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| Translates info from outside the nervous system into neural activity |
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| part of a sense organ, such as the lens of the eye or outer ear, that is responsible for collecting and modifying energy from the environment. |
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| Occurs when physical energy is converted into neural code, making it possible for the brain to interpret the energy |
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| specialized cells that detect certain forms of energy |
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| the process through which responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus decreases over time. |
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| translating the physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of neural activity that specifically identifies those properties. |
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| located in the cerebral cortex which processes the sensory info |
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| Accessory structure => sensory receptors => Transduction => Central Nervous System => Thalamus => Sensory Cortex |
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| the smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for sensation to take place 50 percent of the time |
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| examines factors that affect the process of sensation |
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| refers to the ability to detect a stimulus, and is affected by the strength of the stimulus |
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| refers to a persons willingness to respond to a stimulus |
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| just noticeable difference, JND, the smalles detectable difference between two stimuli. (Ex: detecting the difference between two notes.) |
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| a difference threshold depends on the strength of the new stimulus in relation to the original stimulus. (Ex: person who weighs 200 pounds will notice a 20 pound weight loss than a 400 pound person.) |
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| occurs as sensory receptors lose their sensitivity in response to an unchanging stimulus.(Ex: pool cold at the beginning, but later feels nice even though temp didnt change) |
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| a clear, protective membrane that covers the eye. |
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| the opening in the eye that allows light to enter |
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| a muscle that determines the amount of light that enters through the pupil |
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| behind the pupil, bends the light wave focusing it on the retina. |
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| the process of how the lens focuses in and out on images |
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| light sensitive membrane at the back of the eye |
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| part of the retina, which are sensory receptors responsible for converting light energy into neural code. divided into rods and cones |
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more activate in dimly lighted conditions. adapt very slowly.
(might bump into a rod in the dark) |
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| more activate in bright-light conditions and help in the detection of fine details and color. (ice cream cones are colorful.) |
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| in the cones which is the area of the retina where visual acuity is sharpest. |
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| specialized neurons that connect rods and cones to ganglion cells |
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| specialized neurons that receive and process info from the receptor cells before the info is sent to the brain. |
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| carries visual info to the brain |
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| an area that contains no rods and cones. optic nerve leaves the eye |
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| occurs where the optic nerve leaves the retina, producing a void in the visual field |
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| refers to the point where the nerves form each eye meet in the brain and then cross to the opposite side of the brain. |
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| neurons in the primary visual cortex, specialized to respond to different aspects of an image such as size, shape, and angle |
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| refers to how the brain processes multiple sources of info simultaneously. |
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| cornea => pupil => lens => retina => bipolar cells => ganglion cells => optic nerve => optic chiasm => thalamus => primary visual cortex |
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| three characteristics of light waves: hue, saturation, and purity |
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| refers to the color that people psychologically experience. short wavelengths produce bluish colors. longs wavelengths produce reddish colors. |
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| refers to the purity of the color. ( Red which is the single wave is more pure, or saturated than pink which is the combination of red and white light.) |
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| refers to the intensity of the light wave, which is determined by the amplitude, or height, of a wave. |
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| occurs by mixing different paint colors; through this process wavelengths are subtracted, or absorbed. |
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| involves adding more light wavelengths |
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| trichromatic theory of color vision(young-hemholz theory) |
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| stated that there are three types of cones, each sensitive to a specific wavelength |
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| states that the color sensitive components of the eye are grouped into three pairs: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white) |
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| when an image is perceived even though the stimulus has been removed |
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| another property of a sound wave, refers to the highness or lowness of sound. |
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| the number of complete waves that pass through a medium every second. |
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| purity of the sound wave. determined by the complexity, or multiplicity , or different frequencies. |
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| pinna:locates sound wave.. auditory canal: channels sound wave to eardrum.. eardrum: membrane vibrates in response to sound waves |
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| made up of three tiny bones. each bone causes the next bone to vibrate, resulting in increased amplitude. |
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| cochlea: fluid-filled tube.. basilar membrane: lines the cochlea and contains hair cells.. auditory nerve carries message to thalamus and then auditory cortex. |
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| frequency matching theory |
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| vibrations of the basilar membrane are determined by the frequency of the vibrations. can only account for low frequencies |
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| suggests pitch depends on where vibrations stimulates the basilar membrane. |
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| occurs when either the eardrum is punctured or there is damage to any of the three tiny bones located in the middle ear. |
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| sensorineural hearing loss |
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| occurs when there is damage to the hair cells located in the inner ear or auditory nerve |
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| carry info to the olfactory bulb |
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| located at the end of the olfactory cortex, is responsible for processing the sensation of smell |
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| sensory receptors that are activated when substances enter the mouth |
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| occurs when one sense influences another |
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| located beneath the skin, detect touch and pressure |
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| suggests that pain is determined by the opening and closing of neurological gates in the spinal cord. |
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| a neurotransmitter that activates other neurons to open the "gate", resulting in the perception of pain. |
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| monitors and coordinates movement among body parts through info sent from sensory neurons |
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| sensory neurons which are located in joints, muscles, and the inner ear and communicate info to the brain concerning tension and movement in the body |
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| monitors balance in response to movement detected by the proprioceptors. |
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| the awareness, integration, and organization of sensory stimuli |
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| the organization of info, without the use of prior knowledge, beginning with individual elements that are structured together to form a whole. |
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| the organization of info that uses prior knowledge to form the whole |
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| a field of psychology in which the whole is believed to be greater than the sum of its parts |
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| ability to distinguish between the figure as the foreground and the ground as the background. (black and white) |
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| tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging together |
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| tendency to group similar objects together to make one whole |
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| the tendency to see an object as continuing despite an obvious break |
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| the tendency to fill in the missing spaces to complete the object and see it as a whole. |
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| the tendency to see objects that move in the same direction as together. |
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| info perceived from one eye that plays a crucial role in the ability to detect depth perception |
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| the size/area of an object is judged to be relative to the size/area of objets that surround the original object. |
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| the object that is farther away is partially hidden by the object that is closer |
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| lesser clarity is perceived as being farther away |
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| objects that are farther away appear to move in the same direction at the same rate. closer objects move at a rapid speed in the opposite direction |
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| images that are perceived by both eyes ad allow for accurate detection of depth perception |
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| info that is processed by each eye and fused to form one image |
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| turning inward of each eye to focus on an up-close object. |
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| the perception that the shape of an object remains the same despite a change in the angle from which it is viewed |
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| the perception that the color of an object remains the same despite a change in lighting |
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| the perception that the brightness of an object remains the same despite a change in the brightness of the background |
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| the perception that the size of an object remains the same despite the fact that size changes based on distance. |
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| the perception of movement of a stationary point of light in a totally darkened room. |
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| the perception of movement due to the rapid presentation of changing stationary images |
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| apparent movement due to the sequential presentation of stationary images. |
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| the inability to see objects due to distraction. (see the bear walking) |
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| the ability to focus on one task while simultaneously focusing on another. |
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