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Sep. 25 lecture, receptors, sensory pathways
part 1
50
Nursing
Graduate
09/25/2014

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Term
WHAT DOES THE FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM STATE?
Definition
THAT THE INITIAL LENGTH OF A MUSCLE PRIOR TO CONTRACTION DETERMINES THE AMOUNT OF FORCE GENERATED BY THAT MUSCLE DURING THE CONTRACTION.
Term
IS FSM A FUNCTION OF HOW THE ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS OVERLAP?
Definition
YES
Term
THE FSM ONLY APPLIES TO WHAT TYPE OF TENSION?
Definition
ACTIVE
Term
DOES SKELETAL MUSCLE'S OPTIMAL LENGTH EVER CHANGE?
Definition
NO. SKELETAL MUSCLE OPERATES AT A RESTING LENGTH/STARTING LENGTH AT OPTIMAL LENGTH.
Term
WITH YOU SEE PASSIVE TENSION YOU THINK RUBBER BANDS. ARE RUBBER BANDS CONTRACTILE? COMPARE THAT TO SKELETAL MUSCLE.
Definition
RUBBER BANDS ARE NOT CONTRACTILE. RUBBER BANDS DONT CONTRACT THEN SNAP BACK. MUSCLES ON THE OTHER HAND BOTH CONTRACT AND SNAP BACK. THERE ARE ELASTIC COMPONENTS IN SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE ESPECIALLY.
Term
WE HAVE OTHER MYOFILAMENTS THAT FUNCTION LIKE SPRINGS WHICH IS CALLED WHAT?
Definition
TITIN. TITIN IS ELASTIC
Term
HOW DO WE MAKE SURE THAT THE SKELETAL MUSCLE IS AT OPTIMAL LENGTH AT ALL TIMES IN COMPARISON TO A SPRING?
Definition
WE SET THE SPRING TO WHERE IF I CONTRACT THE MUSCLE AND COMPRESS THOSE SPRINGS, WHEN I RELAX THE MUSCLE IT SPRINGS BACK. IF YOU STRETCH IT OUT TOO MUCH IT WILL BREAK.
Term
WHERE DOES THE RESTING LENGTH OF CARDIAC MUSCLE GENERALLY EXIST IN RELATION TO THE OPTIMAL LENGTH?
Definition
THE RESTING LENGTH IN CARDIAC MUSCLE GENERALLY EXISTS BELOW THE OPTIMAL LENGTH.
Term
WHAT IS THE BENIFET OF HAVING A LOWER RESTING LENGTH IN CARDIAC MUSCLE?
Definition
THE ABILITY TO INCREASE VENOUS RETUN OR PRELOAD WITHOUT CAUSING A DECREASE IN THE ACTIVE TENSION THAT IS BEING GENERATED.
Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 WAYS THAT YOU CAN INCREASE SYSTEMIC VENOUS RETURN?
Definition
1) VENOCONSTRICTION, 2) MUSCULOSKELETAL PUMP, 3) THORACOABDOMINAL PUMP
Term
DESCRIBE VENOCONSTRICTION.
Definition
WHNE I CONSTRICT THOSE VESIN THE BLOOD CAN ONLY GO 1 WAY RELATED TO VALVES. VASOCONSTRICTION INCREASES AFTERLOAD WHILE VASOCONSTRICTION INCREASE THE VENOUS RETURN.
Term
DESCRIBE MUSCULOSKELETAL PUMP.
Definition
I STAND UP, THE QUADS AND HAMSTRONG CONTRACTS AND WHEN THEY DO THEY COMPRESS THE VEINS IN MY LEGS AND ONCE AGAIN THE BLOOD CAN ONLY GO ONE DIRECTION TOWARD THE HEART.
Term
DESCRIBE THORACOABDOMINAL PUMP.
Definition
WHEN YOU TAKE A DEEP BREATH YOUR DIAPHRAGM MOVES DOWN. WHAT HAPPENS TO INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE? IT DECREASES. THE PRESSURE AROUND YOUR LUNGS DECREASE. THE PRESSURE AROUND THE LUNGS IS THE SAME THING AS THE PRESSURE AROUND THE VENA CAVA. SO WHAT HAPPENS TO THE WALL OF THE VENA CAVA WHEN THE PRESSURE SURROUNDING THE LUNGS AND THE PRESSURE SURROUNDING THE VENA CAVA DECREASES? THE VENA CAVA GETS LARGER. THAT DECREASES THE REISISTANCE IN THE VENA CAVA THEREFORE MORE FLOW. THE DIAPHRAGM MOVES DOWN SO WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO ABDOMINAL PRESSURE? IT WILL INCREASE SO THAT VENA CAV THAT IS DOWN IN THE ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT GETS COMPRESSED WHILE THE VENA CAVA IN THE THORACIC COMPARTMENT GETS PULLED OPEN. THIS PULLS MORE BLOOD UP.
Term
WHERE DOES PATIENT'S WITH CHF RESTNG LENGTH EXIST?
Definition
GREATER THAN THE OPTIMAL LENGTH OF CARDIAC MUSCLE.
Term
WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR VELOCITY? HOW IS IT PLOTTED ON A GRAPH?
Definition
VELOCITY= DISTANCE/TIME THE Y AXIS IS THE VELOCITY OF CONTRACTION. THE X AXIS IS THE LOAD-OPPOSING CONTRACTION (KG) OR THE FORCE. IT IS THE LOAD ON THE MUSCLE.
Term
THE LIGHTER THE LOAD THE ___THE VELOCITY.
Definition
HIGHER. LIGHT LOADS HAVE FASTER VELOCITES OF CONTRACT.
Term
AS THE LOAD INCREASES THE VELOCITY IS GOING TO ____.
Definition
DECREASE. THE HEAVIER THE LOAD, THE SLOWER THE VELOCITY UNTIL I GET TO THE POINT WHICH THE CURVE INTERSECTS THE X AXIS.
Term
WHAT IS THE LOAD KNOWN IN CARDIAC MUSCLE?
Definition
THE AFTERLOAD WHICH IS THE AMOUNT OF PRESSURE IN THE AORTA.
Term
WHAT IS THE VELOCITY WHEN THE CURVE INTERSECTS THE X AXIS?
Definition
ZERO. THE MUSCLE IS CONTRACTING, BUT THERE IS NO MOVEMENT.
Term
WHAT DOES ISOMETRIC MEAN?
Definition
ISO= SAME METRIC = LENGTH CONTRACTION. FROM A VELOCTIY OF ZERO ON IS AN ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION. YOU CAN'T LIFT IT UP.
Term
HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE V MAX (THE MAXIMAL VELOCITY OF CONTRACTION)?
Definition
BY EXTRAPOLATING BACK TO THE Y AXIS.
Term
WHAT IS THE FORCE VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP IN THE HEART IN COMPARISON TO THE AORTIC PRESSURE AND CONTRACTILITY?
Definition
THE HIGHER THE AORTIC PRESSURE DOES THE SLOWER THE HEART CONTRACTS. IF YOU LOWER THE AORTIC PRESSURE (DIASTOLIC PRESSURE) THE HEART CAN CONTRACT MORE QUICKLY. IN CARDAIC MUSCLE DECREASING THE AFTERLOEAD INCREASES THE VELOCITY. IN SKELETAL MUSCLES DECREASING THE LOAD INCREASES THE VELOCITY.
Term
WHY DO WE CALL SMOOTH MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
FIRST OF ALL IT IS NOT STRIATED. NEXT THE ACTIN AND MYOSIN FILAMENTS ARE NOT ARRANGED IN A PARALLEL FASHION. THEY ARE ARRANGED IN A BASKET WEAVEN.
Term
WHAT IS THE SHAPE THAT THE SMOOTH MUSCLES CONTRACT INTO.
Definition
THE SPINDLE SHAPE BECOMES MORE LIKE A BALL. THE ENDS GET PULLED TOWARD EACH OTHER. THE SIDES GETS PULLED TOWARD EACH OTHER. SO THE LENGTH SHORTENS AS WELL AS THE INSIDES OF THE DIAMETER.
Term
WHERE DO WE FIND SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
GI TRACT, PUPILS OF THE EYES, LUNGS, VASCULATURE OF THE HEART, VASCULATURE BED ESPECIALLY THE ARTERIOLES, AND THE SPHINCTER OF THE GI TRACT.
Term
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
UNITARY (SINGLE UNIT), MULTI-UNIT, AND MIXED.
Term
WHERE DO WE HAVE UNITARY OR SINGLE UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
GI TRACT, BLADDER, UTERUS, AND SPHINCTERS
Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE UNITARY SPHINCTER?
Definition
WE WANT THAT MUSCLE TO BE FUNCTIONING AS 1 UNIT. IN TERMS OF SPHINCTER I WANT ALL OF THOSE SMOOTH MUSCLES TO CONTRACT MAXIMALLY OR I WANT THEM ALL RELAXED. MYOCYTES CONTRACT IN A COORDINATED FASHION.
Term
WHERE IS THE MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE LOCATED AT?
Definition
IN THE IRIS. CONSTICTION VS DILATION. EACH MYOCYTE BEHAVES AS A SEPARATE MOTOR UNIT. THIS IS INNERVATED BY THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE ANS.
Term
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF MIXED SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
BLOOD VESSELS
Term
WHERE IS THE MULTI-UNIT SMOOTH MUSCLE LOCATED AT?
Definition
IN THE IRIS. CONSTICTION VS DILATION. EACH MYOCYTE BEHAVES AS A SEPARATE MOTOR UNIT. THIS IS INNERVATED BY THE POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE ANS.
Term
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF MIXED SMOOTH MUSCLE?
Definition
BLOOD VESSELS
Term
CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN EXIST IN 2 FORMS. WHAT ARE THEY?
Definition
ENCAPSULATED AND NONENCAPSULATED. WE CAN THINK OF THE ENCAPSULATED FIBERS AS BEING LIKE LAYERS OF AN ONION. THIS IS HOW THEY COME.
Term
WHAT DOES PACINIAN CORPUSCLES DO?
Definition
THEY SENSE VIBRATIONS.
Term
MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLE IS FOR WHAT?
Definition
TOUCH
Term
WHAT ARE RUFFINI'S ENDINGS FOR?
Definition
PRESSURE
Term
WE HAVE DIFFERENT CUTANEOUS NERVES FOR DIFFERENT WHAT?
Definition
MODALITES. LIKE EITHER VIBRATIONS, TOUCH, OR PRESSURE.
Term
WHAT ARE THE NONENCAPSULATED RECEPTORS?
Definition
THOSE ARE NERVE ENDINGS AROUND THE HAIRS.
Term
FREE NERVE ENDINGS ALLOW TO FEEL WHAT?
Definition
PAIN, TEMPERATURE, ITCH, TOUCH, TICKLE, ETC..
Term
WHERE ARE THE RECEPTORS FOR PROPRIOCEPTION FOUND?
Definition
IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE AND ARE NONECAPSULATED.
Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 RECEPTORS THAT SENSE PROPRIOCEPTION? WHAT ARE THEY LINKED TO?
Definition
NUCLEAR BAG RIBERS, NUCLEAR CHAIN FIBERS, AND GTO (GOLGI TENDON ORGANS). THESE RECEPTORS ARE LINKED TO SENSORY AFFERENT.
Term
WHAT DO NUCLEAR BAG FIBERS AND NUCLEAR CHAIN FIBERS DO?
Definition
THEY ARE LINK SENSORS. THEY SENSE HOW LONG THE MUSCLE IS.
Term
WHAT DOES GTO SENSORS DO?
Definition
GTO ARE TENSION SENSORS. THEY EXIST NOT IN THE MUSCLE, THEY ACTUALLY EXIST IN THE TENDON. AL SKELETAL MUSCLES HAS TENDONS.
Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 MAIN TYPES OF MOTOR NEURONS?
Definition
TYPE A ALPHA AND TYPE A GAMMA. THESE ARE NOT THE ONLY TYPES OF FIBERS.
Term
WHERE DOES TYPE A ALPHA FIBERS GO? WHERE DOES TYPA A GAMMA FIBERS GO?
Definition
TYPE A ALPHA FIBERS GOES TO THE MUSCLE FIBERS AND TYPE A GAMMA GOES TO THE MUSCLE SPINDLES.
Term
WHERE DOES TYPE C MOTOR FIBERS GO TO AND WHAT MUST THEY BE, SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC?
Definition
TYPE C MOTOR FIBERS GOES TO THE CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE. A MOTOR NEURON GOING TO CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE MUST BE SYMPATHETIC.
Term
WHAT HAPPENS AS YOU MOVE FROM A LARGE DIAMTER TO A SMALL DIAMTER OF A NEURON?
Definition
THE CONDUCTION VELOCITY . LARGE NEURONS CONDUCT IMPULSES MORE QUICKLY.
Term
WHAT 2 THINGS DETERMINE HOW QUICKLY A NERVE CONDUCTS ITS SIGNAL?
Definition
THE DEGREE OF MYELINATION AND THE DIAMTER OF THE FIBER. AS THE MYELINATION DECREASES AND AS THE FIBER DIAMTER DECREASES THE CONDUCTION VELOCITY DECREASES.
Term
THE SLOWEST FIBERS ARE ACTUALLY WHERE?
Definition
THE POSTGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS BECAUSE THEY ARE UNMYELINATED AND HAVE A SMALL DIAMTER. IN THE PNS THEY ARE IN THE ORGAN. IN THE SNS IT STILL GETS TO WHERE IT IS GOING.
Term
IS IT SAFE TO SAY THAT DIFFERENT FIBERS CONDUCT DIFFERENT MODALITIES AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS? EXPLAIN
Definition
YES. THERE IS SHARP, LOCALIZED PAIN FIBERS AND THEN THERE ARE DULL ACHING SLOW PAIN FIBERS. THE PRICKING PAIN IS SHARPLY LOCALIZED, PINTPOINT LOCATION AND IS CARRIED BY FASTER FIBERS. IT TAKES A LONG TIME FOR THOSE ACHING FIBERS, THE DULL NONLOACLIZED, WHICH ARE ACTIVATED AT THE SAME TIME TO GET TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. THAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE FAST LOCALIZED AND THE SLOW DUL ACHING. THE SLOW DULL ACHING IS SLOW BECAUSE THE CONDUCTION FIBERS ARE CONDUCTING IMPULSES MORE SLOWLY.
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