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| Is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world. seeing, taste, hearing,touch. |
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| brain interpreting information and forming images.What do we do with the information when we get that into our heads. The act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience. |
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| studies sensory- related matters.How individuals psychologically perceive physical stimuli. |
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| Action potential translated into something a neuron can understand.communication with a neuron. translating messages for the brain. translation of one energy into another. Transduction happens when cells in the retina change light waves to neural energy. |
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| Sensory limits: How strong must messages be? |
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| Threshold-lower limits, minimal amount of stimulation for us to detect. |
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| sensory adaption ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.Imagine that you were constantly aware of the sensations that bombard your sense organs, such as the air conditioner, clock, traffic.If you were constantly sensing all of this, you would suffer from sensory overload.our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. a process known is called sensory adaption. |
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| The lowest intensity level of a stimulus we can detect half of the time. the smallest to detect. |
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| candle flame detection at 30 miles on a clear night |
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| the tick of a watch under quiet conditions at 20 ft. |
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| one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water |
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| a drop of perfume diffused into the entire volume of the air in 3-6 room apartment. |
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| the wing of a fly falling on your check from a distance of 1 centimeter. |
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| difference threshold (jnd) just noticeable differences |
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| Difference threshold are also referred as just noticeable differences(jnd) because they involve the smallest difference that is noticeable. smallest differences between 2 stimuli.detected 50% of the time. |
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| a clear hard covering that protects the lens of the eye. Light enters into the eye at the cornea, a clear hard covering that protects the lens. It passes through liquid until it reaches a hole called the pupil. |
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| The opening in the iris through which light enters the eye. Light enters the interior of the eye through the pupil. |
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| The colored part of the eye, the iris adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye.the muscle that forms the colored part of the eye. |
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| The light then passes through the lens, which then bends the light rays.the structure that sits behind the pupil; it bends the light rays that enter the eye to focus images on the retina.held in place by the ciliary muscle. |
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| the process by which the muscles control the shape of the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances.contracts and stretches. |
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| the thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye.retina has rods and cones for receptors.seeing starts in the retina. houses sense receptors. |
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| gives color,higher the wave the brighter the color. |
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| amount of change needed for detection 50% of the time is always in direct proportion to intensity of original stimulus.webers law has to do with jnd's |
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| center of the retina,spot on the back of the retina. full of cones(sense receptors)If you look at something where you position your eyes the image you are looking at hits your fovea.highest concentration of cones in the retina;place of clearest vision. |
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| sensitivity to smell drops |
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| 70% within 1 min. 30% left of that detection of that smell |
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| when you first come into contact with a stimulus we notice it a lot. over time usually tends to fade |
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| action potential against translated into something a neuron can understand. translation of one energy to another. |
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| sense receptors go out through the back of your eye.has no rods or cones they are the axon of other neurons that picked up what the rods and cones are saying and sent that out in the back of the eye.transmits signals from the to the brain.composed of the axons of ganglion cells from the retina that carry visual information from the eye to the brain. |
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| to adjust differently if you are looking far away as opposed to close our eyes adjust to by changing the shape of the lens |
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| how high it is from the axis, how high it is has to do with how bright the color is. |
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| how many different colors there are in that wave. |
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| blue shortest 350nm, red longest 700nm |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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| light that comes from a very small part of the visual spectrum. |
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| when they are collecting information and talking to other kinds of neurons eventually talking to ganglion cells. |
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| where the optic nerves cross |
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| the part of your brain that has ganglion cells out the back of your eye, this part has no rods or cones. full of ganglion cell axons. you cant see anything there so they call it a blindspot |
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| they respond to very specific pieces of information. in the occipital lobe |
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| care about the width and orientation but they respond anywhere in there receptive field, if it is the right width orientation.in the occipital lobe |
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| built for daylight vision, they are the kind of receptor in your eye that work really good at detecting color cones red,green,blue. short and fat. very helpful in seeing.in the fovea visual acuity happening in the fovea. |
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| tall and skinny, rods come in one verity they can detect light not in fovea and good in peripheral vision. very helpful in seeing.plays a key role in night vision, responsive to dark and light contrast. |
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| looking at something,shape,color, this information gets processed in the temperol lobe across the side of head |
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| location, direction, where something is. the top of the head |
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| after 30 min. in the dark- level of sensitivity about 100,000 times greater than in bright light. we are not dark adapted we are light adapted people.adjustment to seeing in the dark-which reflects the rods at work. this process of adapting can take up to 30 min. rods are very sensitive, however, and sudden exposure to light can quickly cancel out there effectivness |
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| cones are very receptive,much quicker to adapting to light.a few sec. to min. for recovery from a dark room to light. |
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| 3 kinds of cones in the eye responding mostly to light in either, red, blue or green range wavelengths. (photoreceptor) |
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| two major sense receptors, also photoreceptor |
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| cones and rods in the retina that convert light energy into nerve energy |
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| the light that comes in and your perfect image is off and is not hitting the retina then this is called far sightedness. people who are born far sighted have short eyeballs.not enough space to adjust the perfect image is behind the retina. |
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| the perfect image is to be in front of the retina. best image is right on the retina. |
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| a symmetric cornea,not perfectly round. curve is not normal. will change how you see images |
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| cones-wavelengths determine colors seen, any color can be created from combinations of red,blue, and green |
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| complementary colors yellow and blue, red and green when one color is active the other color is enabled, prolonged staring causes ghostly afterimages in complementary colors, when starring at green and yellow flag for 15 sec.and quickly look away a split sec. you see red white and blue |
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| two kinds of color-processing mechanisms receiving messages from three kinds of cones-each mechanism responds in opposite ways corresponding to two pairs of complementary colors |
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| affects about 8% of males, 1% of females-partial color deficiency - difficulty distinguishing between two colors. red-green deficiency due to genetic defect- yellow-blue deficiency due to the absence of blue pigment in cones |
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| hearing sensing sound waves |
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| audition- detection of sounds-wave length (frequency)-pitch measured in hertz(hz)-amplitude-loudness height of the wave,loudness in decibels.intensity measured in decibels . prolonged exposure to over 85dc causes hearing loss. purity-timbre(quality of sound) |
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| wavelength gives us pitch 20-20,000(hz) |
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| absolute threshold of human hearing |
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| 20db,40db,60db,80db,85db,90db,100db,120db,180db |
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| whisper,quiet office, normal conversation,noisy automobile,hearing loss, city bus,subway,pain threshold loud thunder or rock concert,rocket launch. |
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| pinna or pinea external part of ear that collects sound-external auditory canal-connects outer and middle ear. |
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| ear drum vibrator,tympanic membrane-outer most structure of the middle ear-passes vibration to interconnected bones(hammer,anvil,and stirup |
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| we see rays that has been reflected off an object from a light source . light comes down and hits something then the reflection off the object is what hits our eyes and that is how we see. |
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| eardrum like structure at the end of the cochlea. |
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| eardrum like structure at other end of cochlea. |
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| basilar membrane- inner ear |
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| forms floor for ear's sensory receptors |
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| organ of corti- inner ear |
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| contains hairlike receptor cells |
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| the ability to see clearly-cones |
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| aids to depth perception that do not require two eyes |
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| aids to depth perception that rely on input from both eyes |
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| recognized that often we perceive wholes as more than merely the sum of their parts. gestalt is also german |
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| gestalt law that says we see points or lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path |
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| gestalt law that says we tend to group like objects together in visual perception |
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| gestalt law that says we tend to group objects together that are near one another |
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| the tendency to perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information |
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| gestalt notion concerns how we separate things into figure and ground, where the figure is the thing that stands in front of a somewhat unformed background. gestalt psychologist pointed out that we readily separate a figure from its background in order to perceive it. |
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