Term
| taste, touch, smell, vision, audition |
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Definition
| _____ and ____ are proximal senses, ______ is a distal sense, ____ and _____ are both proximal and distal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Audition operates by ______ changes occurring in our ears coming from surrounding _______ (e.g., water or air) |
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Definition
| ______ mediums propagate pressure changes more rapidly. |
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Definition
| The rumble of thunder is made up of ____ frequencies, the crack of thunder is made up of _____ frequencies. |
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Definition
| Best place to put a soundsystem is on the ______ of a room so that you are in the middle and hear all of the sound ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| In sound systems: _____ --> high frequency, _____ --> low frequency |
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Definition
| It's not important where you put this part of the soundsystem because it's all low frequencies |
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Definition
| You can pinpoint where ____ frequencies come from, but can't with _____ frequencies |
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Definition
| these animals speak in low frequencies because predators can't locate where they are if they do |
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Definition
| Predators evolve to be able to listen for sounds in the _____ range of their prey |
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Term
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Definition
| Cats ears move because the canal has to absorb the sounds rather than the ______ along the side |
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Term
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Definition
Psychophysical correlates:
Wavelength --> _______
_______ --> loudness
Complexity --> _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| this property of sound is not associated with loudness but with the "bigness" of a sound; ex, cello, baritone horn |
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Definition
| property of sound that goes in opposite direction of volume, when volume is increased this is decreased |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal that can control the flexibility of it ________ is likely living in a high frequency environment, it has evolved this ability to ______ prey emitting high frequency noise (ie: cat, dog) |
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Definition
| Size of an animal also moderates its frequency ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Divers start experiencing discomfort in their ears due to _______ imbalances at about 10-12 ft |
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Term
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Definition
| Chewing gum helps alleviate discomfort by opening the ______ tube |
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Term
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Definition
| this is when you hold your nose and breath to inflate the tympanic membrane |
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Term
| incus, malleus, and stapes |
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Definition
| These are the three tiny bones in the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| Two muscles border the middle ear bones, making it harder for a sound to cause their ________; this is a protective maneuver |
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Term
| fluid, hair, Corti, basilar |
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Definition
| Inner ear is ____-filled cavity, _____ cells reside on the organ of ______, which is on the ______ membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| When you compress the ____ window the fluid is compressed and the round window pushes out. This is similar to the way _____ work; if air enters then your brakes won't work and moisture will also cause them to fail because water boils before the fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ form in the cochlear fluid due to pressure against the oval window, the hair cells receive the _________. |
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Definition
| theory states that the ear acts like a microphone; firing just once per sound. Can't fully explain because we can hear up to 20,000 Hz a second but our nerve fibers can only transmit up to 400 Hz in an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| compare to musketeers, each one would fire as the others reloaded to form a volley; in the auditory domain, this would be compared to fibers firing once after another and summing together |
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Term
| Place theory - von Bekesy |
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Definition
| pitch that you hear is not due to the rate of jiggling or specific frequency but rather the area of the basilar membrane that is maximally stimulated |
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Term
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Definition
| According to place theory, ____ freq. stimulates areas closer to the entrance and _____ freq. stimulates areas closer to the helocotrema |
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Term
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Definition
| Our auditory system is decidedly _________. You are so sensitive to sound in the area between 2,000 and 4,000 Hz that if you were any more sensitive you would be able to hear ______ motion (molecules colliding) |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ boosts in boom boxes help to compensate for hte lack of sensitivity in the ____ range |
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Term
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Definition
| When you listen to music you typically only hear the ___-ranges (ie: human voice) |
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Term
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Definition
| In music performance, when musicians play softly then the range of frequencies is _______ |
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Definition
| When you have a low frequency and you play it loud it sounds _____ than when you play it soft, same with high frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a visual representation of frequencies vs. psychological impact. Sounds will be more distinct in hi than low frequencies (thus, flutes are often used to make distinctions) |
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Term
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Definition
| these have hair cells like the cochlea but if they are pressed it induces movement (nausea) rather than noise |
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Definition
| Good auditory systems (stereos, etc) do not have ______ buttons because they automatically adjust sound |
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Term
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Definition
| If you want to hear the ____ of a sound (ie: all the different frequencies, it must be played loud). If you want melody to be more _____, you highlight a lower pitched instrument and vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| You need to microphones and speakers/players to get that feeling of ________ and richness of sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| These cues include the fact that sounds are louder when they are closer and the phenomenon of doppler shifts |
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Term
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Definition
| a binaural cue, huge for high frequencies but negligible for low frequencies; means you can accurately locate the source of high freq |
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Term
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Definition
| a binaural cue, one ear receives the frequency before the other |
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Term
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Definition
| these are more important for ____ frequencies because you're more likely to end up having the ears hear different parts (ie: peaks vs. troughs) |
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Term
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Definition
| in phase is another way of saying ___ degree phase lag or ___ degree phase lag; _____ degree phase lag is the most out of phase you can get and is used by noise ________ devices. |
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Term
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Definition
| did most of his work on the little brown bat and found out much about them, developing neurophysiology roles |
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Term
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Definition
| Bats use ____ whereby they send out a high freq sound and listen for the _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| You can hear more detail when you have ____ frequency hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simmons did behavioral work with bats and was able to show what was going on in the brain through _____ (not physiology) |
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Term
| cross-correlation, auto-correlation |
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Definition
| _________: comparing signal that goes out with the one that comes back; this is opposed to _______: comparing signal with itself |
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Term
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Definition
| Bat detects _____ to localize prey by comparing the signal with echo; can tell distance, type of insect, shape, and many other details |
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Term
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Definition
| Bats use ____ avoidance when hunting together by operating on slightly different ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a pendelum swings toward the bat then it will raise its frequency to match the shift and vice versa when it is swinging away. This illustrates the bat's compensation for _______ |
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Term
| We often attribute sounds to different sources that they aren't actually linked to |
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Definition
| What illusion is used in ventrilloquism? |
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Term
| high give better spatial resolution (more precise) |
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Definition
| Why do bats use high frequencies instead of low? |
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Term
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Definition
| Auditory system is predisposed to _______ rather than ________; coherence |
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Term
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Definition
| Critical information in speech in based on ________, an important part of which is consonants |
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Term
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Definition
| these have frequency moderate shifts based on ordering of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| can occur forward and backward, one sound blocks another |
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Term
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Definition
| you can do this to a tone but still make it out |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing loss that occurs due to age |
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Term
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Definition
| You can ______ where a stimulus is coming from using parts of your body responding to touch |
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Term
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Definition
| Depending on ____ between two points, you can judge whether touch is one pt. or two |
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Term
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Definition
| When you move your hand over a surface you obtain frequency information through the _____, also called ____ touch |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is best overall sense for spatial and temporal, _____ is best of spatial only, _____ for temporal only. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____ is your first line of defense, more effective overall than the _____ system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A _____ is so dangerous because it completely removes line of skin defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ results in lack of feeling that results in certain areas of the body which can result in burning, freezing, or ______ of areas without realizing |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's ______ have chemical defenses that help protect it |
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Term
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Definition
| If you're looking at the _____ as a _____ area you can think of some parts as a desert and some as a tropical rainforest. |
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Term
| touch, pain, itch, vibrations (such as when you rub your hand over a surface) |
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Definition
| Name sensations that skin gives information about |
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Term
| Hot hand feels cold and cold hand feels hot |
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Definition
| When you place hands in hot and cold water respectively and them warm, what happens? |
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Term
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Definition
| The temperature you feel is ______, based on difference from other temperature; it's a _____ judgment |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ also operates on the skin; if someone places an ____ on your skin you will be most sensitive to that part |
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Term
| interpretation, environment |
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Definition
| The experience of pain is due to your brain's ______, it does not just exist in your _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| these people get teased, but they could really be feeling more pain since everyone's sensory experience is difference |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain experience is _____, soldiers on the battlefield often felt no pain |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ process is not well-known, it's possible pain is experienced and just not remembered |
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Term
| They felt that taking away the pain would disrupt the healing process |
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Definition
| Why was anesthesia resisted by some individuals? |
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Term
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Definition
| one of hte most famous dentists of the time and went to one of the laughing gas shows; saw someone got hurt and did not show pain which lead to the breakthrough of using laughing gas in dentistry |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ was first to synthesize laughing gas but _____ was first to try nitrous oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| very good analgesic, not a good anesthetic because you cannot get oxygen from it; widely used for many reasons as medical, propellant, and in food |
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Term
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Definition
| better anesthetic than laughing gas but had bad side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Which is better to use? local or general anesthetic? |
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Term
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Definition
| counts as a class of counter-irritation (similar to rubbing around painful area), uses alternate pathways in the body to detract from pain |
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Term
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Definition
| rubbing a place that hurts will block pain sensation due to different pathways leading that cancel each other out |
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Term
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Definition
| these are unmyelinated and travel very slow; if you hit finger with hammer you will have immediate pressure but pain will come on later |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a mechanism of self and other and an effect of social play; deals with personality and social psychology from a neurological perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| After the age of 40, this decreases about tenfold |
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Term
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Definition
| All sorts of animals can experience this sensation; pant-pant translates into ha-ha |
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Term
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Definition
| could be caused by insect bite, infection, inflammation, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| Some version of this exists even in insects and crustaceans |
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Term
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Definition
| Like pain, this is maintained by slow, unmyelinated fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Speed of sound is ______ @ sea level than increased altitude because medium is denser. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a ______ there is no medium so sound can't occur, no way to make pressure changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most distant things you hear are ______ due to the low frequencies. You hear distant things like this because ____ frequency sounds are absorbed on their way. |
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Term
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Definition
| highest pitched male voice |
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Term
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Definition
| An example of an instrument that makes a dense sound would be a _______, one that has volume would be a ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Big fleshy ears imply that ______ frequencies are unimportant. |
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Term
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Definition
____ instruments must separate and emphasize notes to distinguish
whereas ____ instruments natural do this at their frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| number of cycles of pressure changes per second |
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Term
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Definition
| linear distance between two successive compressions |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of change in pressure, extent of displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| most soundwaves do not vibrate at a single frequency and the combination of these waveforms create complex cycles of compression and rarefaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest frequency in a melody, determines pitch |
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Term
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Definition
when exposed to a relatively complex sound like
a chord we recognize the contribution made by each note separately |
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Term
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Definition
| how high/low a sound sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| Loudness grows more slowly than ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| masker excites same restricted group of auditory nerve fibers preventing them from responding to the test tone |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary loss of sensitivity to sounds immediate following exposure to intense sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| sounds is presented continuously and its perceived loudness decreases over time |
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Term
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Definition
| large in diameter, fast conducting, positional information about touch and movement stimulation, contralateral; more and smaller receptive fields |
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Term
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Definition
| small in diameter, slow conducting, non-localized touch, temperature and pain to both sides; fewer and larger receptive fields |
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