Term
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Definition
1. study of earth materials
2. study of earth processes- past/present. below above ground
3. study of earths history |
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Term
| uses of geology by the engineer |
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Definition
a. construction
b development of natural resources
c water resources |
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Term
development of natural resources
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Definition
| mining and petroleum extraction |
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Term
| construction uses of geology |
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Definition
areas of constraint
risks- will structure survive
location of site
economics
forecast of future events- earthquakes, geohazards |
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Term
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Definition
absolute- radiometric datin
relative time
geologic time |
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Term
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Definition
cenozoic- 0-65mya- mammals
mesozoic- 65-225 dinos
paleozoic- 225-570 inverts
precambian 570- 5bya NO LIFE |
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Term
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Definition
crust 0-70km
mantle70- 3500
outer core 3500-5000
inner core 5-6000km |
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Term
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Definition
lithosphere- 0-100km solid
asthenosphere- plastic |
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Term
plate tectonics
types of boundaries |
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Definition
spreading centers (divergent margin)ridges and rifts
convergent margins- subduction zone trenches
transform margin - san andreas fault- sliding next to each other |
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Term
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Definition
silicate primarily
naturally occuring |
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Term
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Definition
aggregate of minerals
classification based on composition, texture, fabric |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral grain connections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
igneous
metamorphic
sedimentaty |
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Term
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Definition
formed from cooling magma
volcanic (extrusive)-cool near earth surface
plutonic- (intrusive) cool beneath surface (coarse grain)
composition (Silicate minerals and interlocking grain fabric) |
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Term
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Definition
formed at surface under normal temps
-accumulation and cementation of sediments
-by chemical precipitation
-composition: non-silicate and quartz and clays |
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Term
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Definition
transformed by heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids
-many are foliated ( minerals in layers)
compositions: mainly silicates and interlocking fabric |
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Term
| engineering classification of rocks |
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Definition
1. geologic name of rock-based on minerals
2. rock substance- strength and deformation of intact unfractured rock
3. rock mass- continuity characteristics |
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Term
| continuity characteristics |
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Definition
| bedding planes, fractures, faults, joints --- the more cracks the weaker the joints |
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Term
| rock substance classification |
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Definition
specific gravity
porosity,Vvoids/Vtot
void ratio- Vvoids/Vsolids
durability
unconfined compressive strength
deformation behavior |
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Term
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Definition
1.hardness- abrasion- resistance to scratching
2.toughnes - resistance to sudden impacts
3.soundness- resistance to freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles |
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Term
| unconfined compressive strength |
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Definition
1st thing we look at- LIMITING FORCE
area a material can withstand without failure (failure=crack) |
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Term
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Definition
1stress
2.strain\3, elastic relationship
3. plastic behavior
4plastic elastic
5. elastic plastic
6, plastic elastic plastic
7.failures |
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Term
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Definition
external load- force/area
1compressive
2.tensile
3.shear(parallel to surface) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
like spring, returns to original shape. no porosity, compostition the same throughout. slope 1, y=x
1.brittle rocks
2. no densification
3. no progressive failure |
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Term
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Definition
slope of line
a. steep- very stiff rocks
b. low slope-yielding rocks |
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Term
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Definition
ductile rocks/ non-elastic. not a good rock to build on
y=some number(straight line) |
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Term
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Definition
see notes for graph
densificatio at first from pores collapsing. sedimentary & volcanic rocks |
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Term
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Definition
mixed composition so weaker minerals fail first
-st. venents benhavior (see graph) |
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Term
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Definition
most common
first- collapse of pores; elastic; minerals fail |
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Term
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Definition
elastic at end; brittle rocks; dangerous
plastic at end; ductile at end |
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Term
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Definition
continuity of mass
mainly from cores
fractures are bad-reduce rock strength, pathways for water, failure surfaces |
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Term
examples of failures
joints- |
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Definition
| cracks- columnar jointing |
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Term
examples of failures
bedding plates |
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Definition
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Term
examples of failures
foliation |
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Definition
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Term
examples of failures
faulting |
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Definition
cracks with displacement
stress upon rocks cause earthquakes |
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Term
examples of failures
cavities |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| length of core/length drilled |
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Term
| RQD- rock quality designation |
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Definition
| only count pieces > 4" long |
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