Term
| What happens to the sound when a tree falls in a forest? |
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Definition
Physical definition: yes, there is sound
Perceptual definition: no sound |
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| Do you remember the speed of sound through air? |
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Definition
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| Pure tone... created by what? amplitude? frequency? |
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Definition
created by a SINE wave
amplitude: difference in pressure between high and low peaks of a wave
frequency: number of cycles within given period |
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| the repetition rate and is called the first harmonic |
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| Periodic complex tones consist of a number of pure tones called ... |
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| Pitch is associated to the physical property of... |
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Definition
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Definition
Associate to the physical property of frequency
attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a musical scale |
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Definition
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| What are the parts of the outer ear? list them |
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Definition
1. pinea
2. auditory canal
3. eardrum |
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Term
| what are the parts of the middle ear? |
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Definition
mallus/hammer
anvil/incus
stirrup/stapes
oval window |
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Term
| outer ear and inner air are filled with... |
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Definition
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| inner ear is ffilled with... |
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Definition
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Definition
| amplify the vibration for better transmission to the fluid. |
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Term
| middle ear muscles do what? |
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Definition
| dampen the ossicles’ vibrations to protect the inner ear from potentially damaging stimuli. |
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Term
| what kind of fluid is in th einner ear? |
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Definition
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Term
| cochlear implant (CI) makes use of WHAT in the cochlea? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An orderly map of frequencies along the length of the cochlea |
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Definition
| responds best to low frequencies |
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Term
| base of cochlea responds best to... |
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Definition
| responds best to high frequencies |
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Term
| ome members of the deaf community are reluctant to CI, why |
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Definition
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Definition
| surrounds an observer and exists wherever there is sound |
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Term
| where can people localize sound the besT? the worst? |
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Definition
Directly in front of them most accurately
To the sides and behind their heads least accurately. |
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Term
| Interaural time difference (ITD) |
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Definition
difference between the times sounds reach the two ears
When distance to each ear is the same, there are no differences in time.
When the source is to the side of the observer, the times will differ. |
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Term
| Interaural level difference (ILD |
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Definition
difference in sound pressure level reaching the two ears
Reduction in intensity occurs for high frequency sounds for the far ear. |
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Term
| three axis of sound localization |
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Definition
1. Azimuth coordinates - position left to right
2. Elevation coordinates - position up and down
3. Distance coordinates - position from observer |
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| smallest unit of speech that changes meaning of a word |
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Term
| Keep in mind that speech recognition in computers is worse than human speech recognition |
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Definition
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Term
| What could spectrograms of sentences show? |
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Definition
| phonemoneS? vowels and consenants? |
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Term
| problems of variability can be demonstrated by |
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Definition
pitch difference, different accents, and/or
the speed of the speakers. |
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Term
| Remember that the McGurk experiment shows the effect of |
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Definition
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Term
| timing of Rubin et al. 1976, experiment |
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Definition
| On average, listeners were faster with words (580 ms) than non-words (631 ms). |
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Term
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Definition
individuals have damage in Broca’s area in frontal lobe
Labored and stilted speech and short sentences but they understand others |
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Term
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Definition
individuals have damage in Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe
Speak fluently but the content is disorganized and not meaningful
They also have difficulty understanding others and word deafness may occur in extreme cases. |
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Term
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Definition
Listeners were to indicate when a word was new in a sequence of words.
Results showed that they were much faster if the same speaker was used for all the words. |
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Term
| . Identify the role of the “what” (ventral) and “where” (dorsal) streams in sound. |
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Definition
What, or ventral stream, starts in the anterior portion of the core and belt and extends to the prefrontal cortex.
It is responsible for identifying sounds.
Where, or dorsal stream, starts in the posterior core and belt and extends to the parietal and prefrontal cortices.
It is responsible for locating sounds. |
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Term
| Review the Japanese/American study for sound perception |
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Definition
Six-month-old Japanese children can tell the difference between the /r/ and /l/ used in American English just as well as American children can.
by 12 months, Japanese children can no longer do this. |
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Term
| . The somatosensory system is comprised of |
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Definition
cutaneous sensations, proprioception, and
kinesthesis. |
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Term
| . The function of the skin is to.. |
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Definition
warn us us of possible injury, prevent body fluids from
escaping and protecting the organism from bacteria and chemical agents. |
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Term
| Meissner receptor: Role, type, location |
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Definition
Role: on/off continuous firing with touch; CONTROLS HAND GRIP
Type: RA
location: II |
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Term
| Merkel receptor: Role, type, location |
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Definition
Role: fires to continuous pressure; SENSING FINE DETAILS
type: RA
Location: I |
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Term
| Ruffini Cylinders: Role, type, location |
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Definition
Role: continous firing, pressure; STRETCHING OF SKIN
type: SA
location: II |
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Term
| pacinian capsule: Role, type, location |
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Definition
Role: VIBRATIONS, FINE TEXTURE
type: RA
Location: II |
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Definition
| large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information |
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Term
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Definition
small fibers that carry temperature and pain information
contralateral |
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Term
Penfield mapped locations of body parts on area S1 by electrical stimulation of the
brain. He is at the origin of the homunculus (somatosensory cortex representation). It also
shows cortical magnification |
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Definition
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Term
| to measure tactile acuity, two-point threshold and gratings are used |
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Definition
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Term
| jenkins 1987 - spatial density |
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Definition
Increasing stimulation of a specific area of the skin causes
Plasticity in neural functioning leads to multiple homunculi and changes in how cortical cells are allocated to body parts. |
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Term
| ____ receptors are densely packed on the fingertips - similar to cones in the fovea |
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Definition
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Term
| Research by Hollins and coworkers (from 2000) shows |
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Definition
| move fingers across service to deterct texture differences |
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Term
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Definition
the active exploration of 3-D objects with the hand.
It uses three distinct systems
Sensory system
Motor system
Cognitive system |
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