Term
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Definition
| We must balance generalizations with _______ so that everything does not look the same. |
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Definition
| Everything is a group of ______, we have a nervous system that is working overtime to establish these where it can, distorting reality to enhance the form of the object |
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Definition
| Your brain enhances the _____ along edges by darkening the dark and brightening the bright. |
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Definition
| Cartoons of people are so recognizable to us because they emphasize certain features that are _____ to that person |
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Term
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Definition
| these are the phenomenon of scalloping that we see when looking at edges |
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Term
| the limulus (horseshoe crab) |
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Definition
| What is the animal that is used to study lateral inhibition? |
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Term
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Definition
| eye of limulus, made up of many segments each of which is its own cluster of receptors |
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Definition
| When omatidium is excited, its neighbors are ______, a process like this leads to perception of mach bands |
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Definition
| critical point of spatial change is an ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| "The whole is more than the sum of its parts" |
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Definition
| this principle of gestalt psychology is when one tends to ignore the gap and sees the lines as making a whole object |
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Definition
| featureless visual field (e.g., wandering in forest, cornfield, whiteout, ping pong balls over eyes) |
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Definition
| Red spot against a white background; red spot is _____, white background is ______ |
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Definition
| If figure and ground are at different distances, whatever is closer (or on top) will be seen as the ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Grouping principle in which you group things together because they're close |
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Term
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Definition
| Gestalt principle of _____ says that you will group objects that look the same, perceiving them as rows and columns |
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Definition
| gestalt principle that you group things together that form a symmetrical whole |
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Definition
| Grouping principle stating that it is easier to see two superimposed lines individually rather than perceiving the shape they make together |
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Definition
| refers to the breaking down of complex figures to describe it in simple sine waves |
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Definition
| refers to the building of complex figures from simple sine waves |
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Definition
| Using fourier principles, a homogenous white surface would be described in terms of ___ amplitude, ____ frequency sine wave. An edge would produce a sine wave that goes from ____ amp/freq to ____ amp/freq or vice versa. |
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Definition
| For a tone, when you flip the switch from off to on you hear a ____ due to the high amp/freq component; to get around this, you must taper the tone |
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Definition
| _____ are informative because they give us insight into what is not working. |
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| Vision is good at space, lousy at _____ whereas audition is good at space but REALLY good at _____. |
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Definition
| When you move your eyes from left to right, objects are held constant due to _________ |
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Term
| Corollary discharge, efferent copy |
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Definition
| this is when your brain sends a message to your eyes to shift gaze and a simultaneous message (or _________) is sent to another part of the brain to tell it to disregard the apparent motion. |
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Term
| Because they are in charge of the movements |
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Definition
| Why is the driver of a car/captain of a boat the least likely to get motion sickness? |
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Term
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Definition
| results from the absence of feedback from our own movements |
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Term
| CFFF, critical flicker fusion frequency |
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Definition
| Cinema rooms are dark because hte images are dimmer; they are dim because if you had a brighter projected image you would suffer from ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the most prominent motion after effect, if you are jogging and stop to look up it appears as though the sky is being sucked away because your brain has built a model which it cancels out when you stop |
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Term
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Definition
| micro-saccades; there is always motion of objects on the retina, if it were ceased then everything would phase out |
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Term
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Definition
| illusion requiring two eyes that allows you to see in three dimensions, requires binocular disparity to work: a slight difference in the image on each retina |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal of ______ is to eliminate figure-ground cues |
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Term
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Definition
| most common interpretation of this is that you see the dark spots at the intersections due to lateral inhibition acting on all sides |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual shading of light into dark reveals extra-dark "dividing line" that is not really there; our brains try to establish an edge |
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Definition
| an artifact of hte timing of rotations vs. the frames, can make it appear to be going backwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Against a darker background, the figure will appear _____ than it is to emphasize ______. |
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Term
| monocular depth perception |
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Definition
| what you see when you use one eye; you can do most things with one eye |
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Term
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Definition
| monocular cue; one of the oldest, found in Egyptian tomb paintings where one image is placed on another to make it appear closer |
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Definition
| monocular cue in which objects closer have more detail |
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Definition
| monocular cue discovered during Italian Renaissance; e.g., road gets smaller as it gets further away |
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Definition
| monocular cue that gives a sense of 3-dimensions by making certain areas lighter and certain ones darker |
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Definition
| monocular cue, closer image is clear while further images are hazy |
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Definition
| when two colors are placed right next to each other, each making the other look more intense |
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Definition
| way to achieve supersaturation by flashing an opposing color before the color in question |
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Definition
| You see contrast regardless of light due to constance of _______, or reflectivity |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that your brain creates shape constancy due to transactions between your brain and the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most famous illusions, the bottom line appears shorter when in fact they are the same due to an inappropriate application of size constancy |
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Term
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Definition
| What theory explains why you always see a door as a rectangle, even though the image displayed on the retina is most often a trapezoid? |
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Term
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Definition
| you can achieve this effect by covering one eye and holding your finger in front of your face and then switching eyes so finger "jumps" |
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Term
| by taking readings from different points of the planet to detect shift in position or at different times of the year |
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Definition
| How can parallax be used to determine hte distance of the nearest stars? |
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Definition
| a shift of wavelengths as the result of the movement of objects; principle can be applied to racecars and things in the distant universe |
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Term
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Definition
| The most distant objects have __ shifts and the larger the ____ shift, the more distant |
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Term
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Definition
| When you fixate on a ____ object you have greater disparity/3d vision than when you fixate on a ______ object |
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Definition
| composed two books in the late 1880s dealing with developmental psychology; Special Physiology of the Embryo was most important |
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Definition
| you cannot get hte embryo to move, it moves on its own, suggesting that there's motor precosity (it is moving before it is perceiving/making a response) |
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Definition
| paralyzes embryo by blocking output of nervous system to muscles (able to do it to an embryo without causing harm) |
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Definition
| When you paralyze the embryo, ____ formation will not occur because movement is required to sculpt the ball and socket |
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Definition
| When embryo is paralyzed, ____ death does not occur because movement is required |
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Definition
| an outgrowth of the embryo to allow it to interact with the host |
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Definition
| theory states that in the early stages of development, every cell has a specific developmental agenda |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that development involves a slow emergence of parts, most embryologists take this position; therefore, cells differentiate over time rather than coming with a pre-determined agenda |
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Term
| Eye-tracking techniques when placing an object in front of the infant, EEG electrodes to track baby's brain activity when different objects or sounds are displayed |
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Definition
| Name some ways you can measure an infant's perception: |
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Term
| visual cliff phenomenon, depth perception |
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Definition
| ______: in this phenomenon, extremely young babies that can't move must be manually placed on either side and physiological response measured; babies show preference for shallow side, indicating _________ capabilities |
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Term
| habituation, dishabituation |
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Definition
| ______: if you continually repeat visual or auditory stimulus you may show decreased response, _____ occurs when another stimulus interrupts the habituation |
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Term
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Definition
| gives the infant the impression that a pendelum is swinging towards them, allows you to determine if hte baby will freak out and when |
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Term
| sensory-motor integration |
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Definition
| process that is used across the life-span; e.g., reaching behaviors, playing darts, warming up with catcher |
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Term
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Definition
| seeing how you did, important in terms of wearing/adjusting to glasses |
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Definition
| just experience of motion, not seeing feedback |
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