time

sound wave pressure

sine

Hertz (Hz)

1Hz is one cycle per second

repeating pattern is shown

NOT a sine wave

(both pure and some complex tones are periodic tones)

interger multiples of fundamental frequency F0

F0 = first harmonic of a complex tone

perceptual aspects of sound besides loudness, pitch, duration.

- related to harmonics, attack and decay of a tone

removal of the 1st harmonic (F0)

results in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but different timbre

OUTER EAR

tube-like 3cm long structure.

protects tympanic membrane at end of canal.

Malleus - moves due to tympanic membrane vibrations

Incus - transmits vibrations of Malleus

Stapes - transmits vibrations of incus to inner ear

INNER EAR

fluid-filled snail-like structure

divided into scala vestibuli & scala tympani by the cochlear partition

basilar membrane

inner & outer hair cells

tectorial membrane (extends over hair cells)

cilla

open

close

bursts of electrial signals

direct observation

basilar membrane

cochlea

basilar membrane

narrower

apex

100

stiffer

Bekesy's Place Theory of Hearing

both the model and direct observation showed that the vibrating motion of the membrane is a ________________

envelope of the traveling wave (Bekesy)

- indicates point of ___________ of the basilar membrane

- ________ at this point are stimulated the strongest by nerve fibers firing strongest at this location

- ________________ is a function of frequency

maximum displacement

hair cells

position of the peak

Tonotopic Map

(evidence for place theory)

_______ responds best to low frequencies

________ responds best to high frequencies

apex

base

basilar membrane can be described as an _____________. There are peaks in the membrane's vibration that correspond to each __________ in a complex tone. Each peak is associated with the ________ of a harmonic

acoustic prism

harmonic

frequency

Updating Bekesys Place Theory

New research with live membranes shows that the entire outer hair cells respond to sound by ________ and _________

For this reason, they are called __________

slight tilting

change in length

cochlear amplifier

2 ways nerve fibers signal frequency:

_______ fibers are responding

______ fibers are firing

which

how

damage to hair cells

damage to auditory nerve or brain

most common type is prebycusis

prebycusis

- greatest loss at _____ frequencies

- affects _____ more than ______

- appears to be caused by exposure to damaging _____ or ____

high

male, female

noises, drugs

noise induced hearing loss

- loud noise can severely damage _______

pathway from cochlea to cortex.

first goes to the _______ then ______, ________, _______, and lastly the _______

cochlear nucleus

superior olivary nucleus (in brain stem)

inferior colliculus (in midbrain)

medial geniculate nucleus (in thalamus)

auditory recieving area (in temporal lobe)

hierarchical processing occurs in the cortex

- signals travel through the ____, then to the _____, followed by the _______.

- _____ sounds cause activation in the ____

- belt and parabelt are activated by _____

made of many frequencies

core

belt

parabelt

simple, core

more complex stimuli

______, or ventral stream, starts in the _____ portion of the core and belt & extends to the _________

It's responsible for _________

what

anterior

prefrontal cortex

identifying sounds

______, or dorsal stream, starts in the ______ core and belt & extends to the ______ and ________

responsible for _________

where

posterior

parietal

prefrontal cortex

locating sounds

neural recordings

brain damage

tonotopic maps are found in ______

neurons that respond better to low freq are on the _____, high freq are on the _____.

Research on _____ and _____ support the link between perception and physiological response

A1

left

right

stroke patients

marmosets

(2,000?) 1,000 Hz

5,000 Hz

on average, people can localize sounds

_________ most accurately.

_______ or ______ least accurately

directly in front

to the sides

behind their heads

difference in sound pressure level reaching the 2 ears

principles of auditory grouping

______ that help to perceptually organize stimuli

- _______ sounds that start at diff. times are likely to come from diff. sources

- ______ a single sound from a source tends to come from one location and move continuously.

- ________ similar sounds are grouped together

heuristics

onset time

location

similarity of timbre and pitch

principles of auditory grouping

_______ sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source.

________ sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from same source.

proximity in time

auditory continuity

_________ sound that reaches the listener's ears straight from the source

_______ sound that is reflected off of enviornmental surfaces and then to the listener

direct sound

indirect sound

reverberation time is ______

if it is too long, sounds are ______

if it is too short, sounds are _____

ideal times are about _____ seconds

time it takes sound to decrease by 1/1000th of its orignial pressure.

"muddled"

"dead"

2

intimacy time is ______

best time is around _____

time between when sound leaves its source and when the first reflection arrives

20 ms.

bass ratio is ______

____ bass ratios are the best

ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces

high

spaciousness factor is _______

______ spaciousness factors are best

fraction of all the sound recieved by the listener that is indirect

high

ideal reverberation in classrooms is

_____ to ____ second in small rooms

_____ to ____ in auditoriums

Most classrooms have times of ______ or more.

.4, .6

1.0, 1.5

1

somatosensory system

______ position of body/limbs

_______ movement of body/limbs

______ touch and pain

proprioception

kinesthesis

cutaneous

Motor Theory

close link between _____ and _______.

When we hear a sound, it activates motor mechanisms that are responsible for producing activites that enable us to _____ sound.

perception

production

precieve

overlapping articulation that occurs when different phonemes follow each other in speech is called ________.

What is an example of this?

coarticulation

articulation of /b/ in "boot" different than /b/ in "boat"

Chance that one sound will follow with another is called _____.

Dermis

Mechanoreceptors

___________ is the active exploration of 3-D objects with the hand.

- It uses 3 distinct systems:

_________

_________

_________

Haptic Perception

Sensory System

Motor System

Cognitive System

Duplex Theory of Texture Perception

________ cues (size, shape, distribution of surface elements)

________ cues (rate of vibration as skin is moved across finely textured surfaces)

Klatzky et al. showed people use _________

- enclosure

- __________

- __________

- __________

Exploratory Procedures (Haptic Perception)

lateral motion

contour following

pressure

Monkey's somatosensory cortex also shows neurons that respond best to:

_________ and ________.

Neurons may respond to stimulation of receptors but ______ increases the response.

grasping specific objects

paying attention to the task

attending to the task

___________ is the early model that stated nociceptors are stimulated and send signals to the brain.

Problems include __________, _________, and _________

Direct Pathway Model

Pain can be affected by a person's mental state, can occur when there is no stimulation to the skin, can be affected by a person's attention

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Input comes from:

Large Diameter _____/_____ stimuli

Small Diameter _______/________

__________, cognitive factors

fibers/tactile

fibers/ nociceptors

central control

Endorphins reduce Pain

________ blocks the receptor sites causing pain. It also ______ the effectiveness of placebos.

Naloxone

Decreases

smell that is necessary for survival

smell not necessary for survival

rats are ___ to ___ times more sensitive to odors than humans.

Dogs are ____ to ____ times more sensitive.

Humans have ___ receptors and dogs have _____ receptors.

8 to 50

300 to 10,000

10 million

1 Billion

Two techniques have been used to determine how the glomeruli respond to different odorants:

______ and _____

Opitcal Imaging Method

2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) Method

Signals from the olfactory bulb are sent to the _______ in the ______ and ______.

Then it is sent to the ______ in the ______.

Primary Olfactory (piriform) Cortex

Temporal Lobe

Amygdala

Secondary Olfactory (orbitofrontal) Cortex

Frontal Lobe

Tongue contains _______.

________ : Entire Surface

________ : Mushroom shape, sides & tip

_______ : Series of folds on back & sides

_______ : flat mounds in a trench located at the back

Papillae

Filiform

Fungiform

Foliate

Circumvallate

We have _____ taste buds.

Each taste bud has ____ - ____ taste cells with tips that extend into the taste pore.

______ occurs when chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips.

10,000

50 - 100

Transduction

Signals from taste cells travel

_______ from front and sides of tongue

______ from back of tongue

_____ from mouth and throat

_____ from soft palate

Chorda Tympani Nerve

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Vagus Nerve

Superficial Petronasal Nerve

After traveling to the Thalamus, taste signals travel to areas in the frontal lobe:

_______

_____________

__________

Insula

Frontal Opervulum Cortex

Orbital Frontal Cortex