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Sensation and Perception
chapter 3 - how the mind and body creates sensation and perception
67
Physiology
12th Grade
11/13/2011

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Term
Sensation
Definition
the process by which our sensory receptors & nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies frm our environment.
Term
Perception
Definition
The process of organizing/interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Term
Bottom-Up Processing
Definition
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain;s integration of sensory info
Term
Top-Down Processing
Definition
info processing guided by higher-level mental processes-construct perceptions based on experience and expectation
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
***attention, in any one moment, is in ONE place
Term
Inattentioanl Blindness
Definition
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
ex-basketball players & the gorilla
Term
Change Blindness
Definition
failing to notice changes in environment
Term
Change Deafness
Definition
fail to notice changes in or of a voice
Term
Choice Blindness
Definition
fail to notice changes in original choice
Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition
FACE BLINDNESS - sensory normal (seeing the face of a friend) but perception jumbled (recognize hair, voice, but not the face)
Term
Psychophysics
Definition
the stufy of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli (ex. intensity) & our psychological experience of them
Term
Absolute Threshold
Definition
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Term
Signal Detection Theory
Definition
theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold & that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness
Term
Subliminal
Definition
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Term
Priming
Definition
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
Term
Difference Threshold
Definition
the minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
***just noticeable difference (jnd)
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
the principle that to be perceived as different 2 stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than an amount)
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Term
Transduction
Definition
conversion of one form of energy into another.
***in sensation, the ransforming of stimulus energies (sights, sounds, smells) into neural impulses our brains can interpret
Term
Wavelength
Definition
the distance from peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next
***Electromagnetic wavelengths vary form the short cosmic rays to long radio transmission
Term
Hue
Definition
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
***ROYGBIV (the rainbow)
Term
Intensity
Definition
the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as lightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude (height)
Term
Wavelengths & Amplitude
Definition
Short wavelengths = High Frequency (blue)
Long waves = Low Frequency (red)
Great Amplitude = Tall (bright colors)Low Amplitude = Short (dull colors)
Term
Cornea
Definition
protects the eye & bends light to provide focus
Term
Pupil
Definition
adjustable opening in the center of eye through which light enters
Term
Iris
Definition
colored muscle that adjusts light intake
***dilutes or constricts due to light or emotion
Term
Lens
Definition
focuses incoming light rays into an image on the retina
Term
Retina
Definition
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye (receptor rods, cones, neurons) begin to process visual info via accomodation
Term
Accomodation
Definition
process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near/far objects on the retina
***retina doesn't "see" a whole image-millions of receptor cells convert particles of light energy into neural impulses & forward info to the brain where they are assembled into a perceived, upright image
Term
Rods
Definition
retinal receptors that detect black, white, & gray; necessary for peripheral & twilight vision when cones don't respond
***120mil. periphery. / light sensitivity. \ color & detail
Term
Cones
Definition
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina & function in daylight/well-lit conditions; detect detail & color sensations (6 mil)
***bipolar cells trigger ganglion cells after chemical changes spark neural signals
***axons from ganglion cells converge to form optic nerve
Term
Optic Nerve
Definition
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eyem to the brain
Term
Blind Spot
Definition
point at which the optic nerve leves the eye = "blind spot" because no receptor cells are there
Term
Fovea
Definition
central focul point in the retina; help relay cone's messages to visual cortex
***rods share bipolar cells = send combined messages
Term
Visual Info Processing
Definition
retina--thalamus--brain's cortex--neural layers (encode & analyze sensory info)--rods & cones--bipolar cells--ganglion cells--axons/optic nerve--brain
***all relay to visual cortex
***retinal cells are so responsive that even pressure triggers them, but brain perceives it as light
Term
Feature Detectors
Definition
nerve cells in the brain (visual cortex) that respond to certain features of the stimulus (shape, angle, movement, lines, edges)
***Supercell Clusters-teams of cells that responds to more complex patterns
Term
Parallel Processing
Definition
processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of info processing for many functions (vision)--contrasts w/ the serial processing of computers
***visual scene divided: color, motion, form, & depth
Term
Blindsight
Definition
localized area of blindness is a part of the field of vision (color, motion, form, & depth)
Term
Color Vision
Definition
color resides not in the object, but in our brain
Term
Young-Hemoltz Trichromatic Theory
Definition
the retina contains 3 different color receptors (red, blue, green) when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
Term
Afterimages
Definition
if you stare at any color long enough & then look away you will see its Opponent Color
***red--green
***blue--yellow
***white--black
Term
Opponent Process Theory
Definition
opposing retinal processes enable color vision
Term
Audition
Definition
sense or act of hearing (highly adaptive); soundwaves--compress & expand air molecules--air pressure changes--vibration--nerve impulses--brain decodes as sounds--amplitude (strength) determines loudness
Term
Frequency
Definition
number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
Term
Pitch
Definition
a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
***measured in decibels
Term
THE EAR
Definition
converts soundwaves into neural activity via mechanical chain reaction
***outer ear--ear drum--middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup)--cochlea--inner ear--oval window--hair cells--auditory nerve--auditory cortex
Term
Outer Ear
Definition
channels the soundwaves through the auditory canal to the eardrum
Term
Eardrum
Definition
a tight membrane that vibrates with waves
Term
Middle Ear
Definition
transmits the eardrum's vibrations through a piston made of 3 tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) to the cochlea
Term
Cochlea
Definition
coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube (snail) in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses
Term
Inner Ear
Definition
innermost part of ear; cochlea, semicircular canals, & vestibular sacs
***cochlea's membrane (oval window) vibrates--jostles fluid--causes ripples in the Basilar Membrane--bend Hair Cells--trigger adjacent nerve cells--axons converge to form the auditory nerve--sends neural messages via thalamus to temporal lobe's auditory cortex
Term
Place Theory
Definition
the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated
***brain determine's pitch by recognizing the specific place on the membrane that is generating the neural signal
***explains HIGH sounds
Term
Frequiency Theory
Definition
the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
***explains LOW sounds
Term
Volley Principle
Definition
neural cells can alternate firing
Term
Gestalt
Definition
an organized whole. emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
***Necker Cube
***"in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts"
Term
Figure-Ground
Definition
the organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
Term
Grouping
Definition
perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
***Proximity-group nearby figures
***Similarity-group similar figures
***Continuity-perceive smooth, continuous patterns
***Connectedness-uniformed & linked become a single unit
***Closure-fill in gaps to create whole object
Term
Depth Perception
Definition
the ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although the images that strike the retina are 2D; judge distance
***develops with age
Term
Binocular Cues
Definition
depth cues, such as retinal desparity, that depends on the use of 2 eyes
Term
Retinal Deparity
Definition
a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes the distance
***the greater the "disparity" difference between the two images, the closer the object
Term
Phi Phenomenon
Definition
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on & off in quick succession
Term
Perceptual Constancy
Definition
perceiving objects as unchanging (consistent shape, size, lightness, color) even as illumination & retinal images change
***top-down processing allows us to identify people & things
Term
Perceptual Adaptation
Definition
the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted VISUAL field
Term
Perceptual Set
Definition
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing & not another
***experiences, assumptions, expectations
Term
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
Definition
the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; telepathy, clairvoyance, & precognition
Term
Parapsychology
Definition
the study of paranormal phenomena including ESP and psychokinesis
Term
Claims of ESP
Definition
*Telepathy: mind-to-mind communication; perceiving another's thoughts
*Clairvoyance: perceiving remote events (ex. my friend's house is on fire)
*Precognition: perceive future events
***Psychokinesis: "mind over matter" levitation w/ mind
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