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| The minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a reliable sensory experience; operationally defined as the stimulus level at which a sensory signal is detected half the time. |
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| An assertion that the size of a difference threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus. |
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| The smallest seperation between two stimuli that is felt as two distinct units |
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| The physical property of stregnth of the sound wave |
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| How sounds and light waves are measured. The peak of a wave is known as the crest, while the low dip of the wave is known as the trough. Wavelength is determined by measuring the distance between each crest. |
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| A state of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information. |
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| a matter of making assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, based on previous experiences |
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| The domain of the psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses. |
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| Perceptual processes in which information from an individual's past experience, knowledge, expectations, motivations, and background influence the way a perceived object is interpreted and classified. |
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| A membrane in the cochlea that, when set into motion, stimulates hair cells that produce the neural effects of auditory stimulation. |
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| Transformation of one form of energy into another; for example, light is transformed into neutral impulses. |
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| We can see depth because of retinal disparity and convergence |
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| Energy (pressure) required for receptor to fire (relates to sensitivity) |
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| The dimension of auditory sensation that reflects the complexity of a sound wave. |
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| One sees different images out of each eye because each eye is located at a different vantage point |
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| Point of view influenced by biases, prejudices, and expectations. |
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| The part of the retina where the nerve leaves the eye, and therefore contains no receptor cells |
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| Perceptual analyses based on the sensory data available in the enviornment; results of analysis are passed upward toward more abstract representations |
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| Vibrational energy pushing molecules back and forth. *Sound cannot be produced in a vacuum because there are no air molecules to push |
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| The dimensions of color space that captures the intensity of light |
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| The Brightness of a color is influenced by the brightness of the colors surrounding it |
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| The inability to distinguish between either red and green light or yellow and blue light |
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| The ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal image |
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| After looking at any color long enough if one looks at a white surface one will see the compliment of the original color |
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| The ability to perceive the true shape of an object despite variations in the size of the retinal image. |
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| weakest pressure that can be felt |
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| Wavelegnths that appear directly across from eachother on the color circle (Yellow-Blue, Red-Green) |
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| The dimension of color space that captures the purity and vividness of color sensations |
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| Photoreceptors concentrated in the border of the retina that are most active in the dim illumination; rods do not produce sensation of color. |
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| Cells which have a "favorite" orientation, but also require that the bar of light be moving |
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| Cells which respond most strongly to bars of light in their "favorite" orientation |
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| Photoreceptors concentrated in the center of the retina that are responsible fore visual experience under normal viewing conditions for all experiences of color. |
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| The area of the visual field to which a neuron in the visual system responds. |
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| The region of the occipital lobes in which visual information is processed |
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| structure that receives signal |
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| The gradual improvement of the eyes' sensitivity after a shift in illumination from light to near darkness |
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| Study of the relationship between physical stimuli and the behavior or mental experiences the stimuli evoke. |
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| The view that knowledge comes through sensual perception |
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| The optical image on the retina; contrasted with the distal stimulus (the physical object in the world) |
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| The theory that different frequency tones produce maximum activation at different locations along the basilar membrane, with the result that pitch can be coded by the place at which activation occurs. |
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| Area of the retina that contains densely packed cones and forms the points of sharpest vision |
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| Sound quality of highness or lowness; primarily dependent on the frequency of the sound wave. |
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| Receptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light. |
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| The rate of vibration of the basilar membrane (measured in Hertz) |
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| Contrasting view to empiricism (human development due to experience)-- proposed by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argues that nature/ the evolutionary legacy that each child brings into the world, is the mold that shapes development. |
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| The demension of color space that captures the qualitatiave experience of the color of light |
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| An experience of a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect but shared by others in the same perceptual enviornment. |
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| When an opaque object blocks out part of a second object, indicating that the partially blocked object is further away than the blocking object |
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| Focuses light by changing shape; thins to focus on distant objects/ thickens to focus on near objects. |
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People group together the most similar elements. Example:
XXXXX
XOOOX
XOOOX
XXXXX
You see a square of O's against X's rather than columns of mixed X's and O's |
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| Just Noticable Difference |
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| The smallest difference between two sensations that allows them to be discriminated |
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People group together the nearest elements
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| The capacity for an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors |
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| People experience lines as continuous even when they are interrupted. Example: arrow through heart is seen rather than a design with three separate pieces. |
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| Range of bodily activities that rarely impinge on consciousness. Example: regulation of blood pressure. Sometimes you can exercise conscious control (such as over pattern of breathing.) |
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| According to Opponent-process theory, all color experiences arise from three underlying syrstems: red versus green, blue versus yellow, or black (no color) versus white (all colors). |
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| A visual illusion where spatially seperate fragments are percieved to be whole |
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