Term
|
Definition
| activities that modify the way sensory input is processed, high level thought mixed with low level thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the minimum magnitude of a stimulus that can be reliably discriminated from no stiumulus at all. |
|
|
Term
| psychophysical procedures |
|
Definition
| experimental techniques for measuring the relation between the physical magnitude of some stimulus and the resulting psychological response. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performance as a function of stimulus intensity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the smallest unit of ilght energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to measure jnd, defined to be some arbitrary level which to measure change from |
|
|
Term
| just noticeable difference (jnd) |
|
Definition
| the miniumu difference in stimulus magnitude necessary to tell two stimuli apart. Stimuli which is noticeable at 50% of the time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the constant of proportionality for jnd. if jnd for 20 candles is 1 candles, jnd for 100 candles is 5 (.05*20=1, .05*100=5, .05=weber fraction) |
|
|
Term
| suprathreshold conditions |
|
Definition
| conditions in which stimulus intensity is above threshold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychological magnitude(Ψ)=physical magnitude (Φ)^r, r=unique number that characterizes the function of each sensory modality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| standard way of understanding how errors are made in many diverse situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determined by the perceptual strength of the stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the observer is trying to detect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything in the environment irrelevant to what the observer is trying to detect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a response of correctly responding yes when a signal is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the response of incorrectly responding yes when only noise is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overall the proportion of hits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportion of false alarms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| correctly identifying that no signal is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incorrectly saying that a signal is not there when it is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how stimuli are transmitted from teh sensory receptors to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| translate physical energy into electrical signals that can make their way to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how strong the stimulus is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what the stimulus is like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spacing sequence of the electrical impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin layer of tissue at the back of the eyeball, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular opening whose diameter varies in response to the level of light present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cells designed for seeing at night, mainly on periphery of retina, connect to multiple ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor cells best for seeing during the day, grouped in fovea, 1cone/ganglion cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small region at the center of the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rods and cones send signal to bipolar cells, which is then sent on to ganglion cells, ganglion cells form optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in yhour ability to see in the dark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the absolute threshold decreses with the length of time the person is in darkness (hyberbolic curve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the eye's ability to resolve details |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acuity measured relative to a veiwer who does not need to wear glasses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to see differences in brightness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| your ability to see your favorite blue jacket as navy despite wide variations in the ambient lighting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the quality best described by the color's name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much light appears to be relfected from a colored surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a scheme for specifying colored surfaces by assigning them one of 10 hu names and 2 numbers, one indicating saturation and the other brightness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures an observer's inclination to see two physically different lights as having the same color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pair of such matching lights-that is, two lights with different physical makeups that papear identical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confuse some colors that people with normal vision(trichromats) can distinguish among |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| truly color blind and see only in shades of gray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| even though we can discriminate among many different colors there are only three types of receptors for color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 types of receptors, blue-yellow, red-green, w-blk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a graph of air pressure as a function of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of cycles per second-pitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a sound is low or high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between the peak and the trough in a pressure versus time graph-loudness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how intense a sound appears to be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| logarithmic scale of loudness |
|
|
Term
| final aspect of sound, timbre |
|
Definition
| our experience of the complexity of a sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the external ear (or pinna) along with the auditory canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the eardrum and a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus and stapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outermost part of the middle ear, vibrates by sound waves funneled to it through the auditory canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gateway to the inner ear and the receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical bridge made up of 3 bones which transmit sound waves from eardrum to inner ear. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coiled tube of bone, split into 3 sections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports the auditory receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hairlike structures that extend into the fluid of the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pitch depends on how sound varies with time, 1000 hertz tone causes basilar membrane to vibrate 1000times per second which causes 1000 nerve impulses per second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a soudn of a particular frequency reverberates over a mathematically matched distance |
|
|
Term
| place theory of pitch perception |
|
Definition
| each specific place along the basilar membrane will lead to a particular pitch sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that float throught he air to be sniffed by other members of the species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the recpetors in the nasal passage certain regions of the brain, and interconnecting neural pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a region ofthe the brain that lies just below the frontal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inside of temporal lobe, final destintation of smell signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loacted on the tongue throat and roof of mouth, sweet, salt, sour bitter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can recognize a change in pressure on body, more receptors=more sense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cold receptors notice when temperature goes down, or very high, warm receptors recognize temperature going up, jnd of .4degrees rising temperature, or .15 degrees decrease in temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the kind of pain we feel immediately upon suffering an injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dull and long lasting pain |
|
|
Term
| gate control theory of pain |
|
Definition
| the senstaiton of pain requires not only that pain receptors on the skin be active but also that a "neural gate" in the spinal cord be open and allow the signals from the pain receptors to pass to the brain (the gate closes when critical fibers in the spinal cord are activated) |
|
|
Term
| periaqueductal gray (pag) |
|
Definition
| neurons in the pag are connected to other neurons that inhibit cells that would normally carry the pain signals arising in the pain receptors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| written or spoken words or hieroglyphics |
|
|
Term
| theory of ecological optics |
|
Definition
| the information from the environment or more specifically it's two dimensional represetnation on our retina is all that is really necessary to live a normal life |
|
|
Term
| modlel of the environment |
|
Definition
| a representation of the world within our brains that we use to consciously perceive make decisions and behave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brief periods during which the eyes are relatively stationary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| quick jumps of the yee from one place to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapt attention on a weapon in the scene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a directing stimulus such as a small arrow that directs the subject to attend either to the left or to the right |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it can move within a modality such as from one visual stimulus to another or between modalitites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repeating back one auditory message |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the object of interest which appear more solid than the ground and appear in front of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the region that appears to be behind the figure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the vertical distance between dots is reduced columns will most likely be seen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| different kinds of visual information that, logicially or mathematically provide information about some object's depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference in the views seen by each eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if an image contains an array of similar objects that differ in size the viewer interprets the smaller objects as being farther away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if one object is positioned so that it obstructs the view of the other the viewer perceives the overlapping object as being nearer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| among similar objects those that appear closer to the horizon are perceived as being farther away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when parallel lines in a schene appear to converge in the image they are perceived as vanishing in the distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the configuration of shading and shadows provides informaiton about an object's depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the different speeds of two objects can be a depth cue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced most simply by flashing a light in darkness and then a few milliseconds later flashing another light near the location of the first light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a loss in sensitivity to motion that occurs when we view motion; the adaptation is selective in that we lose sensitivity to the motion viewed and to similar motions, but not to motion that differs signifcantly in direction or speed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how activity in different parts of the brain corresponding to different primitives such as color and shape are combined into a coherent perception of an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an incorrect combination of two separate attributes of an object |
|
|
Term
| feature integration theory |
|
Definition
| a cornerstone of understanding object perception that was initially proposed by anne treisman, primitive features are "glued" together to make a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| qualitites such as shape and color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observers task is to determine whether some target object is present in a cluttered display |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instead of an ealry hardwired system sensitive to a small number of visual primitives there is a malleable system whose components cna be quickly reconfigurred to perform different tasks at different times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond when the eye is exposed to a line stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also responds to a bar or edge in a particular orientation but does not require that the stimulus be at a particular place within it's receptive field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require not only that the stimulus be in a partricular orientation but also that it be of a particular length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| owe their existence to the configuration of other features |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| letters are described in terms of certain features and that knowledge about what features go with what lettter is contained in a network of connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the feature is activeated and the activation spreads to the letter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has everything the original network had plus inhibitory connections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between features and letters that do not contain those features |
|
|
Term
| top down feedback connections |
|
Definition
| connections that go from the higher levels to the lower levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| features of objects include a number of geometric forms such as arcs cylinders, cones, blocks and wedges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| driven solely by the input, the raw sensory data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| driven by a person's kowledge experience attention and expectations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| general term for breakdowns of recognition resulting from brain damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patients with damage to temporal lobe regions have difficulty recognizing objects only when they are presented visually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of reducing the vast amount of informaiton that comes in from the physical world through our senses to a more manageable set of categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a listing of all the informaiton necessary to competely reproduce th object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brains ability to maintain a perception of the underlying physical characterisitics of an object such as shape size or color even when the sensory manifestations of these objects change drastically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the light reflecte off an object that reaches your eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| light coming from the source |
|
|
Term
| reflectance characteristic |
|
Definition
| determines how an object reflects some wavelengths more than others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results from conflicting auditory and visual informaiton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the perceptual feautres of an object such as it's location in space it's shape it's color is responsible for selecting one object among many on the basis of the features associated with that object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| designed to control when and how features will be used for selection |
|
|
