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Sensation
Chapter 5
66
Psychology
12th Grade
11/17/2009

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Term
Psychophysics
Definition
the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (such as their intensity) and our psychological experience of them
Term
Gustav Fechner
Definition
Responsible for the creation of psychophysics
Term
Sensation
Definition
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
Term
Perception
Definition
Enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Selection and organization of sensations. 
Term
bottom-up processing
Definition
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information 
Term
top-down processing
Definition
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations 
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time
Term

Signal detection theory

 

Hit, miss, false positive

Definition

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus "signal" amid background stimulation "noise." Assume there is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. 

 

Predicts when we will detect weak signals, measure as our ratio of A:B:C

Term
Subliminal
Definition
below one's threshold for conscious awareness
Term
Priming
Definition
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response 
Term
Difference threshold (JND) 
Definition
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. Increases with the magnitude of the stimulus
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
Irregardless of magnitude, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion 
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
Our diminishing sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation  (because nerve cells fire less frequently) 
Term
transduction
Definition
Transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret
Term
wavelength
Definition
distance from peak to peak. determines hue
Term
hue
Definition
dimension of color that is determined by wavelength
Term
intensity
Definition
amount of energy in a light or sound wave
Term
pupil
Definition
adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
Term
cornea
Definition
protects the eye and bends the light to provide focus
Term
iris
Definition
ring of muscle tissue around the pupil that controls size. Each is unique, which is kind of cool
Term
lens
Definition
Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
Term
accomodation
Definition
Changing of shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
Term
retina
Definition
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual info
Term
acuity
Definition
sharpness of vision
Term
nearsightedness 
Definition
distant objects focus in front of the retina
Term
farsightedness
Definition
near objects focus behind the retina
Term
photoreceptors 
Definition
Get light
Term
rods
Definition
Retinal receptor that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision
Term
cones
Definition
retinal receptors located near the center of the retina that function in well-lit situations' detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Term
bipolar cells
Definition
First addressees for neural signals
Term
ganglion cells 
Definition
activated by bipolar cells; second receivers for neural signals. Have axons that converge to form the optic nerve
Term
optic nerve
Definition
Carries neural impulses to the brain; millions of ganglion fibers and can send one million messages at once
Term
optic chiasm 
Definition
Where optic nerves cross to go to different hemispheres
Term
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
Definition
Part of the thalamus, where the optic nerve connects
Term
blind spot
Definition
Point at which optic nerve leaves the eye. Has no receptor cells
Term
fovea
Definition
central focus point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Term
feature detectors
Definition
nerve cells in the brain that respond to certain features of the stimulus 
Term
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel 
Definition
Responsible for the discovery of feature detectors. For example, temporal lobe behind right ear allows you to perceive faces
Term
parallel processing
Definition
Processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously. Neurons synchronize activity, create gamma rays 
Term
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
Definition
Three different color receptors (red green bloo) 
Term
opponent-process theory
Definition
opposing retinal processes enable color vision
Term
color constancy
Definition
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if wavelength changes 
Term
audition
Definition
the sense or act of hearing
Term
frequency
Definition
Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time 
Term
pitch
Definition
Tone's experienced highness or lowness
Term
decibels
Definition

Unit measurement of sound's loudness. 10-dB increase= tenfold increase in sound

 

DON'T GO OVER 85 

Term
middle ear
Definition
Contains hammer, anvil, stirrup; concentrates vibrations of eardrum on cochlea
Term
cochlea
Definition
Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
Term
inner ear
Definition
The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
Term
organ of Corti
Definition
Part of the cochlea that hair cells are directly connected to
Term
place theory
Definition

The pitch we hear connected with place where cochlear membrane is stimulated 

 

High frequencies- beginning of membrane

Low- end of membrane

Term
frequency theory
Definition
rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense pitch.
Term
sound localization
Definition
Being able to detect where sounds come from through use of auditory system 
Term
conduction hearing loss
Definition
Caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Term
sensorineural hearing loss
Definition
damage to cochlear receptor cells or to the auditory nerves
Term
cochlear implant
Definition
Converts sounds into electrical signals, stimulates auditory nerve
Term
gate-control theory
Definition
The spinal cord creates a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. "Gate" opened by activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in large fibers or by info coming from the brain. 
Term
cutaneous receptors 
Definition
sensory receptors found in dermis or epidermis. Detect pressure, warmth, cold, pain
Term
sensory interaction 
Definition
One sense may influence another
Term
olfaction
Definition
Fancy word for "smell"
Term
gustation 
Definition
fancy word for "taste"
Term
UMAMI
Definition
meaty, savory taste
Term
papillae 
Definition
contain the taste buds 
Term
kinesthesis 
Definition
System for sensing position and movement of individual body parts 
Term
vestibular sense
Definition
Sense of body position and movement, including the sense of balance
Term
synesthesia 
Definition
blending of the senses
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