Term
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Definition
| When pupil gets ______, depth of field gets shallower. |
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Term
| light, decreases, aperture |
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Definition
| When pupil gets bigger, more ____ is entering and optical performance ______. Analogous to low quality camera, performance can be improved by sizing down the _______. |
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Definition
| Increasing the amount of light in the environment will _____ the size of the pupil |
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Definition
| Each eye has a blind spot, called a ______, because there are no rods or cones where the ______ leaves the eye. |
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Definition
| The Snellen test, the most common eye test, is testing for ________ acuity. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this test, you are asked to read the letters on a line |
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Definition
| how well you can tell two lines or dots apart, if you can tell what you're looking at, then you can "resolve" it |
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Definition
| myopic individuals, they have difficulty seeing far, things must be close to be in focus |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperopic individuals, as you age you tend to become more this due to the fact that the lens becomes more rigid over time due to loss of accomodation |
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Term
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Definition
| To fix nearsightedness you must wear a _____, or negative, lens, functions by spreading light out to make the lens weaker, allowing things at a distance to be brought into focus |
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Term
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Definition
| To fix farsightedness you must wear a ______, or positive, lens which makes things look larger |
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Term
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Definition
| A lens is called simple and has axial _______ if, when you turn it, it will look the same (e.g., magnifying glass) |
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Term
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Definition
| all humans have this but only severe incidences need correction, it results from axial imbalance of the lens |
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Term
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Definition
| Protective coat is put on plastic lenses for anti-_______ purposes, keeping stray light out of the visual system. |
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Term
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Definition
| light going through lens tends not to focus at any particular point |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ lens brings light of different colors to focus at a single point, minimizing chromatic abberation....typical for binoculars |
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Term
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Definition
| these are the highest performing lens systems, even more precise than achromatic lenses |
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Term
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Definition
| Early photosynthetic organisms had _______ sensory systems in order to orient towards light so that they can "charge up" |
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Term
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Definition
| The Nautilus eye, lacking a lens, is very similar to a ______ camera; great depth of field, can focus range of depths |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of diameter of lens to its focal length; if you open the lens wide you get a shallow depth of field |
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Term
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Definition
| how wide the lens is open compared to its widest |
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Term
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Definition
| The area between the lens and the cornea is the ______ humor, the area behind the lens is the _______ humor |
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Term
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Definition
| Some nocturnal animals have a _____ behind the retina that reflects the light back through the retina, acting as a mirror |
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Term
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Definition
| this means that the performance of a lens is limited only by the physics of light, in other words it is as good as it can get |
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Term
| You decrease size of the pupil thus increasing depth of field (like having a smaller focal ratio in a camera) |
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Definition
| Why is reading under bright light most effective? |
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Term
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Definition
| The increase in farsightedness as you age |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of the retina that when stimulated brings about a change in a neuron (neuron could be in the retina or the midbrain). Also, these are not limited to vision, could be for any other sensory system as well |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptive fields suggest truth in _____, that we are genetically hardwired to respond in certain ways to certain stimuli. |
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Term
| simple, complex, hypercomplex |
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Definition
| Moving edge will incite response in _____ cells, direction specific and light/dark doesn't matter. _____ cells require certain direction for response. ________ cells require certain angle for response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Light enters through the _____ and travels back to the retina, must first travel through all retinal cells to reach _______ in the back. |
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Term
| bipolar, optic, geniculate, occipital, superior |
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Definition
| Neural pathway of vision: receptor cells --> _____ cells --> ganglion cells --> _____ nerve --> lateral ______ nucleus (midbrain) --> _______ (or striate) cortex --> ______ colliculus (equivalent to tectum in other animals) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the brain involved in gaze direction/controlled eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| You can detect up to ___ frames per second. Unlike audition, vision is very poor at detecting events distributed through time and is more oriented towards _____ resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| TV screens have an FPS of _____, computer screens are brighter and have higher resolution thus requiring an FPS of ___ or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rod receptor system (more sensitive); gives everything in shades of gray (achromatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| cone receptor system, color vision (chromatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ system is centered in the periphery of the retina, ______ system is centered in the fovea. |
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Term
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Definition
| High sensitivity (if interested in seeing faint star, use averted vision) but low spatial resolution (acuity) |
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Definition
| low sensitivity but high spatial resolution (acuity, good for recognizing space and reading) |
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Term
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Definition
| high spatial summation, many rods go to one bipolar cell |
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Term
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Definition
| low spatial summation, each cone transmits to one bipolar cell |
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Term
| scotopic, photopic, Purkinje effects |
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Definition
| In low-light, cool colors seem more luminous due to the sensitivity of the _____ system. In high-light, warm colors seem more luminous due to the sensitivity of the _____ system. This is known as the _________: shift in the relative brightness of warm vs. cool colors under different amounts of illumination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illumination in military vehicles is always ____ because it doesn't disturb dark adaptation by not triggering a response in ____ system. |
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Term
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Definition
| We associate blue with light due to the use of a blue lens in ______ to make scenes appear "night-time." |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological correlate of amplitude is ________. Correlated does not equal predicated; think of the moon in day and night for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological correlate of wavelength is ___. Wavelength does not determine this in a direct way, if it did there would be no color constancy (e.g., color in shade would be different than in light). |
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Term
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Definition
| You see all the colors, no matter the lighting, due to _____ of wavelength. |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological correlate of purity/complexity is ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Young & Helmholtz theory that the color you see is based on color mixing of red, blue, and green |
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Term
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Definition
| theory implying that the color we see has to do with relative application of pairs; evidence based on negative after images (if you expose to white, after image will be black and vice versa) |
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Term
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Definition
| he invented instant photography and discovered a phenomenon that formed the basis of the retinex theory |
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Term
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Definition
| if two images are taken of a landscape by two B&W cameras and one has a red filter, when both images are displayed on the screen you will see all the colors as if you took a full color photograph (what is this called) |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that the ratios of wavelength information are maintained, when you have one color your brain can compute the ratios to produce color |
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Term
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Definition
| For something to be a ______ color, it can't be something that can be made by mixing additive colors. ____ are colors that are produced by the blending of other colors |
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Term
| However many it took to create that mixture |
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Definition
| If you use a spectrophotometer on a metamer how many wavelengths will you get? |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ are a strong piece of evidence for opponent-process theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary ______ colors are red, green, and blue. The primary _____ colors are yellow, magenta, and cyan. |
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Term
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Definition
| The is the most common test for color blindness; uses dots of different amplitude to destroy ability to see hte number by any cue besides color |
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Term
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Definition
| Brightness is determined by ______ |
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Term
| monochromatic, anamolous tri-chromation |
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Definition
| _______: true color blindness. _______: most common form of color anomaly in which the person is weak in a specific fundamental color and requires an abnormal balance on the color knobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| these people only have two of the three "knobs" to use, monochromats only have one |
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Term
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Definition
| We are very good at detecting difference/change in color because we have a nervous system that enhances ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| colors of light that , when mixed together, give you gray |
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Term
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Definition
| Threshold for a rod is ____ photon, but the minimum number of photons you can detect is between ___ and ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of extremely small, tremor like eye movements that occurs during fixation |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid, abrupt jump made by the eye as it moves from one fixation to another |
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