Term
| WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW TO GET THE CONCENTRATION OF A COMPARTMENT? |
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Definition
| THE MASS. THE VOLUME IS ALREADY CALCULATED. |
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Term
| IN TERMS OF THE MASS, WHEN WE TALK ABOUT THE ECF COMPARTMENT IS WHAT? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE 2 OTHER NAMES FOR PLASMA SODIUM? |
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Definition
| INTERSTITIAL SODIUM AND EXTRACELLULAR SODIUM |
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Term
| WHAT IS A + CATION CONSIDERED? |
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Definition
| AN OSMOLE. IT IS BASICALLY AN ACTIVE PARTICLE. RATHER THAN COUNTING UP ALL THE NEGATIVES, IF WE KNOW THE POSITIVES WE JUST ADD ALL THAT IN. |
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Term
| HOW DO WE CONVERT THE TYPICAL GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION FROM MG/DL TO MEQ/L? |
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Definition
| WE TAKE THE PLASMA GLUCOSE LEVEL AND DIVIDE BY 18 TO GIVE US MEQ/L. |
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Term
| HOW DO WE CONVERT UREA'S GM/DL INTO MEQ/L OR MOSMOLES/L? |
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Definition
| WE DIVIDE THE BUN BY 2.8 TO GIVE US MEQ/L |
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Term
| WHY IS UREA NOT AN EFFECTIVE OSMOLE? |
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Definition
| IT DOESN'T GENERATE AN OSMOTIC PRESSURE. WHATEVER INTRACELLULAR UREA CONCENTRATION IS, THE EXTRACELLULAR UREA CONCENTRATION IS. THAT IS NOT GOING TO CAUSE WATER TO MOVE ACROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY GOING TO EQUAL? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHEN IS THE ONLY TIME THAT WE WILL USE THE EQUATION (2*[Na])+ ([GLUCOSE]/18)? |
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Definition
| WHEN THE PATIENT IS HYPERGLYCEMIC. IF A PATIENT HAS NORMAL GLUCOSE WE CAN IGNORE THE GLUCOSE'S EFFECT. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY DO WHEN THE PATIENT BECOMES HYPERNATREMIC? |
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Definition
| THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY RISES |
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Term
| WHAT DOES THE PLASMA CONCENTRATION DO WHEN THE PATIENT BECOMES HYPERGLYCEMIC? |
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Definition
| THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY RISES |
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Term
| IN MOST CASES HYPERNATREMIA REPRESENTS HYPEROSMOLARITY. NAME A CONDITION IN WHICH THIS DOES NOT APPLY? |
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Definition
| DILUTIONAL HYPONATREMIA DUE TO HYPERGLYCEMIA. IN THE CASE OF DM, HYPERGLYCEMIA, THE PATIENT WILL BE HYPEROSMOTIC BECAUSE OF THE HYPERGLYCEMIA. BECAUSE OF THE FLUID SHIFT THE PATIENT WILL BE HYPONATREMIC. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ICF OSMOLARITY WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA? |
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Definition
| IS REMAINS LOW OR NORMAL. THIS IS R/T WATER MOVING OUT OF THE CELL INTO THE ECF TO BALANCE. SINCE WATER IS MOVING FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE TO CELL WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN TO THE NA CONCENTRATION? YOU ARE DILUTING NA. |
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Term
| WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT PLASMA OSMOLARITY? |
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Definition
| IT IS WHAT IS GOING TO DETERMINE THE FLUID SHIFTS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE CELL. REMEMBER IT IS ABOUT OSMOSIS SO WATER IS MOVING, NOT SOLUTES. |
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Term
| BY CAUSING FLUID SHIFTS BY A CHANGE IN OSMOLARITY A PATIENT WILL BECOME WHAT? |
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Definition
| HYPOTENSIVE OR HYPERTENSIVE |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU START MOVING FLUIDS INTO THE CELL? |
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Definition
| THE INTRACELLULAR SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IS GOING TO FALL AND THAT IS GOING TO ALTER THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF THE CELL WHICH CAUSES EFFECTS. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES OUR PLASMA OSMOLARITY DO WHEN WE ARE DEHYDRATED? |
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Definition
| THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY RISES |
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Term
| AFTER THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY RISES WHAT TYPES OF RECEPTORS ARE GOING TO RESPOND AND WHAT ARE THEY GOING TO DO? |
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Definition
| WHEN THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY RISES THE OSMORECEPTORS THAT SENSE THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY INCREASE IN FIRING AND INCREASE THE RELEASE OF ADH INTO THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY. AS THE FLUID FALLS AND OSMOLARITY RISES THE PRESSURE WILL DECREASE. BUT ADH CAUSES VESSELS TO CONSTRICT WHICH INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE. SO ALL OF THIS IN COMBINATION WITH THIRST WILL BRING THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY BACK DOWN TO A NORMAL RANGE. |
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Term
| WHICH TYPE OF FLUID DETERMINES BLOOD PRESSURE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHICH FLUIDS DETERMINE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL? |
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Definition
| INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN SODIUM CONCENTRATION BETWEEN THE ECF AND ICF? |
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Definition
| THE WATER IS GOING TO MOVE INTO THE CONCENTRATIONS ARE EQUAL. |
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Term
| IF YOU DRINK PURE WATER WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY? |
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Definition
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Term
| DOES THE MASS IN THE ICF COMPARTMENT EVER CHANGE? |
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Definition
| NO. IT DIDN'T CHANGE BECAUSE WE DIDN'T ADD ANY OSMOLES TO IT. |
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Term
| IF YOU ADD PURE WATER WHAT % WILL GO INTO THE ECF AND ICF? |
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Definition
| 2/3 INTO THE ICF AND 1/3 INTO THE ECF |
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Term
| IF WE HAVE CELLS THAT ARE DEHYDRATED WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO REHYDRATE THEM? |
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Definition
| TO GIVE HYPOTONIC FLUID (WATER). REMEMBER 2/3 GOES INTO THE ICF. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY AND PLASMA VOLUME WHEN YOU GIVE PURE WATER? |
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Definition
| IT WILL DECREASE THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY AND INCREASE THE PLASMA VOLUME ONLY TO A SMALL DEGREE. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU INFUSE X VOLUME OF ISOTONIC FLUID INTO A PATIENT THAT HAS THE SAME OSMOLARITY? |
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Definition
| 100% OF THE INFUSATE VOLUME REMAINS IN THE ECF. UNDERSTAND INFUSING ISOTONIC SALINE INTO A PATIENT WITH A NORMAL OSMOLARITY WILL BE DIFFERENT FROM INFUSING ISOTONIC SALINE INTO A HYPEROSMOTIC PATIENT AND FROM INFUSING INTO A HYPOSMOTIC PATIENT. REMEMBER THIS ONLTY APLIES TO A PATIENT THAT ALREADY HAS A NORMAL PLASMA OSMOLARITY. THEREFORE IF YOU ARE INFUSING ISOTONIC SALINE INTO A PATIENT THAT HAS THE SAME PLASMA OSMOLARITY AND YOU GET A DIFFERENT NEW OSMOLARITY THERE IS SOMETHING WRONG. |
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Term
| WHAT % DOES ECF VOLUME EXPAND BY WHEN YOU GIVE AN ISOTONIC FLUID VOLUME IN WHICH THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY IS THE SAME? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT TYPE OF FLUID IS GOOD FOR EXPANDING THE ECF? |
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Definition
| ISOTONIC SALINE. IT IS A GOOD WAY OF EXPANDING THE ECF, BUT IT SUCKS IF YOU WANT TO TRY TO EXPAND THE ICF. WE HAVE NO CHANGE IN PLASMA OSMOLARITY, WE ARE NOT GOING TO RAISE OR LOWER THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY, BUT WE WILL EXPAND THE PLASMA VOLUME TO A LARGER DEGREE THEN IF WE WOULD HAD USED JUST PURE WATER. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY RENAL RETENTION OF SODIUM AND SECONDARY RENAL RETENTION OF NA? |
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Definition
| WITH PRIMARY RETENTION OF THE NA THE RETENTION IS CAUSED BY KIDNEY DISEASE ITSELF. WITH SECONDARY RETENTION THE RETENTION OF NA IS NOT CAUSED BY A KIDNEY DISEASE. EX. HEART FAILURE OR LIVER DISEASE |
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Term
| AFTER YOU EAT A MEAL HIGH IN SALT WHAT HAPPENS TO THE OSMOLARITY AND VOLUME? |
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Definition
| YOU WILL HAVE FLUID SHIFTS FROM ICF TO ECF BECAUSE THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY INCREASES. BOTH COMPARTMENTS WILL BE HYPEROSMOTIC. THEREFORE PLASMA OSMOLARITY INCREASES AND PLASMA VOLUME INCREASES. AFTER YOU EAT A BUNCH OF SALT YOU ARE PULLING THE FLUID OUT OF THE ICF COMPARTMENT INTO THE ECF COMPARTMENT. |
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Term
| IF WE ADD GLUCOSE TO THE ECF COMPARTMENT WHY DOES THE NA CONCENTRATION GO DOWN? |
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Definition
| BECAUSE YOU ARE DILUTING THE SODIUM. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY, SODIUM CONCENTRAION, AND PLASMA VOLUME AFTER THE ADDITION OF GLUCOSE? |
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Definition
| THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY INCREASES. THE PLASMA NA DECREASES AND TO THE SAME DEGREE THE PLASMA VOLUME INCREASES. |
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Term
| OSMOLARITY IS INDEPENDENT TO WHAT? |
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Definition
| VOLUME THE VOLUME CAN GO UP AND THE OSMOLARITY WILL GO DOWN. OR THE VOLUME CAN GO UP, BUT IF IT IS A HYPEROSMOTIC SOLUTION, BECAUSE THE VOLUME GOES UP THE OSMOLARITY WILL GO UP AS WELL. SO IT DEPENDS ON THE OSMOLARITY OF THE INFUSATE. |
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Term
| PLASMA OSMOLARITY CAN INCREASE WHEN EXTRACELLULAR NA WHAT? |
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Definition
| INCREASES EX. GIVING HYPERTONIC FLUID |
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Term
| PLASMA OSMOLARITY CAN BE INCREASD WHEN EXTRACELLULAR SODIUM IS WHAT? |
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Definition
| NORMAL OR LOW EX. DILUTIONAL HYPONATREMIA R/T HYPERGLYCEMIA |
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Term
| WHAT DOES ISOTONIC FLUID TO THE ECF AND ICF VOLUME ALONG WITH ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY? |
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Definition
| ECF VOLUME INCREASES. NO CHANGE IN ICF VOLUME, ECF OSMOLARITY OR ICF OSMOLARITY. |
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Term
| DURING ADMINISTRATION OF HYPERTONIC SOLUTION IF I WANT TO KNOW TO WHAT DEGREE DOES THE ECF EXPAND HOW WILL I FIGURE THAT OUT? |
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Definition
| THE ECF EXPANDS BY THE INFUSING VOLUME + THE FLUID SHIFT VOLUME. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO EXPAND THE ECF VOLUME? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT DOES HYPERTONIC SOLUTION DO TO ECF AND ICF VOLUME ALONG WITH ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY. |
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Definition
| HYPERTONIC SOLUTION INCREASES ECF VOLUME WHILE DECREASING ICF VOLUME. IT INCREASES ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES HYPOTONIC FLUID DO TO THE ECF AND ICF VOLUME ALONG WITH ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY? |
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Definition
| IT INCREASES THE ECF AND ICF VOLUME WHILE DECREASING ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PLASMA VOLUME AND OSMOLARITY WHEN WE LOSE PURE WATER? |
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Definition
| THE PLASMA VOLUME WILL DECREASE AND THE PLASMA OSMOLARITY WILL INCREASE. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ECF AND ICF VOLUME AND ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY WITH A IOSTONIC FLUID LOSS LIKE DIARRHEA? |
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Definition
| ECF VOLUME DECREASES. NO CHANGE IS PRESENT TO THE ECF OR ICF OSMOLARITY OR ICF VOLUME. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ECF AND ICF VOLUME ALONG WITH ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY WHEN WE HAVE A HYPOTONIC FLUID LOSS LIKE SWEATING OR FEVER? |
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Definition
| WE DECREASE BOTH COMPARTMENTS AND INCREASE THE OSMOLARITY. THEREFORE WE DECREASE ECF AND ICF VOLUME WHILE INCREASING ICF AND ECF OSMOLARITY. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS TO THE ECF AND ICF VOLUME ALONG WITH ECF AND ICF OSMOLARITY IF WE HAVE A HYPEROSMOTIC FLUID LOSS IN CASE OF DIURETICS (LOSS OF SALT). |
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Definition
| ECF VOLUME DECREASES ALTHOUGH THE ICF COMPARTMENT EXPANDS. SINCE WE HAVE A LOSS OF SALT WE END UP WITH A DECREASE IN PLASMA OSMOLARITY. THEREFORE, WE HAVE A DECREASE IN ECF VOLUME, ECF OSMOLARITY, AND ICF OSMOLARITY WHILE HAVING AN INCREASE IN ICF VOLUME. |
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Term
| HOW DO YOU CALCULATE RBC VOLUME FROM BLOOD VOLUME AND PLASMA VOLUME? |
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Definition
| RBC VOLUME=BV-PV. BLOOD VOLUME=RBC VOLUME + PLASMA VOLUME |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR BODY WEIGHT? |
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Definition
| BODY WEIGHT = TBW/0.6 TBW=BODY WEIGHT * 0.6 |
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Term
| WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE HCT IF YOU OVER INFUSE A PATIENT WITH FLUID? WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW IN ORDER TO TELL HOW MUCH THE HCT WILL DROP? |
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Definition
| IT WILL DROP. IF YOU KNOW THE INFUSATE VOLUME YOU CAN CALCULATE OUT HOW LOW THE HCT WILL DROP. |
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