Term
| the ability of a test to give a positive result if the substance being tested for is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability of a test to give a negative result if the substance being tested for is not present |
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Definition
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Term
| a test which should be positive but tests negative |
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Definition
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Term
| combination of antibody and antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| a test which should be negative but tests positive |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is reduced by false positives? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is reduced by false negatives? |
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Definition
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Term
| strength of the noncovalent bond between the paratope of the antibody and the epitope of the antigen |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| strength of bond formed between a complete divalent antibody and its corresponding antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| which immunoglobulin has higher avidity, IgM or IgG? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the significance of a four fold increase in antibody titer in specimen collected 10 days or later? |
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Definition
| diagnostic for current infection |
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Term
| what two things do immunologic assays detect? |
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Definition
| antibodies (most common) and antigens (in lag phase of antibody production) |
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Term
| simple combination of antigen with specific antibody; most sensitive type of immunologic reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| three examples of primary immunologic reactions |
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Definition
| immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, immunoenzymatic tests |
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Term
| antigen-antibody combination based on secondary manifestation is what type of immunologic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| five examples of secondary immunologic reactions |
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Definition
| precipitation, flocculation, agglutination, complement fixation, immunoelectrophoresis |
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Term
| biologic reactions; biologic effects of complement activation (opsonization, phagocytosis, chemotaxis), immune adherence reactions, cellular degradation |
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Definition
| tertiary immunologic reactions |
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Term
| which is more sensitive, nonlattice or lattice tests? |
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Definition
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Term
| two examples of nonlattice tests? |
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Definition
| immunoassays and nepholometry |
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Term
| interaction of soluble antigen and antibody in proper proportions resulting in visible precipitate |
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Definition
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Term
| an antibody in serum that causes precipitation |
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Definition
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Term
| when optimum proportions of antigen and antibody are present |
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Definition
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Term
| false negative caused by antibody excess |
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Definition
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Term
| false negative caused by antigen excess |
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Definition
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Term
| effects of high salt concentration on precipitation reaction |
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Definition
| increases solubility of complexes; causes dissociation of antigen-antibody complexes |
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Term
| effects of low salt concentration on precipitation |
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Definition
| striking decrease in amount of precipitate |
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Term
| optimum pH range for precipitation reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| simplest form of precipitation reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| form of precipitation in which soluble antigen interacts with antibody forming a precipitate of fine particles visible only because the particles are forced to remain in a confined space |
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Definition
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Term
| two examples of flocculation |
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Definition
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Term
| Two types of immunodifusion |
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Definition
| Radial single diffusion (radial immunodifusion- RID), and double diffusion precipitation in gel (Ouchterlony) |
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Term
| what antibodies are identified with Ouchterlony? |
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Definition
| antibodies associated with autoimmune disorders- rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome |
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Term
| Two types of lattice-forming reactions |
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Definition
| precipitation and agglutination |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which test combines single diffusion precipitation (RID) and electrophoresis? |
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Definition
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Term
| in rocket electrophoresis, the height of the rocket is proportional to what? |
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Definition
| the antigen concentration |
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Term
| which test combines double diffusion precipitation (Ouchterlony) and electrophoresis? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent electrophoresis |
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Term
| which test uses a pH of 8.6 so that the antibody travels to the cathode and the antigen migrates to the anode? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent electrophoresis |
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Term
| what test is used when rapid results are necessary such as diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent electrophoresis |
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Term
| what is the difference between the antigens in agglutination and precipitation? |
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Definition
| in precipitation, the antigens are soluble, while in agglutination they are insoluble |
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Term
| what kind of particulate antigens could be used in agglutination? |
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Definition
| suspended bacteria, yeast, erythrocyte, or latex particles |
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Term
| agglutination in which antigen is a natural constituent of the particle. example: hemagglutination |
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Definition
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Term
| agglutination in which antigen is firmly attached to insoluble particles such as erythrocytes, charcoal, latex particles, gelatin particles |
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Definition
| passive agglutination, or indirect |
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Term
| when antigen is attached to erythrocytes which act as insoluble particle |
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Definition
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|
Term
| when antibody is attached to erythrocytes which act as insoluble particle |
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Definition
| reverse passive hemagglutination |
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Term
| when latex is used as insoluble particle |
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Definition
| passive latex agglutination |
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Term
| agglutination reaction in which antibody is attached to carrier; test for antigen |
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Definition
| reverse passive agglutination |
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Term
| in an agglutination inhibition test, agglutination would indicate what result? |
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Definition
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Term
| in an agglutination inhibition test, no agglutination would indicate what result? |
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Definition
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Term
| what test is used to detect human chorionic gonadotropin in serum or urine, rubella, or soluble A, B, and H substances in body fluids |
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Definition
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Term
| in the complement fixation test, what kind of complement is usually used? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the complement fixation test, what result is indicated by no hemolysis of the RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the complement fixation test, what result is indicated by hemolysis of the RBC's? |
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Definition
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Term
| in what tests is patient's serum first heated to 56C? |
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Definition
| the complement fixation test; the serum is heated to inactivate the patient's own complement |
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Term
| what test is useful when neither precipitation or agglutination succeeds in demonstrating an antigen-antibody reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| what test tests for neutralizing antibodies to toxins? |
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Definition
| neutralization of toxins test |
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Term
| in the neutralization of toxins test, hemolyzed RBC's indicate what result? |
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Definition
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Term
| Direct or single layer immunofluorescens is used to detect what? |
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Definition
| antigen in unknown tissue |
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Term
| indirect or double layer immunofluorescence is used to detect what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what test is based on the change in polarization of fluorescent light emitted from a labeled molecule when it is bound to an antibody? |
|
Definition
| Fluorescent polarization immunoassay (FPIA) |
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Term
| In competitive FPIA, what is the relationship between the amount of fluorescence polarization and the concentration of antigen in patient sample? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| any substance which will complex to another substance; the substance to be measured in an immunoassay |
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Definition
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Term
| specialized RIA procedure used to measure the amount of serum IgE against specific inhaled or ingested antigens |
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Definition
| Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) |
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Term
| in immunoradiometric assay, or sandwich RIA, how is the concentration of antigen related to the radiolabeled bound counts? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| health hazard, waste disposal, short shelf life of reagents, labor intensive, costly, bothersome beaurocratic procedures |
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Term
| What label is used in enzyme immunoassay (EIA) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are commonly used in what test? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| advantages of enzyme immunoassay (EIA)? |
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Definition
| easily automated, stable, doesn't have health hazards associated with radioactive tests, tissue preparations do not fade as in fluorescence |
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|
Term
| what does ELISA stand for? |
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Definition
| Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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Term
| in the ELISA test, what is the relationship between absorbance and antigen concentration? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the officially sanctioned method for screening for HIV? |
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Definition
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Term
| what test is used to identify viruses and antibodies against various viruses, bacterial products and parasites? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does EMIT stand for? |
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Definition
| Enzyme-multiplied immunoassay |
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|
Term
| the EMIT test is best suited for analysis of what kind of molecules? |
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Definition
| small molecules like drugs, hormones, thyroxine |
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Term
| in the EMIT test, color formation indicates what result? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in the EMIT test, no color formation indicates what result? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is serum protein electrophoresis qualitative or quantitative? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what pH is the buffer used for serum protein electrophoresis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name two substances the support medium could be made from in serum protein electrophoresis |
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Definition
| cellulose acetate or agarose gel |
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|
Term
| in serum protein electrophoresis, which pole do the proteins migrate toward? |
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Definition
| the positive pole (anode) |
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|
Term
| in serum protein electrophoresis, what region do IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE migrate in? |
|
Definition
| the gamma globulin region |
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|
Term
| in serum protein electrophoresis, what region does IgA migrate in? |
|
Definition
| as a broad band between the beta globulin and gamma globulin regions |
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|
Term
| which test is used to detect polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathies, and increases or decreases in protein fractions? |
|
Definition
| serum protein electrophoresis |
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|
Term
| which test involves electrophoresis of serum or urine followed by immunodifusion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what test can be used to identify proteins of normal serum into 25 to 40 distinct protein bands? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most commone use of urine immunoelectrophoresis? |
|
Definition
| detection of Bence Jones protein |
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|
Term
| what test has greater sensitivity and resolution than IEP? |
|
Definition
| immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| serum, CSF or other body fluids |
|
|
Term
| what test is used to determine the relationship between antigens and antibodies? |
|
Definition
| Double immunodiffusion or Ouchterlony |
|
|
Term
| in Ouchterlony, how many spurs does an identity relationship have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in Ouchterlony, how many spurs does a non-identity pattern have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in Ouchterlony, how many spurs does a partial identity pattern have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what test is commonly used as a quality control technique to check different lot numbers of reagents? |
|
Definition
| double immunodiffusion or Ouchterlony |
|
|
Term
| is single or radial immunodiffusion quantitative? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fahey and Mancini are two methods of what kind of test? |
|
Definition
| single or radial immunodiffusion |
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|
Term
| what test determines the quantity of cloudiness or turbidity in a solution photometrically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what technique is used to amplify low levels of specific DNA sequences in a sample to reach a threshold of detection? |
|
Definition
| Polymerase chain reaction |
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|
Term
| Does PCR increase sensitivity or specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the southern blot test used to detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what technique is used to detect RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the western blot used to detect? |
|
Definition
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