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| a small usually microscopic mass of protoplasm bounded externally by a semipermeable membrane, usually including one or more nuclei and various nonliving products, capable alone or interacting with other cells of performing all the fundamental functions of life, and forming the smallest structural unit of living matter capable of functioning independently |
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| a specialized cellular part (as a mitochondrion or ribosome) that is analogous to an organ |
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| the organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell and including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (as mitochondria or chloroplasts) |
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| a cellular organelle of eukaryotes that is essential to cell functions (as reproduction and protein synthesis), is composed of nuclear sap and a nucleoprotein-rich network from which chromosomes and nucleoli arise, and is enclosed in a definite membrane |
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| a semipermeable limiting layer of cell protoplasm |
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| the usually rigid nonliving permeable wall that surrounds the plasma membrane and encloses and supports the cells of most plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae |
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| any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes |
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| a cavity or vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell usually containing fluid |
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| a plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis and starch formation |
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| any of the RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis |
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| any of various nucleic acids that are usually the molecular basis of heredity, are constructed of a double helix held together by hydrogen bonds between purine and pyrimidine bases which project inward from two chains containing alternate links of deoxyribose and phosphate, and that in eukaryotes are localized chiefly in cell nuclei |
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| a specialized cellular part (as a mitochondrion or ribosome) that is analogous to an organ |
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| a long, coiled up section of DNA that contains genes |
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| an extrachromosomal ring of DNA that replicates autonomously and is found especially in bacteria |
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| having or consisting of many cells |
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| the enhancement of microscopically visible differences between tissue or cell parts by partial selective decolorization or removal of excess stain |
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| structural adaptation of a body part to a particular function or of an organism for life in a particular environment |
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| The process of activation of a gene so that it is expressed at a particular time. This process is crucial in growth and development. |
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| The conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in the phenotypic manifestation of the gene. |
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| a relatively stable state of equilibrium or a tendency toward such a state between the different but interdependent elements or groups of elements of an organism, population, or group |
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| a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution that is a number on a scale on which a value of 7 represents neutrality and lower numbers indicate increasing acidity and higher numbers increasing alkalinity and on which each unit of change represents a tenfold change in acidity or alkalinity and that is the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen-ion concentration or hydrogen-ion activity in gram equivalents per liter of the solution |
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| regulation of osmotic pressure especially in the body of a living organism |
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| the maintenance or regulation of temperature |
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| any of various abnormal conditions characterized by the secretion and excretion of excessive amounts of urine |
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| the passage of molecules the the membrane not requiring energy |
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| a semipermeable limiting layer of cell protoplasm |
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| the passage of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration |
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| the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane |
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| the movement of a molecule down its concentration gradient, but with the help of a protein |
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| proteins contained on the membrane that help molecules get into or out of the cell |
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| the passage of molecules through the membrane that requires energy |
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| a kind of protein that is capable of pumping out compounds that could pose a threat to the cell |
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| the sequence of growth and division of a cell |
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| all parts of the cell cycle, not including mitosis and cytokinesis |
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| A form of reproduction that does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction or fertilization, and the offspring is a clone of the parent organism |
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| the initial stage of the first division of meiosis in which the chromosomes become visible, homologous pairs of chromosomes undergo synapsis and crossing over, chiasmata appear, chromosomes condense with homologues visible as tetrads, and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear |
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| the stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes become arranged in the equatorial plane of the spindle |
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| the stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle |
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| the fourth and last stage of mitosis |
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| the spolitting of a cell involving many chromosomes: an exact copy of the cell is made |
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| the actual splitting of the cells |
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| a disk formed in the phragmoplast of a dividing plant cell that eventually forms the middle lamella of the wall between the daughter cells |
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| the structure that organizes the spindle fibers |
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| a network of chiefly microtubular fibers along which the chromosomes are distributed during mitosis and meiosis |
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| the point or region on a chromosome to which the spindle attaches during mitosis and meiosis |
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| one of the usually paired and parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome joined by a single centromere |
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| the smallest particle of a substance that retains all the properties of the substance and is composed of one or more atoms |
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| to form by combining parts |
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| affecting the structure of the organism |
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| being or composed of matter other than plant or animal |
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| any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (as sugars, starches, and celluloses) most of which are formed by green plants and which constitute a major class of animal foods |
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| the total nitrogenous material in plant or animal substances |
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| any of various acids (as an RNA or a DNA) composed of nucleotide chains |
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| any of various substances that are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (as chloroform and ether), that with proteins and carbohydrates constitute the principal structural components of living cells, and that include fats, waxes, phospholipids, cerebrosides, and related and derived compounds |
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| a chemical compound that can undergo polymerization |
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| a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units |
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| an amphoteric organic acid containing the amino group NH2 |
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| any of several compounds that consist of a ribose or deoxyribose sugar joined to a purine or pyrimidine base and to a phosphate group and that are the basic structural units of RNA and DNA |
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| a section of DNA containing instructions for a cell function |
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| an amphoteric organic acid containing the amino group NH2 |
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| the total nitrogenous material in plant or animal substances |
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| any of numerous complex proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures |
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| the base on which an organism lives |
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| the minimum amount of energy required to convert a normal stable molecule into a reactive molecule |
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| a substance (as an enzyme) that enables a chemical reaction to proceed under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible |
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| a region especially of a biologically active protein (as an enzyme) where catalytic activity takes place and whose shape permits the binding only of a specific reactant molecule |
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| the condition of participating in or catalyzing only one or a few chemical reactions |
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| A non-covalent complex composed of a substrate bound to the active site of the enzyme. |
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| the most favorable condition for the growth and reproduction of an organism |
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| to modify the molecular structure of (as a protein or DNA) especially by heat, acid, alkali, or ultraviolet radiation so as to destroy or diminish some of the original properties and especially the specific biological activity |
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| a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction |
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| a substance produced from one or more other substances as a result of chemical change |
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| the green photosynthetic coloring matter of plants found in chloroplasts and made up chiefly of a blue-black ester C55H72MgN4O5 and a dark green ester C55H70MgN4O6 |
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| living, active, or occurring in the absence of free oxygen |
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| a phosphorylated nucleotide C10H16N5O13P3 composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis especially to ADP |
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| a relatively stable state of equilibrium or a tendency toward such a state between the different but interdependent elements or groups of elements of an organism, population, or group |
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| a colloidal proteinaceous poisonous substance that is a specific product of the metabolic activities of a living organism and is usually very unstable, notably toxic when introduced into the tissues, and typically capable of inducing antibody formation |
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| the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole |
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