Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to fix hyperopia, lessen the need for accomadation
adding more accomedation for the lense
Spherical correction, uniform
Positive diocters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Myopia
diverging the light right away.
Getting the focal point further back
diverging lense
negative diopter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a unit of measurement of the optical power of a lens or curved mirror, which is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length measured in metres
positive= hyperopia
negative= myopia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
too long of an eyeball
can see with close up relaxed and accomodated, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to accommodate change in near point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at 20 ft can read what an emmetrope can read at 20 ft |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20/200 or worse in better eye after correction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum stimulus intensity (energy) needed to detect a physical stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minimum change in stimulus intensity required to produce a just noticeable difference 9JND) between two stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceptions above threshold |
|
|
Term
| method of constant stimuli |
|
Definition
| the levels of a certain property of the stimulus are not related from one trial to the next, but presented randomly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus is gradually increased until the participant reports that they are aware of it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| he subject to control the level of the stimulus, instructs them to alter it until it is just barely detectable against the background noise, or is the same as the level of another stimulus. This is repeated many times. |
|
|
Term
| between 25% and 75%, constant stimuli |
|
Definition
| Between those two is the interval of uncertainty |
|
|
Term
| 3 magnitude estimation and steven's power law |
|
Definition
response compression, n=less than 1
linear, n= 1
response expansion, n= 2 |
|
|
Term
| psychophysical linking hypothesis |
|
Definition
Look for neural patterns and perception responses
psychophysical observations to test hypothesis about physiological mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
innate perceptions, sensations alone are incomplete
plato |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only source of knowledge is through experience
locke- tablu rasa
berkeley- to be is to be percieved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descartes- interactionism, localization of the mind in pineal gland
Leibniz- psychophysical parallelism- 2 separate mental physical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Far sightedness/ short eyeball, too flat of cornea,
have to accomate for far image, and when things are nearer they still have to accomdate more
fix with a convex lense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hobbes- materialist
spinoza: double-aspect monism- we have two different parts, but all in the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensation: elementary building blocks of perception
perception: summation of sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
we know more
a dominate system, used for conflicting information
more dedicated brain matter
easily decieved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| almost had it right on the sense, obsessed with 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vision
audition
somatosensory senses
vesitibular system
chemical senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
democritus- atmoic theory+atomic shape = taste
shape of molecule determines taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relationship between stimulus and perception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relationship between stimulus and neural process |
|
|
Term
| Practical reasons to study sensation |
|
Definition
hearing loss from work
advertising
heading loss
driving
non-humans sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell are sensitive to one stimulus level, no matter how much energy |
|
|
Term
| what happens when there is no sheath? |
|
Definition
| the travel of the electrical signal is slow down the axon |
|
|
Term
| When in fall below the resting potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative
potassium leaving the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a change in a cell's membrane potential, making it more positive, or less negative.
increase of sodium entering the cell
In neurons and some other cells, a large enough depolarization may result in an action potential. |
|
|
Term
| action potential: no stimulus |
|
Definition
lots of sodium and cholride extracellular
lots of potassium intracellular |
|
|
Term
| action potential: stimulus process |
|
Definition
Voltage gated channels and pump/channels
pump sodium in, When it reached its peak, the channels close
Next, potassium is pumped out to make things more negative
Once it reaches resting potential, the pump closes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Myelin forces the sodium ions to move down because they leak out |
|
|
Term
| absolute refractory period |
|
Definition
| the interval during which a second action potential absolutely cannot be initiated, no matter how large a stimulus is applied. |
|
|
Term
| relative refractory period |
|
Definition
| the interval immediately following during which initiation of a second action potential is inhibited but not impossible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vesicles are filled with neurotransmitter, calcium signals a release by channels letting calcium in. Vesicles go to the membrane and release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Calcium channels
Voltage gated channels |
|
|
Term
Distinguishing action potentials
How do you tell the difference between the AP from olfactory, vision, taste? |
|
Definition
All action potentials look the same, no matter where it is coming from
Each sensory system has its own set of neurons
Cells respond to the proper stimuli, connected to their own set of neurons (like what joanna mule said) |
|
|
Term
| Across-Fiber Pattern vs. Specificity (where do these happen) |
|
Definition
Different types and patterns of neural firing is what differentiates sensation/location
In the lower levels/eye: Across-fiber
In the brain: Specificity Theory |
|
|
Term
| light above and below the visual spectrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| length and height of the wavelength |
|
Definition
peak to peak is wavelength, long wavelength is low
height = intensity/amplitutde |
|
|
Term
| Why is Light a Good Visual Stimulus? |
|
Definition
1. travels rapidly
2. travels in straight lines
3. Plenty of energy
4. interacts well with surfaces |
|
|
Term
| front vs lateral placement |
|
Definition
Frontal placement gives overlapping information from visual fields, gives depth perception
Lateral placement, littler overlap, see the animals behind them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Orbit- a layer of fat protecting the eye
Eyelids- protection distribute tears across the eyes
Tears- cleaning, Lubrication to protect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starving the cornea of nutrients with too much wearing of contacts, leading to vacularization of the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory or infective condition of the cornea involving disruption of its epithelial layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a medical condition involving the loss of the surface epithelial layer of the eye's cornea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contract, pull open the pupil
senile miosis- can't dilate that much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can't dilate that much
things get dimmer
worse in low light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Yellowing of the lense in aging
From UV radation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
UV related, other things could cause it
Clouding of the lense
Cataracts are inevitable
Cut into cornea and place a new lense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The reason the pit is there all extra cells are pushed the side, easy access to the photo receptors
Ganglion cells are first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A little filter in front of the foveal pit
Yellow color filter,
helps block out lower wavelength light which tends to be more scatter increasing acuity even further, cutting down on the scattering blue light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the location where ganglion cell axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve.
There are no light sensitive rods or cones to respond to a light stimulus at this point.
This causes a break in the visual field called "the blind spot" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused my too much pressure from the aquieous humor in the anterior chamber
optic nerve damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The choroid circulation: behind the photoreceptors
The retinal circulation: blood supply to the retina from the optic disk, but avoid the the macula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Clouding in the middle of the vision
Right over the fovea
Damage to the fovea comes next
aging of the pigment epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High blood pressure, bursting of blood vessels |
|
|
Term
Requirements for normal vision
(3) |
|
Definition
1. intense light
2. focused light
3. preservation of spatial structure |
|
|
Term
index of refraction
n= 1
n= from lower to higher refraction
n= higher to lower index |
|
Definition
direction of light
speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in medium
n=1 no converging or diverging,
n= from lower to higher refraction, the light is converging in
lower index, the light is diverging |
|
|
Term
| higher refractory number... |
|
Definition
| The larger the number, the slower it goes |
|
|
Term
| Lens & Accommodation: Distant Object |
|
Definition
Lense is flat and relaxed
Zonule fibers |
|
|
Term
| Lens & Accommodation: close point |
|
Definition
Ciliary muscle
accomodated |
|
|
Term
| lens properties: change in focal length |
|
Definition
| closer the object focal point the longer the focal length behind the lense |
|
|
Term
| object vs. The retinal image |
|
Definition
| Vertical and horizontal flip onto the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much space on your retina |
|
|
Term
| Effect of object size/distance on visual angle |
|
Definition
Smaller object object smaller visual angle
The further the object, use less visual angle on the retina |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for Sharp Image |
|
Definition
1. Optical power of lens & cornea
Shape of the cornea
Accomading gappropriately
2. Size of eyeball
Longer or shorter eyeballs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| farthest point one can see with a relaxed lens and without any correction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closest point one can see with an accommodated lens and without any correction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normal vision
relaxed vision- relaxed lense
near object- accomodated lense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high rate of hertibaility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The lenses lose ability to accomadate
Lense stiffness
Accommodating brings the focal point in, as you age the focal point lands behind the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flat areas on the cornea lens, light focusing in different areas
Cylindrical Correction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how well someone at 20 feet can/how close you can see |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If you have no streak, fills the pupil, then emmatriop
If you have a streak and the scope moves in one direction and the light moves in different direction you are a myop
If they move the same, you’re a hyop |
|
|
Term
| name the three parts of the rod and cone |
|
Definition
1. outer or innersegment
2. cell body
3. receptor terminal: spherical(rod) and pedicle (cone) |
|
|
Term
| what is released from the photorecptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
needed for pigment
cornea movement to the fovea
infants and albinos lack this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for the peak luminance sensitivity of the human eye to shift toward the blue end of the color spectrum at low illumination levels. |
|
|
Term
photopigment components and function
and form |
|
Definition
retinal- light sensitive
opsin- selecting light sensitive
rhodopsin = for rods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light strikes photopigment
photopigment absorbs light
isomerization
transduction |
|
|
Term
| isomerization, what happens |
|
Definition
11-CIS Retinal (bent)to a
ALL-Tras Retinal (straight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depolarized
sodium channels are open
in a positive state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the light activation of the rhodospin leads to activation of the g protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| g-protein activate cGMP phsophodiesterase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PDE hydrolyzes cGMP reducing its concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closing of the Na channels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It consists of measuring the small fraction of light that is reflected by the pigment epithelium of the retina before and after bleaching with a bright source of light
takes rods longer to adapt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rod/scotopic - night vision
cones/photopic - they like long wavelengths of light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
desensitize a few select receptors
desensitize 2 cones to study the third |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
present the color for a long time
then present wavelength of light into the fovea
see a peak |
|
|
Term
| principle of univariance tells us what? |
|
Definition
an individual receptor tells the amount of light, not wavelength
you need more than one pigment or cone to perceive color |
|
|
