Term
| What are the 5 Ps of sexuality? |
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Definition
1. practices (what we do)
2. Partners
3. Pleasure/pain/pressure
4. procreation
5. power |
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Term
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Definition
-interested in human expresssion
-a behavior that gives meaning to life
-basic human need
-our culture has had a hard time discussing it
-most people have problems with sexual function at some point |
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Term
| why birth control is liberating |
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Definition
| -separated reproduction from sex |
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Term
| 3 types of media influences |
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Definition
1. Cultivation: gives us beliefs about real world
2. Agenda-setting: what to report and ignore
3. Social learning: 35% of TV programs show sexual behavior |
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Term
| internet and closemindedness |
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Definition
-we can control what we see, not exposed to ideas that we don't want to hear about
-created closemindedness; polarization in sexuality
-how can we maintain a well-functioning system of democratic deliberation when like-minded people speak only with each other? |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional ideas + values; all societies regulate sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that you think your cultural beliefs are the only way of thinking/doing. superiority complex |
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Term
| Define: deliberative democracy |
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Definition
-think/talk about things critically
-combine accountability, inclusiveness (tolerance), and reflection |
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Term
| Cross-cultural studies: findings for sexuality |
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Definition
-give us understanding of variation in sexual behavior
-most cultures have incest taboos + are against rape
-most societies are uncomfortable with masturbating behavior
-homosexualityis a formalized role in some cultures, like the ancient greeks |
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Term
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Definition
extremely repressed
rare sexual activity |
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Term
| Theoretical perspectives of sexuality |
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Definition
1. moral values
2. sociological perspectives (place of sexuality within context of society)
3. Psychological: understanding sex + behavior
4. Medical: sickness and sex health |
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Term
| sociobiological perspective of sexuality |
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Definition
-application of evolutionary biology to understanding social behavior of animals
-based on assumptions gathered from observing other species |
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Term
| sociobiological perspective: natural selection |
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Definition
| animals that are well-adapted survive and reproduce to pass genes to next generation |
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Term
| sociobiological perspective: parental investment |
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Definition
| behavior and resources invested by parents to achieve survival and reproductive success of genetic offspring. reduce infant vulnerability + grows attachment between parent/child |
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Term
| sociobiological perspective: emotional bonds |
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Definition
| -lead to more sexual interactions |
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Term
| sociobiological perspective: gender differences |
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Definition
| -related to max. survival potential (but not empirically supported) |
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Term
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Definition
FREUD; repressive Victorian Europe
Libido, thanatos, erogenous zones; id, ego, superego; sexual stages of development |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: libido |
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Definition
-sex + life energy
-one of the main two forces in human life |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: thanatos |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: Id |
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Definition
basic part of personality, present at birth
-pleasure seeking |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: erogenous zone |
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Definition
part of body that is sensitive to stimulation
-Challenged that libido could not be put aside |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: ego |
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Definition
| tries to keep id in line; reality principle. prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: superego |
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Definition
| conscience, moral agent, operates on idealism |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: Stages of development |
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Definition
1. Oral: birth to one year, stimulate lips + mouth. pleasure derived
2. Anal: 2 years, elimination and control
3. Phallic: 3-5 years, Focus on genitals
4. Latency: less sexual interest, because need to learn other skills
5. Genital: puberty |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: oedipus complex |
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Definition
develops but is resolved by "Castration anxiety"
-boy falls in love with mom. girls feel cheated and suffer from penis envy
-electra complex develops
---ALL of this occurs in PHALLIC STAGE |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic theory: Freud's perspective on women |
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Definition
Females are biologically inferior, because they lack a penis.
devalued intellectual capacity of women. |
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Term
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Definition
We all have sexual feelings, but they're not dangerous. Sex is normal.
Collected data from surveys and found that culture affected personality and sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
-collected info about sexuality and wrote a book.
-believed that sexual deviations were often harmless, women are sexual creatures |
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Term
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Definition
pathological sexuality
collected 200 case histories of pathological individuals
explored s&m, pedophillia, and heterosexuality/homosexuality |
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Term
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Definition
founded the 1st sex research institute _ administered the first sex survey
established the first journal devoted to study of sex |
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Term
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Definition
| people think that what they see in the media really represents what happens in our culture |
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Term
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Definition
| news reporters select what to report and what to ignore |
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Term
| how does media influence us? |
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Definition
1. cultivation
2. social learning
3. agenda setting |
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Term
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Definition
-boys are taught to masturbate by the age of 7.
-split the penis to initiate boy into adulthood
-boys have first sexual intercourse with experienced woman.
-boys are taught how to give orgasms to girls
-girls have many sexual partners and look for the partner that is sexually compatible |
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Term
| examples of nonsexual uses for sexual behavior |
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Definition
1. rape: power
2. signify the end of a fight
3. exhibitionist: evoke fear/shock
4. sex with unattractive politician: money/status/power |
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Term
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Definition
1. competition among members of one gender
2. preferential choice by members of one gender |
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Term
| olfactory aversion therapy |
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Definition
-problematic sexual behavior is paired with an aversive stimulus
use unpleasant odor |
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Term
| symbolic interaction theory |
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Definition
| a persons behavior is constructed through his or her interaction with others |
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Term
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Definition
the belief that you think your cultural beliefs are the only way of thinking/doing
superiority complex |
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Term
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Definition
| think/talk about something critically; combines accountability, inclusiveness (tolerance), and reflection |
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Term
| Importance of cross-cultural studies in sexuality |
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Definition
| gives us understanding of variation in sexual behaior |
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Term
| themes in cross-cultural studies about sexuality |
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Definition
-most cultures have an incest taboo and are against rape
-most societies are uncomfortable with masturbation
-homosexuality is a formalized role in some cultures (ie ancient greeks) |
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Term
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Definition
-lack of basic sex info (birth control, menopause, etc)
-more sexual contact in media
-high divorce rates
-1992: 1st national conference on sexology |
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Term
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Definition
-collectivism: needs of family and group before own
-high rate of elective abortion; overpopulation; starvation
conformity to norms, shame + threat of loss of face |
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Term
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Definition
| take on beliefs of a culture as a whole |
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Term
| correlation between socioeconomic status, education + sex |
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Definition
| more open-minded with higher education |
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Term
| Western Culture; Victorian era 1800s |
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Definition
women = restrained, repressed; men + women = separate
women were not sexual beings
emotional and physical distance between husband and wife |
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Term
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Definition
| surveyed 47 married women over a span of 30 years during Victorian Era. Found that women had sexual desires of their own, enjoyed intercourse, and had orgasms |
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Term
| Cross-species perspectives: Masturbation |
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Definition
found among many species of animals, especially primates
ex: porcupine + stick |
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Term
| Cross-species perspectives: Same-gender behavior |
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Definition
same-gender sex occurs in all species.
ex: anal intercourse in all primates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are humans unique sexually? |
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Definition
| sexual behavior is more instinctively controlled among lower species and controlled more by the brain in higher species (learning) |
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Term
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Definition
| The resus monkeys that were raised in isolation were incapable of mating and reproducing. shows that some sexual behaviors are learned in some species |
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Term
| how does the world health organization define sexual health? |
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Definition
state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality
not just protection from AIDs and STIs
sex needs to be safe and pleasurable, free from coercion.
need to have public programs to enhance romantic relationships,end discrimination, and violence against LGBTQ
-all people have sexual rights (freedom from abuse, reproduction, self-expression, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
1. moving toward people (I want to interact with them...)
2. withdrawal (I don't want to interact with them...)
3. Moving against (aggression) |
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Term
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Definition
-pointed out that psychology of women was written by men
-penis envy = wrong |
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Term
| learning theory of sexuality |
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Definition
| -sexual behavior is biologically motivated and learned |
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Term
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Definition
stimulus is conditioned by being paired with UC stimulus
ex: satin fabric or cologne |
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Term
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Definition
set of techniques used to change behavior
ex: aversion therapies to interrupt behavior change |
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Term
| social learning is based on what 3 things? |
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Definition
1. operant conditioning
2. imitation
3. identification |
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Term
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Definition
sense of competence for a particular behavior or activity
ex: condom use + psychological boundaries. have them practice so they are more likely to use them |
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Term
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Definition
| is LEARNED. leads to lack of self-efficacy |
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