Term
| Which cranial nerve does not actually originate from the brainstem, and where does it originate from? |
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Definition
| 11, spinal accessory nerve, it originates from the cervical cord |
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Term
| What type of receptors are involved in olfactory sensing? |
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Definition
| chemoreceptors that react to chemicals |
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Term
| Where does the olfactory nerve run to in the brain and where does the information spread to in the brain from there? |
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Definition
1. Heads to the olfactory bulb
2. Spreads to the thalamus and the limbic system |
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Term
| What is the term for a loss of smell and what is the most common cause of it? |
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Definition
1. Anosmia
2. Common cold
Note: Most people complain of inability to taste instead of inability to smell |
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Term
| How do you test for anosmia? |
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Definition
1. Look up nose for continuity and rule out an occlusion in the nasal cavity
2. Have an odor in the room and test one nostril at a time |
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Term
| Why do you not use ammonia when testing for anosmia? |
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Definition
| Ammonia binds to a pain receptor, not an olfactory receptor |
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Term
| What is the path of information from the retina to the primary visual cortex? |
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Definition
| Retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tract --> lateral geniculate body --> primary visual cortex |
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Term
| What information from the retina stays ipsilateral and which information goes contralateral? |
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Definition
Lateral retina info stays ipsilateral
Medial retina info goes contralateral |
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Term
| In the brain, does info from the superior and inferior retina stay superior or inferior in its optic tract? |
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Definition
Superior info stays superior
Inferior info stays inferior |
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Term
| Which geniculate body does the right visual field get processed in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does information about the medial part of a visual field get processed in the superior or inferior aspect of the geniculate body? What about lateral visual field information? |
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Definition
Medial visual field info - inferior geniculate
Lateral visual field info - superior geniculate |
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Term
| What does the Edinger-Westphal nucleus do? |
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Definition
| Supplies parasympathetic information to the 3rd nerve |
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Term
| Name 2 unique aspects of the trochlear nerve |
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Definition
1. Only nerve to exit the dorsal part of the brainstem
2. Only nerve to migrate to the contralateral side of the body after it exits the brain |
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Term
| What muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of movement does the superior oblique apply? |
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Definition
| Downward and inward movement of the eye (towards the nose) |
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Term
| What does the trigeminal nerve control? |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor information of the face |
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Term
| What are the names of the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve that supply sensory information? |
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Definition
1. Superorbital (superior, v1)
2. Maxillary (middle, v2)
3. Mandibular (inferior, v3) |
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Term
| What part of the face's sensation is not controlled by the trigeminal nerve and what controls it instead? |
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Definition
1. Angle of the jaw
2. Cervical branches |
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Term
| What are the 3 nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and what information do they process? |
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Definition
1. Mesecephalic - proprioceptive information
2. Spinal nucleus - pain and temperature
3. pontine nucleus - information regarding touch |
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Term
| What muscle does the abducens nerve innervate and what type of motion does it control? |
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Definition
1. lateral rectus
2. lateral eye movement (go figure...)
ex. right eye moving to the right... left eye moving to the left |
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Term
| What 2 main functions does the facial nerve serve? |
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Definition
1. Innervation of salivary glands (visceral function)
2. Innervates muscles of facial expression |
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Term
| What part of the body is innervated by both cerebral hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do CNS lesions not typically cause deafness? |
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Definition
| The vestibulocochlear nerve has both ipsilateral and contralateral components. Lesions to the PNS aspect of the nerve more commonly cause deafness. |
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Term
| What are the 3 parts of the vestibular system? |
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Definition
1. saccule canal
2. utricle canal
3. semicircular canal |
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Term
| What part of the brainstem are the vestibular nuclei located in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the typical symptom of lesions in the vestibular system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the glossopharyngeal nerve control and where is its nuclei? |
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Definition
1. Salivary glands, palate muscles, and taste on the back 1/3 of the tongue
2. Medulla |
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Term
| What are the major functions of the vagus nerve |
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Definition
1. Control of palate and uvula
2. Autonomic visceral function in the heart, lungs, and gut |
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Term
| What does the spinal accessory nerve control? |
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Definition
Innervation of the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscle.
Allows you to shrug your shoulders and turn head side to side |
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Term
| What does the hypoglassal nerve control and how can you tell if its malfunctioning? |
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Definition
1. Tongue
2. Trying to stick your tongue out will result in it going to the side |
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Term
| Explain how the pupillary light reflex works |
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Definition
| 3rd CN carries light information to the pretectal area where they synapse on the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which controls the pupillary constrictor |
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Term
| Describe the accomodation reflex |
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Definition
| The eyes turn inward for close objects or outward for farther ones. The ciliary muscle constricts or loosens around the lens. This varies refraction in the lens (loose ciliary muscle leads to thick lens, for close objects) |
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Term
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Definition
| Objects coming in contact with your eye cause sensation in the cornea, which cranial nerve V carries to the mid pons, triggering cranial nerve 7 to close the eye (via the obicularis oris) |
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