Term
| The six sensory systems in humans |
|
Definition
| auditory, gustatory, olfactory, visual, vestibular, somatosensory |
|
|
Term
| Which sensory system has to do with taste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sensory system has to do with smell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sensory system has to do with sight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sensory system has to do with hearing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sensory system has to do with balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sensory system has to do with touch, temperature, pain, etc..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
| specialized sensory cells that respond to stimuli via stimulus-gated ion channels in their membranes. |
|
|
Term
| stimulus-gated ion channels |
|
Definition
ion channels that open or close depending on the sensory system.
They transduce(convert) stimulues energy into neuronal eletrical impulses (action potential) |
|
|
Term
| The three classes of sensory receptors |
|
Definition
| chemoreceptors, energy-detecting receptors, mechanoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detect chemicals or chemical changes |
|
|
Term
| energy-detecting receptors |
|
Definition
| react to electromagnetic and thermal energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are stimulated by mechanical forces such as pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors that sense external stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors that sense internal stimuli, usually simpler than exteroceptors |
|
|
Term
| In what sensory system are chemoreceptors used and how? |
|
Definition
The gustatory system. They bind to particular chemicals in the extracellular fluid. This creates the membrane of the sensory neuron to become depolarized and produces action potentials.
They are used in the senses of taste & smell, and monitoring internal chemical composition of body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salty & sour, sweet, bitterness, savoriness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweetness, bitterness, savoriness |
|
Definition
| act through G-protein coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
| Where are taste buds located in land vertebrates? |
|
Definition
| Located in the epithelium of tongue & oral cavity, within papillae |
|
|
Term
| Where do flies (Arthropods) have taste chemoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
| In sensory hairs located on their feet |
|
|
Term
| Where do fish have taste buds? |
|
Definition
| All over their body surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sense of smell, involves neurons in the upper portion of the nasal passages which transmit impulses directly to the brain via the olfactory nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The detection of sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of vibration, or pressure waves traveling through a medium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
auditory stimuli travels farther and faster than chemical
auditory receptors provide better directional information than chemoreceptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors of auditory and vestibular systems |
|
|
Term
| Describe cilia in hair cells |
|
Definition
Haircells have smaller cilia called stereocilia and single large kinocilium.
Contain sensory neurons within them that transmit impulses to brain.
Bending of stereocilia in direction of kinocilium creates a Graded potential, bending the opposite way creates a Inhibitory potential |
|
|
Term
| Through were are air vibrations channeled in the ear? |
|
Definition
| Through the auditory canal of the outer ear |
|
|
Term
| When vibrations reach the tympanic membrane which bones do the move and where? |
|
Definition
| The ossicles (three small bones), in the middle ear. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the middle ear structure |
|
Definition
| Consists of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). |
|
|
Term
| Describe the inner ear structure |
|
Definition
| Consists of the cochlea. Which is 3 fluid-filled chambers: vestibular canal, tympanic canal and cochlear duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper chamber which oval window sends pressure waves into |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connected to the vestibular canal by apex. pressure waves travel down the tympanic canal to the round window which is a flexible membrane which transmits pressure back to middle ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connected to the vestibular canal by apex. pressure waves travel down the tympanic canal to the round window which is a flexible membrane which transmits pressure back to middle ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transduces sound in the cochlea; consists of basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What causes stereocilia of hair cells to bend? |
|
Definition
| vibrations of the basilar membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which animals perceive the presence and distance of objects by sound |
|
|
Term
| what did the invention of sonar (sound navigating and ranging) relied on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the lateral line system in fish |
|
Definition
| Canals running the length of the fish's body beneath the skin surface, contair hair cells with cilia that project into a gelatinous cupula |
|
|
Term
| Acceleration is detected by the ____ and ____? |
|
Definition
| utricle(horz) and saccule(vertical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| embeds hair cells within utricle and saccule, rich in calcium carbonate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three canals continuous with the utricle and saccule, detect angular acceleration in any direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swollen chambers at the end of semicircular canals, groups of cilia protrude into them; these cilia have their tips embedded within gelatinous cupula, that protrudes into the endolymph fluid of each canal. |
|
|
Term
| How detection of body position works? |
|
Definition
| head rotates, semicircular canal fluid pushes against cupula, causes cilia to bend, bending in the direction of kinocilium causes a graded depolarizing receptor potential which stimulates action potentials in the associated sensory neuron. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name given to the saccule, utricle and semicircular canals. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the visual system of invertebrates |
|
Definition
| simple visual system with photoreceptors clustered in an eyespot |
|
|
Term
| What four animal phyle have evolved well-developed, image-forming eyes? |
|
Definition
| Annelids, mollusks, arthropods, chordates. |
|
|
Term
| Whats an example of convergent evolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With the capture of light by photoreceptors. Energy of photons is transduced to electrical energy. |
|
|
Term
| Parts of the structure of the vertebrate eye |
|
Definition
| sclera, cornea, iris, pupil, lens, fovea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of the vertebrate eye, it is the white portion of the eye made of tough connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of the vertebrate eye, transparent portion through which light enters, begins to focus light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of the vertebrate eye, colored portion of the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of the vertebrate eye, opening of the iris, size decreases in bright light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of the vertebrate eye, transparent structure that completes focusing of light onto the retina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high-acuity vision, tighly packed with cones, each cone conected to a single bipolar cell, which synapses with one ganglion cell, this point-to-point relationship gives the high detail of foveal vision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of the vertebrate eye, attaches the length to the ciliary muscles |
|
|
Term
| What happens on near vision? |
|
Definition
| ciliary muscles contract and the lens become more rounded and bends light more strongly |
|
|
Term
| What happens on distance vision? |
|
Definition
| ciliary muscles relax and lens become flat and bend light less |
|
|
Term
| What happens with people who are nearsighted or farsighted? |
|
Definition
| They do not properly focus the image on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Types of retina photoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptors in the retine responsible for black and white vision in dim illumination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photoreceptors in the retina responsible for color vision and high visual acuity, mostly located in the fovea |
|
|
Term
| Basic structure of rods and cones. |
|
Definition
| inner segment, outer segment, cilium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic structure of rods and cones, rich in mitochondria and vesicles filled with neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic structure of rods and cones, packed with lots of flattened disks which contain photopigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic structure of rods and cones, connects inner and outer segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the 3 kinds of cones in humans |
|
Definition
| RGB, each has a photopsin that consist of a cis-retinal bound to a protein. Each have different light absorption maxima |
|
|
Term
| Three layers of cells in the retina |
|
Definition
External layer, contains rods and cones
Middle layer, contains bipolar cells
Inner layer, contains ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
| Order in which photoreceptors stimulate cells in the retina |
|
Definition
| bipolar cells, which estimulate retinal ganglion cells, which transmit impulses to brain via optic nerve. |
|
|
Term
| Sensory transduction in the dark |
|
Definition
| nucleotide cGMP binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels opening them, Na+ influx depolarizes photoreceptor membrane, influx of Ca+ releases inhibitory neurotransmitter, which in turn prevents signaling from bipolar cell to ganglion cell. |
|
|
Term
| Sensory transduction in the light |
|
Definition
| Photon absorptions activates G protein which activates phosphodiesterase, that converts cGMP to GMP, Na+ channels close because no cGMP, photoreceptor gets hyperpolarized and inhibits inhibitory neurotransmitter which allows the bipolar cells to fire. |
|
|
Term
| lateral geniculate nuclei |
|
Definition
| located in the thalamus, receives action potentials from the retina which are then projected to the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of one or more types of cones, sex-linked recessive trait. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have all three cones, normal vision individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| color blind individuals, 2 cones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two fields of vision overlapping (2 eyes), can perceive 3-D Images |
|
|
Term
| Where do prey animals generally have eyes located? |
|
Definition
| On the sides of the head, this enlarges the overall receptive field. |
|
|
Term
| Which vertebrates can sense infrared radiation? |
|
Definition
| pit viper snakes with heat-detecting pit organs on either side of the head between the eye and nostril |
|
|
Term
| cutaneos (skin) receptors |
|
Definition
| part of the somatosensory system, respond to heat, cold, pain, touh, pressure |
|
|
