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| The first step in the mating behavior of many animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex. |
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| The second stage of mating behavior; helps establish or maintain sexual interaction. |
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| Referring to a state in which an animal advertises its readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors, such as ear wiggling in the female rate. |
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| Also called coitus. The sexual act. |
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| Insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation. |
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| The forceful expulsion of semen from the penis. |
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| A mixture of fluid, including sperm, that is released during ejaculation. |
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| A period following copulation during which the individual cannot recommence copulation. |
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| The propensity of an animal that has appeared sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a novel partner. |
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| Referring to the state in which an individual (in mammals, typically femalr) is willing to copulate |
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| The period during which female animals are sexually receptive |
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| The final stage in mating behavior. Species-specific postcopulatory behaviors including rolling (in the cat) and grooming (in the rat) |
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| Reproductive behavior in which the males penis swells after ejaculation so that the male and female are forced to remain joined for 5-10 minutes; occurs in dogs and some rodents, but not in humans |
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| Behavior of adults animals with the goal of enhaving the well being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents |
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| The process by which sperm fertilization eggs inside of the females body, as in all mammals, birds, and reptiles |
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| The gamete produced by males for fertilization of eggs (ova) |
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Definition
| An egg, the female gamete |
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| A sex cell (sperm or ovum) that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual number of chromosomes |
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| The process by which eggs re fetilized outside of the female's body, as in many fished and amphibians |
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Definition
| The production and release of an egg (ovum) |
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Definition
| A female receptive posture in quadrupeds in which the hindquarter is raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male |
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Definition
| a durable and exclusive relationship between a male and a female |
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Definition
| Removal of the gonads, usually the tested |
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Definition
| A temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal |
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Definition
| the periodic occurrence of ovulation |
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| Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) |
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Definition
| A hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors |
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Definition
| the neuronal body-rich region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; involved in pain and reception |
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| Medullary Reticular Formation |
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Definition
| The hindmost portion of the brainstem reticular formation, implicated in motor control and copulatory behavior |
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Definition
| A tract of axons arising from the brainstem reticular formation and descending to the spinal cord to modulate movement |
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| Medial Preoptic Area (mPOA) |
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Definition
| A region of the anterior of the brainstem reticular formation implicated in sleep and modulation of spinal reflexes |
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Definition
| A collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheremones and send electrical signals to the accesory olfactory bulb in the brain |
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| A chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species |
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Definition
| A portion of the amygdala that received olfactory and pheremonal information |
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| An annual period of heightened aggressiveness and sexual activity in male elephants |
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| The climax of sexual experience marked by extremely pleasurable sensations |
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| A test of a drug or treatment in which neither the subjects nor the attending researchers know which subjects are receiving the placebo (control) |
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| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| A large family of genes that identify an individuals tissues (to aid in immune responed against foreign proteins) |
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| Any particular version of a gene |
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| Referring to animals that are born in a relatively developed state and that are able to survive without maternal care |
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| Referring to animals that are born in an undeveloped state and depend on maternal care, as human infants do |
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| Referring to a surgical perparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply |
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| The process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior |
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| The process by which the decision is made for a fetus to develop as a male or a female |
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| The undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into tested or ovaries |
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Definition
| A gene on the Y chromosome that directs the developing gonads to become tested. The name SRY stands for sex-determining region on the Y chromosome |
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Definition
| A duct system in the embryo that will develop into male structure (the epididymis, vas deferns, and seminal vesicles) if tested are present in the embryo |
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Definition
| A duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present |
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Term
| Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) |
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Definition
| Also called mullerian regression hormone. A protein hormone secreted by the fetal testis that inhibits mullerian duct development |
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Term
| Dihyrdrotestosterone (DHT) |
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Definition
| The 5a-reduced metabolite of testosterone; a potent androgen that is principally responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation |
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts testosterone ino dihydrotestoderone (DHT) |
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Definition
| A consition seen in individuals carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosme |
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| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
| Any of several genetic mutations that can result in exposure of a female fetus to adrenal androgens, which results in a clitoris that is larger than normal birth |
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Definition
| Referring to an individual with atypical enital development and sexual differentiation that generally resembles a form intermediate between typical male and typical female genitals |
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| A rare medical consition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis |
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| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
| A syndrome caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene that renders tissues insensitive to androgenic hormones like testosterone. Affected XY individuals are phenotypic females, but they have internal testers and regressed internal genital structures. |
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Definition
| A permanent alteration of the nervous system, and thus permanent change in behavior, resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development |
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Definition
| The chemical reaction that converts testosterone to estradiol, and other androgens to other estrogens |
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts many androgens into estrogens |
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| The hypothesis that testicular androgens enter the brain and are converted there into estrogens to masculinze the developing nervous systtem of some rodents |
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Definition
| A protein found in the plasma of fetuses. In rodents, a-fetoprotein binds estrogens and prevents them from entering the brain. |
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Definition
| The condition in which males and females show pronounced sex differences in appearance |
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Definition
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| Sexually Dismophis Nucleus of the Preoptic Area (SDN-POA) |
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Definition
| A region of the preoptic area that is five to six times larger in volume in male rats than in females |
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| Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernous (SNB) |
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Definition
| A group of motorneurons in the spinal cord of rats that innervate striated muscles controlling the penis |
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Definition
| The human homolog of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in rats |
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| Literally "eggs at 12" (in spanish). a nickname for infividuals who are raised as girls but at puberty change appearance and begin behaving as boys |
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