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Sensory and Perceptual Development
Midterm 2
24
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/26/2012

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Cards

Term
3 processes of perceptual development
Definition
Sensation
Perception
Attention
Term
Sensation
Definition
The experience resulting form the stimulation of a sense organ
Term
Perception
Definition
The interpretation of sensory stimulation based on experience
Term
Attention
Definition
The selection of particular sensory input for perceptual and cognitive processing and the exclusion of competing input
Term
Influential theory developed by James and Eleanor Gibson regarding emphasis on natural equipment for gather information from the world:
Definition
They do not believe that perception involves combining pieces of input through experience as in the traditional learning view. They argue that objects in the world give off physical energy that is already organized and can be perceived in its entirety. They suggest that perceptual development consists of a child's increasing sensitivity to the organization of this energy and to which properties of objects and people remain stable which properties change.
Term
One of Eleanor Gibson's major works - Principals of Perceptual Learning (1969) indicates:
Definition
nurture plays an important role. With experience, infants and children become increasingly skilled at detecting the information available in sensory stimulation and thus at perceiving the world accurately. Interactionist approach.
Term
Name 8 units that may be part of pain expressions in infants and children
Definition
Brow lower - Eyebrows are lowered and pulled together

Eye squeeze - eyelids are tensed and there is a bulging in the lower eyelid

Eye squint - eye opening is narrowed, eyelids appear tense and there is bagging of the lower eyelid

Nasolabial Furrow - the line adjacent to the nostril is deepened and pulled upward

Nose wrinkle - skin around the nose is drawn upward and horizontal puckers appear across the nose

Cheek raise - cheeks are raised toward the eyes and bulging appears under the eyes

Horizontal mouth stretch - lips, lip corners, and surrounding skin are stretched laterally

Vertical mouth stretch - lips are parted and jaw is lowered
Term
Haptic Perception
Definition
the perceptual experience that results from active exploration of objects by touch
Term
True or False: by the end of the first year of life, infants can recognize a familiar object by exploration with the hand alone
Definition
True
Term
True or False

infants exhibit a haptic preference for objects oriented on a slant rather than those oriented vertically
Definition
False; preference in objects oriented vertically
Term
What is the response of a baby when sucking on a fluid that is sweetened?
Definition
The child sucks harder, consumes more, and tends to quiet faster from crying episodes
Term
What is a neonate?
Definition
a new born infant
Term
Can babies differentiate taste at 2 hours of age? How can we tell?
Definition
yes; through different facial expressions
Term
What kind of food do 4 month old babies begin to prefer?
Definition
salty tastes
Term
True or False

Innate taste preferences in infants might be alterable by early exposure, prenatally and postnatally, to particular flavours.
Definition
True
Term
Vestibular Sensitivity
Definition
The perceptual experience that results from motion of the body and the pull of gravity
Term
Name the axes of motion that newborns are sensitive to
Definition
front to back
up and down
side to side
Term
Describe the apparatus used to test the relation between visual and vestibular cues in infancy.
Definition
Infants who have begun to walk (typically when they are a year to a year and a half old) are placed in a room with walls that can move as the floor remains stationary. When the front and side walls move, visual cues win out, as the babies often fall backward in this situation.-+
Term
How might a newborn respond to sounds?
Definition
tightening of eyelids,
turning of head and eyes toward the source of the sound
becoming quiet
changes in heart rate and breathing
Term
How can we develop good evidence that newborns can hear the difference between 2 different sounds?
Definition
first present a particular sound (sound A) repeatedly until the baby habituates to it; that is, no longer shows much response, then present sound B. the baby should dishabituate in response to this change in stimulus
Term
What is earliest age evidence suggests fetus can hear?
Definition
25 weeks after conception
Term
What is one possible explanation for early discrimination and preferences for the mother's voice?
Definition
that the babies had become familiar with their mother's voice in the womb
Term
Do newborn babies hear relative better at low or high frequencies?
Definition
low
Term
True or False

Research indicates the localization response disappears around the second month of life and reappears in a more vigorous form in the 6th or 7th months
Definition
false; it reappears in a more vigorous form in the 3rd or 4th month of life
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